Сокращения от is, has читаются аналогично букве s на конце слов:
He's [hi:z] bought the car.
(He has…)
That's [ðæts] nice.
(That is…)
Let's [lets] go.
(Let us…)
Janice's ['dʒænɪsɪz] a good singer.
(Jenice is…)
Обратите внимание – неважно, как произносилось слово до сокращения. Во фразе that is изначально слово is со звуком [z], но в сокращении that's букву s нужно читать [s], как того требует предыдущая согласная.
Ex. 1. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от is.
She's a good girl.
What’s the time?
There’s a cat in the room.
My brother’s there, I see him.
What color’s your car?
It's getting late.
He's a great man.
Who's coming to the party?
That's my favorite [ˈfeɪvrɪt] book.
She's working hard.
Here's the report you asked for.
Who’s your favorite actor?
Where's your car?
What's the problem?
That's a good idea [aɪˈdiə]!
Let's go to the party.
Ex. 1.1. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от has.
He's done his task.
Jeff’s gone [gɒn] out.
She's gone to the store.
It's been [bɪn] a long day.
She's already left for work.
Ex. 1.2. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от is и has.
She’s running late.
He’s going to the store.
The dog’s barking loudly.
Tom’s getting ready for work.
The car’s making a strange noise.
That’s my favorite movie [ˈmu:vɪ].
Where’s the book I lent you?
It’s cold outside today.
This pizza’s delicious.
It’s been a long day.
It’s been raining all day.
He’s finished his homework.
John’s already left the office.
She’s lived here for five years.
My friend’s seen that movie twice.
The team’s won the championship.
The store’s opened early today.
She’s forgotten her keys again.
The cat’s eaten all its food.
The baby’s fallen asleep.
Не путайте сокращения от is, has и грамматическое окончание 's для показания принадлежности в английском языке.
Сокращения от have читаются как и буквосочетание ve на конце слов:
I've [aɪv] seen that movie before.
You've [ju:v] done a great job.
They've [ðeɪv] already left the party.
Эти комбинации читаются с добавочным [ə] перед ve:
could've –> ['kʊdəv]
would've –> ['wʊdəv]
should've –> ['ʃʊdəv]
must've –> ['mʌstəv]
might've –> ['maɪtəv]
Без добавочного [ə] было бы сложно читать такие конструкции.
Ex. 2. Прочтите предложения.
We've been here for hours.
We've finished the project.
I've never heard of that place.
They've known each other for years.
She said [sed] she had already eaten.
She’s the best friend I've ever had.
They've been waiting for an hour.
We’ve decided to take a trip.
I think I've lost my wallet.
You've been very helpful.
I would've called, but I was busy.
I've always wanted to visit Japan.
We've been working on this for days.
They've seen that show multiple times.
I've just finished reading the book.
They've been living here for years.
They've already booked the tickets.
You've made a great impression.
I've heard that story before.
We've got to go now.
You've met her before.
You've made a mistake.
They’ve bought a new car.
I've forgotten to bring my keys.
hour –> [aʊr]
Сокращения от are читаются, как если бы r поставили на конце слова:
You're [ju:ər] going there.
They're [ðeər] there.
We're [wi:ər] good.
Важное замечание.
При добавлении 're к концу слова с гласным звуком на конце, Вы фактически получаете слог с буквой R, который был рассмотрен в Модуле 4. А следовательно, и все виды редукции, которые доступны для таких буквосочетаний.
Поэтому you're может читаться уймой способов: [ju:ər], [jʊər], [jʊr], и даже [jər].
А что самое главное, конструкция you're часто будет переплетаться по звучанию со словом your в своих редукциях. Чтобы лучше это понять, я сделаю фокус:
you're –> youre –> your
Тоже самое касается they're и their. Здесь англоговорящие вообще не показывают разницы при разговоре. Фокус также работает:
they're –> theyre –> theyr –> their
Помните про редукцию, изучайте редукцию, слушайте редукцию. Особенно для таких частотных слов.
Чем скорее Вы поймете, как она работает в различных словах и конструкциях, тем легче будет осваивать чтение и говорение на английском.
Ex. 3. Прочтите предложения.
You’re going to love this city.
We’re planning a trip next month.
You’re always so kind to everyone.
We’re heading out in a few minutes.
They’re coming over for dinner tonight.
We’re all in this together.
You’re doing a fantastic job.
They’re studying for their exams.
They’re the best team in the league.
We’re almost finished with the project.
They’re very excited about the concert.
We’re meeting at the park later.
You’re going to enjoy the show.
They’re building [ɪ] a new house.
You’re invited to the party.
We’re waiting for the bus.
You’re such a talented artist.
They’re not sure about the plan.
They’re watching a movie right now.
We’re having pizza for dinner tonight.
We’re all excited for the holiday season.
They’re playing soccer [ˈsɒkər] in the park.
We’re going to the beach this weekend.
They’re working on a new project.
You’re looking great today!
You’re driving too fast!
They’re moving to a new city.
You’re always welcome to join us.
minutes –> [ˈmɪnɪts]
league –> [li:g]
pizza –> ['pi:tsə]
Сокращения от had, would читаются просто, как буква d на конце слов:
I’d [aɪd] already eaten before you called.
(I had…)
We’d [wi:d] travel more if we had the money.
(We would…)
She’d [ʃi:d] liked the invitation.
Ex. 4. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от had.
She’d planned the trip months in advance.
She’d finished the project by that time.
They’d gone home by the time I arrived.
I’d heard that story a hundred times.
We’d seen that movie before.
He’d forgotten his keys again.
You’d told me about it earlier.
They’d moved to the city years ago.
We’d visited that museum last summer.
museum –> [mu:'zi:əm]
Ex. 4.1. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от would.
They’d help you if you asked.
I’d love to join you for dinner.
She’d go to the gym if she had time.
He’d buy the car if it were cheaper.
You’d enjoy that book; it’s fantastic.
They’d never believe what happened.
We’d love to see you this weekend.
I’d rather stay home tonight.
She’d be a great teacher.
were –> [wə:r]
believe –> [bə'li:v]
rather –> [ˈræðər]
Ex. 4.2. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от had и would.
I’d like a cup of coffee.
He’d rather walk than drive.
She’d never been to Paris before.
We’d already left when the call came.
They’d better hurry, or they’ll be late.
You’d have a better chance if you tried.
She’d saved enough money for the trip.
I’d appreciate your help with this.
They’d seen him earlier that day.
He’d probably enjoy the concert.
Paris –> ['perɪs]
enough –> [ɪ'nʌf]
Сокращение от will читается как буква l на конце:
I’ll –> [aɪl]
She’ll –> [ʃi:l]
He’ll –> [hi:l]
they'll –> [ðeɪl]
we'll –> [wi:l]
you'll –> [ju:l]
it'll –> ['ɪtəl]
Но и тут не обходится без редукции:
I’ll –> [al]
She’ll –> [ʃɪl]
He’ll –> [hɪl]
they'll –> [ðel]
we'll –> [wɪl]
you'll –> [jʊl], [jʌl]
Ex. 5. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от will.
I’ll see you tomorrow.
She’ll call you later.
He’ll finish the report by tonight.
We’ll meet at the restaurant.
They’ll be here soon.
You’ll love this book.
I’ll help you with your homework.
She’ll arrive at 6.
He’ll take care of everything.
We’ll go to the park this weekend.
They’ll join us for dinner.
You’ll get a promotion if you work hard.
I’ll send you the email.
She’ll start the new job next week.
He’ll travel to Europe next month.
We’ll celebrate your birthday together.
They’ll move to a new house soon.
You’ll need to bring your ID.
I’ll make sure everything is ready.
She’ll explain it to you later.
He’ll bring the drinks for the party.
We’ll wait for you here.
They’ll catch the next train.
You’ll enjoy the show.
I’ll visit my parents this weekend.
She’ll bake a cake for the event.
He’ll work late to finish the task.
We’ll study together for the exam.
They’ll arrive in about 30 minutes.
You’ll find the answer in the book.
Сокращение от not читаются просто, как буква t на конце слов.
can't [kænt] = cannot
aren't [ˈarənt] = are not
haven't [ˈhævənt] = have not
shouldn't [ˈʃʊdənt] = should not
wouldn't [ˈwʊdənt] = would not
couldn't [ˈkʊdənt] = could not
didn't [ˈdɪdənt] = did not
isn't [ˈɪzənt] = is not
weren't [ˈwə:rənt] = were not
wasn't [ˈwʌzənt] = was not
hadn't [ˈhædənt] = had not
hasn't [ˈhæzənt] = has not
mightn't [ˈmaɪtənt] = might not
На некоторые комбинации стоит обратить пристальное внимание:
don't [doʊnt] = do not
doesn't ['dʌzənt] = does not
won't [woʊnt] = will not
shan't [ʃænt] = shall not
mustn't [ˈmʌsənt] = must not
Не путайте won't и want. В mustn't первая буква t не проговаривается. А знаменитое doesn't не дает покоя многим. Как только ее не читают!
Ex. 6. Прочтите предложения с сокращениями от not.
I can’t find my keys.
She doesn’t like coffee.
We aren’t going to the trip.
They haven’t finished the work.
He won’t be coming to the meeting.
You shouldn’t eat too much sugar.
I wouldn’t do that if I were you.
She isn’t ready for the exam.
He didn’t call me last night.
They weren’t paying attention.
You haven’t told me the truth.
I wasn’t aware of the situation.
She hadn’t realized it was her turn.
We didn’t expect you to arrive so early.
He can’t drive without his glasses.
They won’t agree with the decision.
You don’t have to worry about it.
I shouldn’t have said that.
She couldn’t open the jar.
I won’t be able to attend the event.
They wouldn’t listen to my advice.
You can’t enter without a ticket.
He hasn’t finished his homework.
She didn’t bring her laptop.
We hadn’t planned for this.
They couldn’t believe the news.
You aren’t allowed to smoke here.
He shouldn’t leave the door unlocked.
We aren’t sure what time the meeting starts.
We couldn’t see the play because it was sold out.
sugar –> ['ʃu:gər]
Полная форма I'm читается [aɪm], редуцированная читается [am], как I в редуцированной конструкции I'll.
Учтите, что not не линкуется с am.
Ex. 7. Прочтите предложения с I'm.
I'm good to go.
Let's do it, I'm ready.
I'm willing to do that.
I'm not going to do that.
Вы познакомились с сокращениями, которые графически оформлены и официально закреплены на письме.
Такие сокращения появлялись приблизительно по такому алгоритму: часть звуков одного слова полностью редуцируется, как гласные, так и согласные, и оставшаяся часть сокращенного слова присоединяется к предыдущему.
Для примера возьмем wouldn't [ˈwʊdənt]. Здесь мы наблюдаем два процесса: сначала редуцируется not, затем would связывается с редуцированным not, в процессе чего появляется дополнительный слог (я называю это буферизацией).
Затем все это оформляется на письме и закрепляется. То есть, конструкция wouldn't является примером официально закрепленного сокращения.
Вы можете спросить, зачем?
Потому что гораздо удобнее говорить I wouldn't go there, нежели I would not go there.
А если есть официально закрепленная сокращенная конструкция, ее можно редуцировать как слово? Почему бы нет.
Редукция действует, в основном, внутри слов. Когда произносят wouldn't, то часто "проглатывают" букву d. Она звучит вскользь, можно сказать, "глушится".
Чем больше Вы будете читать, тем больше начнете понимать, как работает английская фонетика, ключом к которой является редукция.
Начнете понимать, почему вместо [ʌ] указывают [ə], вместо [ju:ər] читают [jʊr] или [jər], а в слове hour вместо [aʊər] предпочитают [aʊr].
А иногда даже не нужно знать как слог произносится в полную силу.
Вы не помните, какой гласный звук в слове want – [ɒ] или [ɔ:]. Слушаете нэйтива, а он вообще говорит [a:]. В следующий раз, Вы уже не выбираете, потому что теперь используете wanna. А когда нужно снова сказать отдельно want, используете [ə] и все Вас прекрасно понимают. А потом Вы замечаете, что читаете рэп, когда говорите.