113 «необыкновенное сильное ожирение»: B. Mohr, Hypertrophie der Hypophysis cerebri und dadurch bedingter Druck auf die Hirngrundfl ashe, insbesondere auf die Sehverven, das Chiasma derselben und den linkseitigen Hirnschenkel, Wochenschrift Ges Heilkunde 6 (1840): 565–71; B. Mohr, Neuropathology Communication from Dr. Mohr, Privat Docent in Würzburg. 1840, Obesity Research 1, no. 4 (July 1993): 334–35.
114 «ранее описал Мор»: A. Frohlich, Dr. Alfred Frohlich stellt einen fall von tumor der hypophyse ohne akromegalie vor, Wien Klin Rundsch 15 (1902): 883–86, 906–908.
114 «получили название синдром Фрёлиха»: B. M. King, The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus in the Regulation of Feeding Be hav ior and Body Weight, Physiology and Be hav ior 87, no. 2 (February 28, 2006): 221–44.
115 «опубликования работы Фрёлиха»: Ibid.
115 «гипофиз не был поврежден»: J. Erdheim, Uber Hypophysenganggeschwulste und Hirncholestcatome, Akad Wiss Wien 113 (1904): 537–726.
115 «эксперименты над собаками и крысами»: P. Bailey and F. Bremer, Experimental Diabetes Insipidus, Archives of Internal Medicine 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1921): 773–803; P. Smith, The Disabilities Caused by Hypophysectomy and Their Repair: The Tuberal (Hypothalamic) Syndrome in the Rat, Journal of the American Medical Association 88, no. 3 (January 15, 1927): 158–61; P. E. Smith, Hypophysectomy and a Replacement Therapy in the Rat, American Journal of Anatomy 45, no. 2 (March 1, 1930): 205–73; A. W. Hetherington, Obesity in the Rat Following the Injection of Chromic Acid into the Hypophysis, Endocrinology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1940): 264–68.
115 «Вентромедиальное ядро гипоталамуса»: A. Hetherington, The Relation of Vari ous Hypothalamic Lesions to Adiposity and Other Phenomena in the Rat, American Journal of Physiology 133 (1941): 326–27; A. W. Hetherington, The Production of Hypothalamic Obesity in Rats Already Displaying Chronic Hypopituitarism, American Journal of Physiology 140, no. 1 (1943): 89–92.
115 «В начале сороковых годов»: J. R. Brobeck, J. Tepperman, and C. N. H. Long, Experimental Hypothalamic Hyperphagia in the Albino Rat, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 15, no. 6 (July 1943): 831–53.
117 «чрезмерного потребления пищи»: Ibid.
117 с «развития ожирения у крыс»: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection.
118 «оказалась самцом»: E. R. Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry, 1st trade paper ed. (New York: Grove Press, 2003), 304.
118 «спонтанная генетическая мутация»: A. M. Ingalls, M. M. Dickie, and G. D. Snell, Obese, a New Mutation in the House Mouse, Journal of Heredity 41, no. 12 (December 1950): 317–18.
118 «совсем как человек с избыточным весом»: G. A. Bray and D. A. York, Hypothalamic and Ge ne tic Obesity in Experimental Animals: An Autonomic and Endocrine Hypothesis, Physiological Reviews 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1979): 719–809.
118 «крыса Жирдяй»: L. M. Zucker and T. F. Zucker, Fatty, a New Mutation in the Rat, Journal of Heredity 52, no. 6 (1961): 275–78.
118 «непомерный аппетит»: B. Ga, The Zucker- Fatty Rat: A Review, Federation Proceedings 36, no. 2 (February 1977): 148–53.
119 «крыса-близнец не подвергалась хирургическому вмешательству»: G. R. Hervey, The Effects of Lesions in the Hypothalamus in Parabiotic Rats, Journal of Physiology 145, no. 2 (March 3, 1959): 336–52.
120 «теорию Гордона Кеннеди»: G. C. Kennedy, The Role of Depot Fat in the Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake in the Rat, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 140, no. 901 (January 15, 1953): 578–92.
120 «контролировать аппетит и сдерживать адипозность»: Hervey, The Effects of Lesions.
121 «вес был стабильным»: D. L. Coleman, Effects of Parabiosis of Obese with Diabetes and Normal Mice, Diabetologia 9, no. 4 (August 1973): 294–98.
122 «перестал набирать жировую массу»: R. B. Harris and R. J. Martin, Specifi c Depletion of Body Fat in Parabiotic Partners of Tube- Fed Obese Rats, American Journal of Physiology 247, no. 2 pt. 2 (August 1984): R380–R386.
122 «здоровой мышью»: R. B. Harris and R. J. Martin, Site of Action of Putative Lipostatic Factor: Food Intake and Peripheral Pentose Shunt Activity, American Journal of Physiology 259, no. 1 pt. 2 (July 1990): R45–R52.
122 «ивестные в то время»: Harris and Martin, Specifi c Depletion of Body Fat.
122с «контрольных особей»: R. B. S. Harris, Is Leptin the Parabiotic Satiety Factor? Past and Pres ent Interpretations, Appetite 61, no. 1 (February 2013): 111–18.
123 «в накапливании жира»: T. Rennie, Obesity as a Manifestation of Personality Disturbance, Diseases of the Central Ner vous System 1 (1940): 238.
123 «в течение короткого времени»: R. Neumann, Experimentelle Beitrage zur Lehre von dem taglichen Nahrungsbedarf des Menschen unter besonderer Berucksich tigung der notwendigen Eiweissmenge,” Arch Für Hyg 45 (1902): 1–87.
123 «годы Второй мировой войны»: A. Keys, J. Brožek, A. Henschel, O. Mickelsen, and H. Longstreet Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation, 2 vols. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1950), 1385.
124 «четыре-шесть месяцев»: E. A. Sims, R. F. Goldman, C. M. Gluck, E. S. Horton, P. C. Kelleher, and D. W. Rowe, Experimental Obesity in Man, Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 81 (1968): 153–70.
124 «норму взрослого мужчины»: E. A. Sims and E. S. Horton, Endocrine and Metabolic Adaptation to Obesity and Starvation, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1968): 1455–70.
125 «роль в проекте»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
125 «в журнале Nature»: Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J. M. Friedman, Positional Cloning of the Mouse Obese Gene and Its Human Homologue, Nature 372, no. 6505 (December 1, 1994): 425–32.
125 «патент на лептин»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
126 «как и ожидалось»: J. L. Halaas, K. S. Gajiwala, M. Maffei, S. L. Cohen, B. T. Chait, D. Rabinowitz, et al., Weight- Reducing Effects of the Plasma Protein Encoded by the Obese Gene, Science 269, no. 5233 (July 28, 1995): 543–46; L. A. Campfi eld, F. J. Smith, Y. Guisez, R. Devos, and P. Burn, Recombinant Mouse OB Protein: Evidence for a Peripheral Signal Linking Adiposity and Central Neural Networks, Science 269, no. 5223 (July 28, 1995): 546–49.
126 «из Кембриджского университета»: C. T. Montague, I. S. Farooqi, J. P. Whitehead, M. A. Soos, H. Rau, N. J. Wareham, et al., Congenital Leptin Defi ciency Is Associated with Severe Early- Onset Obesity in Humans, Nature 387, no. 6636 (June 26, 1997): 903–908.
127 «отличались ненасытным аппетитом»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
127 «деактивирует ген лептина»: Montague, Farooqi, Whitehead, Soos, Rau, Wareham, et al., Congenital Leptin Defi ciency.
127 «огромное количество калорий»: I. S. Farooqi and S. O’Rahilly, Leptin: A Pivotal Regulator of Human Energy Homeostasis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 980S–984S.
127 «высококалорийной пищи с сильными подкрепляющими свойствами»: Ibid.
128 «находят в морозилке»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
128 «одержимость едой»: Keys, Brožek, Henschel, Mickelsen, and Longstreet Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation.
129 «как у стройных»: R. L. Leibel and J. Hirsch, Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced- Obese Patients, Metabolism 33, no. 2 (February 1984): 164–70
129 «после похудения чувствуют»: M. Rosenbaum, R. Goldsmith, D. Bloomfi eld, A. Magnano, L. Weimer, S. Heymsfi eld, et al., Low-Dose Leptin Reverses Skeletal Muscle, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Maintenance of Reduced Weight, Journal of Clinical Investigation 115, no. 12 (December 2005): 3579–86.
129 «высококалорийной пищей, обещающей достойное вознаграждение»: M. Rosenbaum, M. Sy, K. Pavlovich, R. L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch, Leptin Reverses Weight Loss— Induced Changes in Regional Neural Activity Responses to Visual Food Stimuli, Journal of Clinical Investigation 118, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 2583–91; H. R. Kissileff, J. C. Thornton, M. I. Torres, K. Pavlovich, L. S. Mayer, V. Kalari, et al., Leptin Reverses Declines in Satiation in Weight- Reduced Obese Humans, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 2 (February 2012): 309–17.
129 «образное высказывание»: J. M. Friedman, A War on Obesity, Not the Obese, Science 299, no. 5608 (February 7, 2003): 856–58.
130 «до похудения»: Rosenbaum, Goldsmith, Bloomfi eld, Magnano, Weimer, Heymsfi eld, et al., Low-Dose Leptin; Rosenbaum, Sy, Pavlovich, Leibel, and Hirsch, Leptin Reverses Weight Loss—Induced Changes; Kissileff, Thornton, Torres, Pavlovich, Mayer, Kalari, et al., Leptin Reverses Declines.
131 «на пищевые раздражители пришла в норму»: I. S. Farooqi, E. Bullmore, J. Keogh, J. Gillard, S. O’Rahilly, and P. C. Fletcher, Leptin Regulates Striatal Regions and Human Eating Be hav ior, Science 317, no. 5843 (September 7, 2007): 1355.
131 «не отличались от обычных детей»: I. S. Farooqi, G. Matarese, G. M. Lord, J. M. Keogh, E. Lawrence, C. Agwu, et al., Benefi cial Effects of Leptin on Obesity, T Cell Hyporesponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine/Metabolic Dysfunction of Human Congenital Leptin Defi ciency, Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2002): 1093–103.
131 «высокой концентрацией лептина»: R. V. Considine, M. K. Sinha, M. L. Heiman, A. Kriauciunas, T. W. Stephens, M. R. Nyce, et al., Serum Immunoreactive Leptin Concentrations in Normal- weight and Obese Humans, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 334, no. 5 (February 1996): 292–95.
131 «нормальный уровень лептина»: S. B. Heymsfi eld, A. S. Greenberg, K. Fujioka, R. M. Dixon, R. Kushner, T. Hunt, et al., Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose- Escalation Trial, Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (October 27, 1999): 1568–75.
132 «лучше, чем у других»: Y. Ravussin, R. L. Leibel, and A. W. Ferrante Jr., A Missing Link in Body Weight Homeostasis: The Catabolic Signal of the Overfed State, Cell Metabolism 20, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 565–72.
134 «небольшой порции пищи»: S. Carnell and J. Wardle, Appetite and Adiposity in Children: Evidence for a Behavioral Susceptibility Theory of Obesity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, no. 1 (July 2008): 22–29.
135. «низкоуглеводные диеты»: Group DPPR, 10-Year Follow-Up of Diabetes Incidence and Weight Loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet 374, no. 9702 (November 20, 2009): 1677–86; I. Shai, D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin, D. R. Shahar, S. Witkow, I. Greenberg, et al., Weight Loss with a LowCarbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low- Fat Diet, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 359, no. 3 (July 17, 2008): 229–41.
135 «сдавало гипоталамусу захваченные у ожирения позиции»: Biggest Loser Winner Admits She’s Gained Back All the Weight, Mail Online, 2016, cited April 22, 2016, http:// www. dailymail. co. uk / femail / article – 3550257 / I – feel – like – failure – Biggest – Loser – winner – dropped – 112lbs – shares – shame – embarrassment – admitting – gained – nearly – weight – lost. html.
135 «мы все снова стали жирными»: Former Biggest Loser Contestants Admit ‘We Are All Fat Again!’ Mail Online, 2015, cited April 22, 2016, http:// www. dailymail. co. uk / femail / article – 2927207 / We – fat – Former – Biggest – Loser – contestants – admit – controversial – regained – weight – endure – lasting – health – issues. html.
136 «в современной реальности»: Stokes, Using Maximum Weight; Stokes and Preston, Revealing the Burden of Obesity Using Weight Histories; S. S. Du Plessis, S. Cabler, D. A. McAlister, E. Sabanegh, and A. Agarwal, The Effect of Obesity on Sperm Disorders and Male Infertility, Nature Reviews Urology 7, no. 3 (March 2010): 153–61; C. J. Brewer and A. H. Balen, The Adverse Effects of Obesity on Conception and Implantation, Reproduction (Cambridge, Eng land) 140, no. 3 (September 2010): 347–64.
136 «над крысами»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn- Meynell, Defense of Body Weight Against Chronic Caloric Restriction in Obesity- Prone and – Resistant Rats, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 1 (January 2000): R231–R237
137 «влияние трех разных типов диет»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn-Meynell, Defense of Body Weight Depends on Dietary Composition and Palatability in Rats with DietInduced Obesity, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 282, no. 1 (January 2002): R46–R54.
138 «через трубочку»: Hashim and Van Itallie, Studies in Normal and Obese Subjects; Campbell, Hashim and Van Itallie, Studies of Food- Intake Regulation.
138 «расширила результаты предыдущего опыта»: Cabanac and Rabe, Infl uence of a Monotonous Food.
140 «полноты тела с течением времени»: K. H. Schmitz, D. R. Jacobs, A. S. Leon, P. J. Schreiner, and B. Sternfeld, Physical Activity and Body Weight: Associations over Ten Years in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24, no. 11 (November 2000): 1475–87; A. J. Littman, A. R. Kristal, and E. White, Effects of Physical Activity Intensity, Frequency, and Activity Type on 10- Y Weight Change in Middle- Aged Men and Women, International Journal of Obesity 29, no. 5 (January 11, 2005): 524–33.
140 «и питались по той же диете»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn- Meynell, Chronic Exercise Lowers the Defended Body Weight Gain and Adiposity in Diet- Induced Obese Rats, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004): R771–R778.
140 «противостоят набору лишней массы»: C. Bouchard, A. Tchernof, and A. Tremblay, Predictors of Body Composition and Body Energy Changes in Response to Chronic Overfeeding, International Journal of Obesity 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 236–42.
140 «почему-то не худеет»: W. C. Miller, D. M. Koceja, and E. J. Hamilton, A Meta-Analysis of the Past 25 Years of Weight Loss Research Using Diet, Exercise or Diet Plus Exercise Intervention, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 21, no. 10 (October 1997): 941–47.
140 «соблюдение этих рекомендаций»: C. A. Slentz, B. D. Duscha, J. L. Johnson, K. Ketchum, L. B. Aiken, G. P. Samsa, et al., Effects of the Amount of Exercise on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Mea sures of Central Obesity: STRRIDE— A Randomized Controlled Study, Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 1 (January 12, 2004): 31–39; N. A. King, M. Hopkins, P. Caudwell, R. J. Stubbs, and J. E. Blundell, Individual Variability Following 12 Weeks of Supervised Exercise: Identifi cation and Characterization of Compensation for Exercise- Induced Weight Loss, International Journal of Obesity 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 177–84; J. E. Donnelly, J. J. Honas, B. K. Smith, M. S. Mayo, C. A. Gibson, D. K. Sullivan, et al., Aerobic Exercise Alone Results in Clinically Signifi cant Weight Loss for Men and Women: Midwest Exercise Trial 2, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 21, no. 3 (March 2013): E219–E228.
141 «в течение двенадцати недель»: King, Hopkins, Caudwell, Stubbs, and Blundell, Individual Variability Following 12 Weeks.
142 «за год»: M. Hession, C. Rolland, U. Kulkarni, A. Wise, and J. Broom, Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of LowCarbohydrate vs. Low- Fat/Low- Calorie Diets in the Management of Obesity and Its Comorbidities, Obesity Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 36–50.
142 «подтверждением этих слов»: S. M. Nickols- Richardson, M. D. Coleman, J. J. Volpe, and K. W. Hosig, Perceived Hunger Is Lower and Weight Loss Is Greater in Overweight Premenopausal Women Consuming a Low- Carbohydrate/HighProtein vs. High- Carbohydrate/Low- Fat Diet, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105, no. 9 (September 2005): 1433–37.
142 «объем потребляемых ими калорий снижается»: B. J. Brehm, S. E. Spang, B. L. Lattin, R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. A. D’Alessio, The Role of Energy Expenditure in the Differential Weight Loss in Obese Women on Low-Fat and Low-Carbohydrate Diets, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 1475–82.
142 «оказывают влияние на липостатическую систему»: E. R. Ropelle, J. R. Pauli, M. F. A. Fernandes, S. A. Rocco, R. M. Marin, J. Morari, et al., A Central Role for Neuronal AMPActivated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in High- Protein Diet— Induced Weight Loss, Diabetes 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 594–605.
143 «эффективность данного метода»: D. S. Weigle, P. A. Breen, C. C. Matthys, H. S. Callahan, K. E. Meeuws, V. R. Burden, et al., A High- Protein Diet Induces Sustained Reductions in Appetite, Ad Libitum Caloric Intake, and Body Weight Despite Compensatory Changes in Diurnal Plasma Leptin and Ghrelin Concentrations, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, no. 1 (July 2005): 41–48.
143 «часто возникает в ответ»: M. S. Westerterp- Plantenga, S. G. Lemmens, and K. R. Westerterp, “Dietary Protein— Its Role in Satiety, Energetics, Weight Loss and Health,” British Journal of Nutrition 108, supplement S2 (August 2012): S105–S112.
143 «диета с пониженным содержанием углеводов»: S. Soenen, A. G. Bonomi, S. G. T. Lemmens, J. Scholte, M. A. Thijssen, F. van Berkum, et al., Relatively High- Protein or ‘Low- Carb’ Energy- Restricted Diets for Body Weight Loss and Body Weight Maintenance? Physiology and Be hav ior 107, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 374–80.