Книга: Гений переговоров: Как преодолеть препятствия и достичь блестящих результатов за столом переговоров и за его пределами
Назад: Глава 14: Путь к гениальности
Дальше: Благодарности

Примечания

Глава 1
Набор инструментов для переговоров

Эта история была пересказана Дэвидом Лаксом Джеймсом Себениусом в книге 1986 г. The Manager as Negotiator: Bargaining for Cooperation and Competitive Gain (Free Press).

Адаптировано Д. Малхотра (2005 г.). Hamilton Real Estate: Confidential Role Information for the Executive VP of Pearl Investments (SELLER). Harvard Business School Exercise 905–053. Available, along with the Role Information for "Buyer" and a Teaching Note, from Harvard Business School Publishing.

Fisher, R., and Ury, W. (1981). Getting to Yes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Фишер Р., Юри У., Паттон Б. Переговоры без поражения. — М.: Манн, Иванов, Фербер, 2018. 272 с. 4. Northcraft, G. B., and Neale, M. A. (1987). Experts, Amateurs, and Real Estate: An Anchoring-and-Adjustment Perspective on Property Pricing Decisions. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 39 (1), 84–97.

Malhotra, D. (2004). Trust and Reciprocity Decision: The Differing Perspectives of Trustors and Trusted Parties. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94: 61–73.

Shell, R. G. (1999). Bargaining for Advantage: Negotiation Strategies for Reasonable People. New York: Viking.

Galinsky, A. D., Mussweiler, T., and Medvec, V. H. (2002). Disconnecting Outcomes and Evaluations: The Role of Negotiator Focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1131–1140.

Глава 2
Притязания на выигрыш в переговорах

Это заявление было сделано Ричардом Холбруком во время панельной дискуссии в Гарвардском университете в октябре 2004 г.

Адаптировано А. Тенбрунсел и М. Базерманом (2006 г.). Moms.com Simulation and Teaching Note. (Dispute Resolution and Research Center, Northwestern University.)

Valley, K. L., Neale, M, A., and Mannix, E. A. (1995). Friends, Lovers, Colleagues, Strangers: The Effects of Relationships on the Process and Outcome of Dyadic Negotiations. Research on Negotiation in Organizations, 65–93, eds. R. J. Bies, R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard. Greenwich, CT: JAI.

Raiffa, H. (1985). Post-Settlement Settlements. Negotiation Journal, 1, 9–12.

Глава 3
Создание выгоды на переговорах

ABC News (2004, July 13). Nader Campaign Accepts Republican Donations. From

Brandenburger, A. M., and Nalebuff, B. J. (1996). Co-opetition. New York: Doubleday.

Глава 4
Когда подводит рациональность: предубеждения разума

Malhotra, D., and Hout, M. (2006). Negotiating on Thin Ice: The 2004–2005 NHL Dispute. Harvard Business School Cases: 906–038 and 906–039.

LaPointe, J. (2004, December 27). Bettman's Vision for the NHL Did Not Include Labor Strife. New York Times, D1; (2005, January 10); Worst Managers: Gary Bettman, National Hockey League, Business Week, 76.

LaPointe, Bettman's Vision for the NHL Did Not Include Labor Strife, op. cit.

Cannella, S. (2005, February 17). Shameless and Pointless: Bettman, Goodenow Disgrace the NHL More than Ever, Sports Illustrated online.

Hahn, A. (2005, July 26). NHL: Players OK Pact. Newsday, A86.

Farber, M. (2005, February 17). Down with the Ship: With Season Sunk, Bettman, Goodenow Should Resign. Sports Illustrated online.

Originally cited by Ross, L., and Stillinger, C. (1991). Barriers to Conflict Resolution. Negotiation Journal, 7(4), 389–404.

Bazerman, M., Baron, J., and Shonk, K. (2001). "You Can't Enlarge the Pie": Six Barriers to Effective Government. New York: Basic Books.

Thompson, L. (2001). The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Stillinger, C., Epelbaum, M., Keltner, D., and Ross, L. (1990). The Reactive Devaluation Barrier to Conflict Resolution. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.

Babcock, L., and Laschever, S. (2003). Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Ku, G., Malhotra, D., and Murnighan, J. K. (2005) Towards a Competitive Arousal Model of Decision Making: A Study of Auction Fever in Live and Internet Auctions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 96(2), 89–103.

Sebenius, J. K., and Wheeler, M. A. (1994, October 30). Sports Strikes: Let the Games Continue. New York Times, 3, 9.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458.

Глава 5
Когда подводит рациональность: предубеждения сердца

Homer (R. Lattimore, trans.) (1999). The Odyssey. New York: Harper-Collins.

Schelling, T. C. (1984). Choice and Consequence: Perspectives of an Errant Economist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 58.

Bazerman, M. H., Gibbons, R., Thompson, L. L., and Valley, K. L. (1998). Can Negotiators Outperform Game Theory? Debating Rationally: Nonrational Aspects in Organizational Decision Making. Halpern, J. J., and Stern, R. N., eds. Ithaca, NY: ILR; O'Connor, K. M., De Dreu, C. K. W., Schroth, H., Barry, B., Lituchy, T. R., and Bazerman, M. H. (2002). What We Want to Do Versus What We Think We Should Do: An Empirical Investigation of Intrapersonal Conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(5), 403–418.

Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(3), 272–292.

O'Connor, K. M., De Dreu, C. K. W., Schroth, H., Barry, B., Lituchy, T. R., and Bazerman, M. H. (2002). What We Want to Do Versus What We Think We Should Do: An Empirical Investigation of Intrapersonal Conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(5), 403–418.

U. S. News & World Report (2005, January 30), 52. Также интересно отметить, что проигравшая сторона оплачивает судебные издержки победившей — это закон в некоторых странах мира, например, в Англии.

Bazerman, M. H., and Neale, M. A. (1982). Improving Negotiation Effectiveness Under Final Offer Arbitration: The Role of Selection and Training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(5), 543–548; Babcock, L., and Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 109–126.

Diekmann, K. A., Samuels, S. M., Ross, L., & Bazerman, M. H. (1997). Self-Interest and Fairness in Problems of Resource Allocation: Allocators Versus Recipients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1061–1074.

Harris, S. (1946). Banting's Miracle: The Story of the Discovery of Insulin. Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons.

Ross, M., and Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric Biases in Availability and Attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 322–336.

Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Taylor, S. E. (1989). Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind. New York: Basic Books.

Kramer, R. M., Newton, E., and Pommerenke, P. L. (1993). Self-Enhancement Biases and Negotiator Judgment: Effects of Self-Esteem and Mood. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(1), 110–133. Kramer, R. M. (1994). Self-Enhancing Cognitions and Organized Conflict. Unpublished manuscript.

Taylor, S. E., and Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193–210; Bazerman, M. H. (2005). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned Optimism. New York: Pocket Books.

Babcock, L., and Loewenstein, G. F. (1997). Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 109–126; Kramer, Self-Enhancing Cognitions and Organized Conflict.

Brewer, M. B. (1986). Ethnocentrism and Its Role in Intergroup Conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson Hall; Kramer, Self-Enhancing Cognitions and Organized Conflict.

Diekmann, K. A., Samuels, S. M., Ross, L., and Bazerman, M. H. (1997). Self-Interest and Fairness in Problems of Resource Allocation: Allocators Versus Recipients. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 72(5), 1061–1074; Tenbrunsel, A. E. (1998). Misrepresentation and Expectations of Misrepresentation in an Ethical Dilemma: The Role of Incentives and Temptation. Academy of Management Journal, 41(3), 330–339.

Sorenson, T. C. (1965). Kennedy, New York: Harper and Row, 322.

Kramer, R. M. (1994). Self-Enhancing Cognitions and Organized Conflict. Unpublished manuscript.

Salovey, P., and Rodin, J. (1984). Some Antecedents and Consequences of Social-Comparison Jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 780–792.

Kramer, R. M. (1994). Self-Enhancing Cognitions and Organized Conflict. Unpublished manuscript.

Malhotra, D., and Murnighan, J. K. (2002). The Effects of Contracts on Interpersonal Trust. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(3), 534–559.

Medvec, V. H., Madey, S. F., and Gilovich, T. (1995). When Less Is More: Counterfactual Thinking and Satisfaction Among Olympic Medalists. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(4), 603–610.

Larrick, R., and Boles, T. L. (1995). Avoiding Regret in Decisions with Feedback: A Negotiation Example. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 87–97; Kahneman, D., and Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives. Psychological Review, 93(2), 136–153.

Spranca, M., Minsk, E., and Baron, J. (1991). Omission and Commission in Judgment and Choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(1), 76–105.

Глава 6
Рациональность в иррациональном мире

Dawes, R. M. (1988). Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich.

Neale, M. A., and Northcraft, G. B. (1990). Experience, Expertise, and Decision Bias in Negotiation: The Role of Strategic Conceptualization. In B. H. Sheppard, M. H. Bazerman, and R. J. Lewicki (eds.), Research in Negotiation in Organizations (vol. 2). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Stanovich, K. E., and West, R. F. (2000). Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 645–665.

Kahneman, D., and Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, and D. Kahneman (eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 49–81.

Chugh, D. (2004). Why Milliseconds Matter: Societal and Managerial Implications of Implicit Social Cognition. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 203–222.

Ball, S. B., Bazerman, M. H., and Carroll, J. S. (1991). An Evaluation of Learning in the Bilateral Winner's Curse. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 48(1), 1–22.

Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L., and Gentner, D. (2003). Analogical Learning in Negotiation Teams: Comparing Cases Promotes Learning and Transfer. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2(2), 119–127.

Kahneman, D., and Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking. Management Science, 39, 17–31.

Там же.

Cooper, A., Woo, C., and Dunkelberg, W. (1988). Entrepreneurs' Perceived Chances for Success. Journal of Business Venturing, 3, 97–108.

Kahneman, D., and Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking. Management Science, 39, 17–31.

Lewin, K. (1947). Group Decision and Social Change. In T. M. Newcomb and E. L. Hartley (eds.), Readings in Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Lewis, M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York: W. W. Norton.

Thaler, R., and Sunstein, C. (2003, September 1). Who's on First? The New Republic, 229, 27.

Bazerman, M. H. (2006). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Глава 7
Стратегии влияния

Cialdini, R. (1993). Influence: Science and Practice. New York: Harper-Collins.

Cialdini, R. (Summer 2003). The Power of Persuasion: Putting the Science of Influence to Work in Fundraising. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 18–27.

The late Amos Tversky and Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman first noted that "losses loom larger than gains" in their work on "prospect theory" published in 1979. Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (March 1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica 47, 263–292.

Kalichman, S. C., and Coley, B. (1995). Context Framing to Enhance HIV-Antibody-Testing Messages Targeted to African American Women. Health Psychology, 14, 247–254.

Rothman, A. J., Salovey, P., Pronin, E., Zullo, J., and Lefell, D. (1996). Prior Health Beliefs Moderate the Persuasiveness of Gain and Loss Framed Messages. Unpublished raw data.

Meyerowitz, B. E., and Chaiken, S. (1987). The Effect of Message Framing on Breast Self-Examination: Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 500–510.

In their seminal work on prospect theory, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman explained that such preferences result from the way in which we evaluate the prospects of winning or losing relative to salient reference points (such as the status quo). Specifically, they argue that people have diminishing marginal utility associated with gains and diminishing marginal disutility associated with losses. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (March 1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–292.

Cialdini, R., Vincent, J., Lewis, S., Catalan, J., Wheeler, D., and Darby, B. (1975). Reciprocal Concessions Procedure for Inducing Compliance: The Door-in-the-Face Technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 206–215.

Taylor, T., and Booth-Butterfield, S. (1993). Getting a Foot in the Door with Drinking and Driving: A Field Study of Healthy Influence. Communication Research Reports, 10, 95–101.

Burger, J. M., and Guadagno, R. E. (2003). Self Concept Clarity and the Foot-in-the-Door Procedure. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 79–86.

Langer, E. J., Blank, A., and Chanowitz, B. (1978). The Mindlessness of Ostensibly Thoughtful Action: The Role of "Placebic" Information in Interpersonal Interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 635–642.

Cialdini, R. B. (January 2004). Everybody's Doing It. Negotiation, 7.

Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.

James, J. M., and Bolstein, R. (Winter 1992). Large Monetary Incentives and Their Effect on Mail Survey Response Rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 442–453.

Malhotra, D. (2004). Trust and Reciprocity Decisions: The Differing Perspectives of Trustors and Trusted Parties. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 61–73.

Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. (1981) The Framing of Decisions and the Rationality of Choice. Science, 211, 453–458.

Thaler, R. (1985). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. Marketing Science, 4, 199–214.

Bazerman, M. H. (2005). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, 6th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Глава 8
«Мертвая зона» переговоров

Feder, B. (2006, January 26). Quiet End to Battle of the Bids. New York Times, C1.

Feder, B., and Sorkin, A. R. (2005, November 3). Troubled Maker of Heart Devices May Lose Suitor. New York Times, A1.

Feder, B. (2006, January 26). Quiet End to Battle of the Bids. New York Times, C1.

Meier, B. (2005, November 10). Guidant Issues Data on Faulty Heart Devices. New York Times, C5.

Bajaj, V. (2005, December 28). F.D.A. Puts Restrictions on Guidant. New York Times, C1.

Feder, B., and Sorkin, A. R. (2006, January 18). Boston Scientific, with Abbott's Help, Raises Bid for Guidant. New York Times, C1.

Saul, S. (2006, January 25). J&J Passes on Raising Guidant Bid. New York Times, C1; Feder, B. (2006, January 26). Quiet End to Battle of the Bids. New York Times, C1.

Harris, G., and Feder, B. (2006, January 27). F.D.A. Warns Device Maker over Safety. New York Times, C1.

Tully, S. (2006, October 16). The (Second) Worst Deal Ever. Fortune, 154 (8).

Bazerman, M. H., and Chugh, D. (2006). Decisions Without Blinders. Harvard Business Review, 84(1).

(1995, November 10). American Won't Make First Bid on USAir. Charleston Daily Mail, C4.

Akerlof, G. (1970). The Market for Lemons: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 89, 488–500.

Ball, S. B., Bazerman, M. H., and Carroll, J. S. (1991). An Evaluation of Learning in the Bilateral Winner's Curse. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 48(1), 1–22.

Bereby-Meyer, Y., and Grosskopf, B. (2002). Overcoming the Winner's Curse: An Adaptive Learning Perspective. AOM Conflict Management Division 2002 meetings, No. 13496.

Moore, D. A., and Kim, T. G. (2003). Myopic Social Prediction and the Solo Comparison Effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1121–1135.

Camerer, C., and Lovallo, D. (1999). Overconfidence and Excess Entry: An Experimental Approach. American Economic Review, 306–318.

Fox, C. R., and Tversky, A. (1998). A Belief-Based Account of Decision Under Uncertainty. Management Science, 44(7), 879–895.

Emphasis added. Brahimi's comments were made during a panel discussion at the Harvard Business School in October 2002.

Simons, D. J. (2003). Surprising Studies of Visual Awareness. [DVD]. Champaign, IL: VisCog Productions,

Neisser, U. (1979). The Concept of Intelligence. Intelligence, 3(3), 217–227.

Глава 9
Как противостоять лжи и обману

Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. New York: Little, Brown.

Ekman, P. (2002). Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Marriage, and Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.

Malhotra, D. (2004). Smart Alternatives to Lying in Negotiation. Negotiation, 7(5).

Глава 10
Признание и решение моральных дилемм

Banaji, M. R., Bazerman, M. H., and Chugh, D. (December 2003). How (Un)Ethical Are You? Harvard Business Review.

Indeed, in most states, a seller's real-estate agent has a formal fiduciary responsibility to the seller.

Cain, D., Loewenstein, G., and Moore, D. (2005). The Dirt on Coming Clean: Perverse Effects of Disclosing Conflicts of Interest. Journal of Legal Studies, 34, 1–25.

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., and Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.

Chugh, D. (2004). Why Milliseconds Matter: Societal and Managerial Implications of Implicit Social Cognition. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 203–222.

Gillespie, J. J., and Bazerman, M. H. (1997). Parasitic Integration: Win-Win Agreements Containing Losers. Negotiation Journal, 13(3), 271–282. We use the term "parasitic value creation" synonymously with Gillespie and Bazerman's term "parasitic integration."

The administrative law judge ruled in favor of the pharmaceutical firms. An FTC bipartisan panel overruled the administrative judge by a 5–0 vote. They, in turn, were overruled by an appeals court. The U. S. Supreme Court refused to hear the FTC's appeal of the appellate court ruling, helping create the blueprint for parasitic value creation that has become even more common in the pharmaceutical arena.

Murnighan, J. K. (1994). Game Theory and Organizational Behavior. In B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Kim Wade-Benzoni, Ann Tenbrunsel, and Max Bazerman developed an experimental simulation based on this class of problems in which participants played the roles of representatives of various commercial and recreational fishing groups meeting for a conference to discuss the crisis. They found that the participants made self-serving interpretations of what was fair, and that these biased interpretations were an excellent predictor of overharvesting.

Caruso, E., Epley, N., and Bazerman, M. H. (2006). The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Perspective Taking in Groups. In E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale, and A. E. Tenbrunsel (eds.), Research on Managing Groups and Teams: Ethics and Groups (vol. 8). London: Elsevier.

Chugh, D. (2004). Why Milliseconds Matter: Societal and Managerial Implications of Implicit Social Cognition. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 203–222.

Глава 11
Переговоры на слабой позиции

Subramanian, G., and Zeckhauser, R. (February 2005). "Negotiauctions": Taking a Hybrid Approach to the Sale of High-Value Assets. Negotiation.

Bazerman, M. H., and Neale, M. A. (1992). Negotiating Rationally. New York: Free Press.

Глава 12
Когда переговоры превращаются в кошмар: как справиться с иррациональностью, недоверием, гневом, угрозами, самомнением

Kennedy, R. (1971). Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.

Malhotra, D. (2006). Is Your Counterpart Irrational. . . Really? Negotiation, 9(3).

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., and Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734.

Dirks, K. T., and Ferrin, D. L. (2001). The Role of Interpersonal Trust in Organizational Settings. Organization Science, 12, 450–467.

Thirteen Days, 97.

Глава 14
Путь к гениальности

Neale, M. A., and Northcraft, G. B. (1990). Experience, Expertise, and Decision Bias in Negotiation: The Role of Strategic Conceptualization. In B. H. Sheppard, M. H. Bazerman, and R. J. Lewicki (eds.), Research in Negotiation in Organizations (vol. 2). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Назад: Глава 14: Путь к гениальности
Дальше: Благодарности