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Эволюция сделала нас симпатичными, но странными организмами, биология которых, кажется, иногда имеет мало смысла. Опухоль размером с кулак часто может разрастаться в брюшной полости, оставаясь при этом незамеченной, в то время как крошечная дырочка в зубе вызывает на глазах слезы от боли. Однажды у нас будет возможность изменить это и многие другие наши свойства, если захотим. Технически мы скоро должны быть к этому готовы. Это одна из причин того, почему я убежден, что мы живем в одно из самых захватывающих времен. Мы подошли к моменту, когда фундаментальные изменения нашей биологической основы впервые в пределах досягаемости. И будет нелегко перемещаться по минному полю новых возможностей с должной внимательностью. Конечно, найдется множество отцов, которые в самые мрачные и, возможно, самые искренние моменты своей жизни мечтают о том, что по их стопам будет следовать генетически оптимизированный сверхсын ростом два метра с телом греческого бога и с мужским достоинством таким огромным, что он с трудом сможет пройти через кесарево сечение (и все же немного меньшим его собственного – в противном случае это очень плохо скажется на динамике отношений отца и сына).
Всегда будет присутствовать искушение генетически улучшить себя или других – из-за эгоцентризма, мании величия или человеколюбия. Потому что биология – хаотичный бардак, и с большинством из нас он сыграл веселую шутку, от которой мы хотим сберечь себя и других. Я знаю, о чем говорю. Когда я появился на свет, одна из частей моего тела в своем развитии была примерно на 10 лет впереди других – нос. Только после пубертатного периода остальная часть головы стала соразмерной масштабам органа обоняния. Поэтому в школьные годы я заслужил прозвище The Shark – акула. Все из-за того, что на уроках плавания пара человек всегда выкрикивала: «Осторожно, акула!», когда я плыл на спине и мой носяра торчал из воды. А про непосильную финансовую задачку, сколько на мой нос нужно мази от насморка, я даже говорить не хочу. И как ни трудно поверить, некоторых людей генная рулетка выбрасывает в жизнь с еще более плохими картами.
Будучи генетиком, человек быстро привыкает слушать то, как люди говорят о ДНК, будто это самая обычная вещь в мире. Метильная группа здесь вызывает то, ацетильная группа там вызывает это. Ничего особенного – повседневная жизнь молекулярного биолога, и все же иногда я делаю шаг назад и думаю: никто никогда напрямую не видел, как на самом деле выглядит двойная спираль ДНК.
Никто никогда собственными глазами не видел буквенный код, который является основой нашего существования. Тем не менее мы изменяем его и говорим об этом, как будто это что-то абсолютно достижимое.
Мы можем скопировать некоторые из этих букв из одного организма и поместить их в другой для передачи каких-нибудь черт. Мы можем создать беспрецедентные свойства, умело сложив несколько из этих букв и поместив их в живое существо. Насколько маловероятно, что мы родились после миллиардов лет эволюции в тот самый момент, когда все это внезапно стало возможным? Насколько большую ответственность мы несем? И сколько гениев ночи напролет в течение столетий должны были работать, чтобы сделать все это возможным? Движимые своим любопытством и убеждением, что наука – это нечто ценное и прекрасное.
В этой книге я сознательно ограничился описанием того, что возможно в настоящее время, что не возможно и что будет возможно в ближайшем будущем. Вопрос о том, в каких случаях имеет смысл и стоит изменять людей, я с удовольствием переадресую специалистам по философии науки. Они всегда благодарны, когда им дают оплачиваемую работу. Ну а мы тем временем просто должны радоваться тому, что мы – часть, пожалуй, самой крутой вечеринки с генами в целом Млечном Пути. Давайте сделаем так, чтобы она продолжалась еще долго.
Без указания источников наука была бы просто второсортной литературой в стиле фэнтези. Здесь вы найдете список всех научных работ, на которых основывается эта книга.
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