Благодарности

Эта книга – плод двадцатипятилетних исследований в генетике человека, результат двадцати пяти лет вопросов, поисков и самое главное – любопытства. Желания узнать причины наших различий, проникнуть в неизвестное прошлое нашего вида и желания отправиться странствовать – ведь именно странствия ждут того, кто ищет ответа на вопрос: «Кто мы?». Мое любопытство постепенно привело меня к популяционной генетике как своего рода альтернативному способу путешествовать во времени и пространстве, двигаться вперед в поисках наших различий, навстречу биологическому и культурному разнообразию нашего вида.

Изучение процесса эволюции нашего вида позволяет нам лучше понять не только то, кем мы являемся сегодня, со всеми нашими сходствами и различиями, но и наши взаимоотношения с болезнями. Совершенно естественно, что, работая в Институте Пастера – «храме микробиологии», – я заинтересовался инфекционными заболеваниями и решил разобраться, как в процессе эволюции патогены повлияли на геном человека и на его иммунный ответ. Используя подход, основанный на эволюционной генетике, я изучал происхождение и миграции людей, адаптацию разных популяций к меняющейся окружающей среде, и, наконец, способы, с помощью которых наш вид смог более или менее успешно защититься от патогенов – возбудителей инфекционных заболеваний.

Я чувствую себя обязанным многим людям или организациям: без них это путешествие – то есть написание этой книги – было бы невозможным. Прежде всего, я хотел бы поблагодарить Институт Пастера, ставший для меня родным домом уже двадцать два года назад, за доверие и поддержку, а также Национальный центр научных исследований и Коллеж де Франс. Спасибо также моим наставникам, официальным и неофициальным, – Сильване Сантакьяра-Бенеречетти, Луке Кавалли-Сфорца и Крису Тайлер-Смиту – образцам для подражания в их научном рвении, в их строгости и доброжелательности. Эта книга была бы невозможна и без моих коллег и сотрудников. Как ученый и как человек, я чувствую себя очень обязанным всем бывшим и нынешним работникам лаборатории эволюционной генетики человека за их вдохновенный труд, их терпение (особенно по отношению ко мне) и их преданность науке. Огромное спасибо всем, кто работал со мной, – у меня бы не получилось перечислить всех, не рискуя кого-то забыть, но я не могу не назвать тех коллег, с кем мы были особенно близки в работе: это Лоран Абель, Жан-Лоран Казанова́, Антуан Жессен, Эвелин Эйер, Оливье Нейроль, Франсуа Рено и Поль Вердю. Спасибо также и коллегам, которые согласились прочитать эту книгу и высказать свое мнение в процессе ее редактирования – это Жан-Пьер Шанжо, Ален Израэль, Этьен Патэн, Венсиан Пиренн, Максим Ротиваль и Филипп Сансонетти – и также Орели Бизио и Мари-Терез Висент за исправления во французском языке. Наконец, эта книга никогда бы не появилась на свет без постоянного содействия Жерома Бона, издательской помощи Марка Кирша и – last but not least – терпения, таланта и ободряющей, всегда полной оптимизма поддержки Одиль Жакоб.

Однако последняя моя мысленная благодарность будет обращена к истинным героям этого труда по популяционной генетике – рассматриваемым в ней популяциям людей, и в особенности земледельцам и охотникам-собирателям Центральной Африки, а также различным популяциям южной части Тихого океана. Без них мой труд был бы невозможен, и именно им я посвящаю эту книгу.

Библиография

Часть I. От Дарвина к геномике

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Часть II. Завоевания и расселение

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Часть III. Адаптация к окружающей среде

Alkorta-Aranburu, G., Beall, C. M., Witonsky, D. B., Gebremedhin, A., Pritchard, J. K., Di Rienzo, A., «The Genetic Architecture of Adaptations to High Altitude in Ethiopia», PLoS Genet., 8, 12 (2012), e1003110.

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Bergey, C. M., Lopez, M., Harrison, G. F., Patin, E., Cohen, J. A., Quintana-Murci, L., Barreiro, L. B., Perry, G. H., «Polygenic Adaptation and Convergent Evolution on Growth and Cardiac Genetic Pathways in African and Asian Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers», Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 48 (2018), E11256-E11263.

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Bustamante, C. D., Fledel-Alon, A., Williamson, S., Nielsen, R., Hubisz, M. T., Glanowski, S., Tanenbaum, D. M., et al., «Natural Selection on Protein-Coding Genes in the Human Genome», Nature, 437, 7062 (2005), p. 1153–1157.

Charlesworth, D., «Balancing Selection and Its Effects on Sequences in Nearby Genome Regions», PLoS Genet., 2, 4 (2006), e64.

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Crawford, N. G., Kelly, D. E., Hansen, M. E. B., Beltrame, M. H., Fan, S., Bowman, S. L., Jewett, E., et al., «Loci Associated with Skin Pigmentation Identified in African Populations», Science, 358, 6365 (2017).

de Filippo, C., Key, F. M., Ghirotto, S., Benazzo, A., Meneu, J. R., Weihmann, A., Program, Nisc Comparative Sequence, et al., «Recent Selection Changes in Human Genes under Long-Term Balancing Selection», Mol. Biol. Evol., 33, 6 (2016), p. 1435–1447.

DeGiorgio, M., Lohmueller, K. E., Nielsen, R., «A Model-Based Approach for Identifying Signatures of Ancient Balancing Selection in Genetic Data», PLoS Genet., 10, 8 (2014), e1004561.

Enattah, N. S., Jensen, T. G., Nielsen, M., Lewinski, R., Kuokkanen, M., Rasinpera, H., El-Shanti, H., et al., «Independent Introduction of Two Lactase-Persistence Alleles into Human Populations Reflects Different History of Adaptation to Milk Culture», Am. J. Hum. Genet., 82, 1 (2008), p. 57–72.

Enattah, N. S., Sahi, T., Savilahti, E., Terwilliger, J. D., Peltonen, L., Jarvela, I., «Identification of a Variant Associated with Adult-Type Hypolactasia», Nat. Genet., 30, 2 (2002), p. 233–237.

Fan, S., Hansen, M. E., Lo, Y., Tishkoff, S. A., «Going Global by Adapting Local: A Review of Recent Human Adaptation», Science, 354, 6308 (2016), p. 54–59.

Ferrer-Admetlla, A., Liang, M., Korneliussen, T., Nielsen, R., «On Detecting Incomplete Soft or Hard Selective Sweeps Using Haplotype Structure», Mol. Biol. Evol., 31, 5 (2014), p. 1275–1291.

Field, Y., Boyle, E. A., Telis, N., Gao, Z., Gaulton, K. J., Golan, D., Yengo, L., et al., «Detection of Human Adaptation During the Past 2000 Years», Science, 354, 6313 (2016), p. 760–764.

Fisher, R. A, Ford, E. B., Huxley, J., «Taste-Testing the Anthropoid Apes», Nature, 144 (1939), p. 750.

Fumagalli, M., Moltke, I., Grarup, N., Racimo, F., Bjerregaard, P., Jorgensen, M. E., Korneliussen, T. S., et al., «Greenlandic Inuit Show Genetic Signatures of Diet and Climate Adaptation», Science, 349, 6254 (2015), p. 1343–1347.

Han, J., Kraft, P., Nan, H., Guo, Q., Chen, C., Qureshi, A., Hankinson, S. E., et al., «A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Alleles Associated with Hair Color and Skin Pigmentation», PLoS Genet., 4, 5 (2008), e1000074.

Hancock, A. M., Witonsky, D. B., Gordon, A. S., Eshel, G., Pritchard, J. K., Coop, G., Di Rienzo, A., «Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders», PLoS Genet., 4, 2 (2008), e32.

Harris, E. E., Meyer, D., «The Molecular Signature of Selection Underlying Human Adaptations», Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., Suppl. 43 (2006), p. 89–130.

Hernandez, R. D., Kelley, J. L., Elyashiv, E., Melton, S. C., Auton, A., McVean, G., Sella, G., Przeworski, M., «Classic Selective Sweeps Were Rare in Recent Human Evolution», Science, 331, 6019 (2011), p. 920–924.

Huerta-Sanchez, E., Jin, X., Asan Bianba, Z., Peter, B. M., Vinckenbosch, N., Liang, Y., et al., «Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans Caused by Introgression of Denisovan-Like DNA», Nature, 512, 7513 (2014), p. 194–197.

Ilardo, M. A., Moltke, I., Korneliussen, T. S., Cheng, J., Stern, A. J., Racimo, F., de Barros Damgaard, P., et al., «Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads», Cell, 173, 3 (2018), p. 569–80, e15.

Ilardo, M., Nielsen, R., «Human Adaptation to Extreme Environmental Conditions», Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 53 (2018), p. 77–82.

Itan, Y., Jones, B. L., Ingram, C. J., Swallow, D. M., Thomas, M. G., «A Worldwide Correlation of Lactase Persistence Phenotype and Genotypes», BMC Evol. Biol., 10 (2010), p. 36.

Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M. A., Burger, J., Thomas, M. G., «The Origins of Lactase Persistence in Europe», PLoS Comput. Biol., 5, 8 (2009), e1000491.

Jablonski, N. G., Chaplin, G., «The Colours of Humanity: The Evolution of Pigmentation in the Human Lineage», Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 372, 1724 (2017).

Jablonski, N. G., Chaplin, G., «The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration», J. Hum. Evol., 39, 1 (2000), p. 57–106.

Jablonski, N. G., Chaplin, G. «Human Skin Pigmentation, Migration and Disease Susceptibility», Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 367, 1590 (2012), p. 785–792.

Jeong, C., Alkorta-Aranburu, G., Basnyat, B., Neupane, M., Witonsky, D. B., Pritchard, J. K., Beall, C. M., Di Rienzo, A., «Admixture Facilitates Genetic Adaptations to High Altitude in Tibet», Nat. Commun., 5 (2014), p. 3281.

Jeong, C., Di Rienzo, A., «Adaptations to Local Environments in Modern Human Populations», Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 29 (2014), p. 1–8.

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Часть IV. Люди и микробы

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Fumagalli, M., Pozzoli, U., Cagliani, R., Comi, G. P., Bresolin, N., Clerici, M., Sironi, M., «The Landscape of Human Genes Involved in the Immune Response to Parasitic Worms», BMC Evol. Biol., 10 (2010), p. 264.

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Часть V. Гибридизация, культура и медицина

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