146 «мозг крысы»: J. T. Clark, P. S. Kalra, W. R. Crowley, and S. P. Kalra, Neuropeptide Y and Human Pancreatic Polypeptide Stimulate Feeding Be hav ior in Rats, Endocrinology 115, no. 1 (July 1984): 427–29.
146 «отвечает за чувство голода»: J. D. White and M. Kershaw, Increased Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Expression Following Food Deprivation, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 1, no. 1 (August 1990): 41–48.
146 «снижается потребление пищи»: M. W. Schwartz, J. L. Marks, A. J. Sipolst, D. G. Baskin, S. C. Woods, S. E. Kahn, et al., Central Insulin Administration Reduces Neuropeptide Y mRNA Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus of Food- Deprived Lean (Fa/Fa) but Not Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats, Endocrinology 128, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2645–47.
146 с «по сравнению со стройными людьми»: B. Mittendorfer, F. Magkos, E. Fabbrini, B. S. Mohammed, and S. Klein, Relationship Between Body Fat Mass and Free Fatty Acid Kinetics in Men and Women, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 17, no. 10 (October 2009): 1872–77.
146 с «обычно так не происходит»: M.-F. Hivert, M.-F. Langlois, and A. C. Carpentier, The Entero-Insular Axis and Adipose Tissue-Related Factors in the Prediction of Weight Gain in Humans, International Journal of Obesity 31, no. 5 (November 28, 2006): 731–42.
148 «EliLilly присвоила себе»: T. W. Stephens, M. Basinski, P. K. Bristow, J. M. Bue- Valleskey, S. G. Burgett, L. Craft, et al., The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Antiobesity Action of the Obese Gene Product, Nature 377, no. 6549 (October 12, 1995): 530–2.
148 «не настолько престижно, как статься в Science»: M. W. Schwartz, D. G. Baskin, T. R. Bukowski, J. L. Kuijper, D. Foster, G. Lasser, et al., Specifi city of Leptin Action on Elevated Blood Glucose Levels and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Gene Expression in Ob/ Ob Mice,” Diabetes 45, no. 4 (April 1996): 531–35.
148 «лептиновых рецепторов»: M. W. Schwartz, R. J. Seeley, L. A. Campfield, P. Burn, and D. G. Baskin, Identifi cation of Targets of Leptin Action in Rat Hypothalamus, Journal of Clinical Investigation 98, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 1101–106.
148 «в мозге, лептин на клеточном уровне обеспечивает контроль»: R. J. Seeley, K. A. Yagaloff, S. L. Fisher, P. Burn, T. E. Thiele, G. van Dijk, et al., Melanocortin Receptors in Leptin Effects, Nature 390, no. 6658 (November 27, 1997): 349.
149 «помещается обычное время»: Y. Aponte, D. Atasoy, and S. M. Sternson, AGRP Neurons Are Suffi cient to Orchestrate Feeding Be hav ior Rapidly and Without Training, Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 3 (March 2011): 351–55.
149 «пока не начинает есть»: J. N. Betley, S. Xu, Z. F. H. Cao, R. Gong, C. J. Magnus, Y. Yu, et al., Neurons for Hunger and Thirst Transmit a Negative- Valence Teaching Signal, Nature 521, no. 7551 (May 14, 2015): 180–85.
150 «как другие здоровые мыши»: Q. Wu, B. B. Whiddon, and R. D. Palmiter, Ablation of Neurons Expressing Agouti- Related Protein, but Not Melanin Concentrating Hormone, in Leptin- Defi cient Mice Restores Metabolic Functions and Fertility, Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 109, no. 8 (February 21, 2012): 3155–60.
150 «влияние на работу этих систем»: S. J. Guyenet and M. W. Schwartz, Regulation of Food Intake, Energy Balance, and Body Fat Mass: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97, no. 3 (March 2012): 745–55.
152 «Мышь буквально превращается в марионетку»: Aponte, Atasoy, and Sternson, “AGRP neurons Are Suffi cient; Betley, Xu, Cao, Gong, Magnus, Yu, et al., “Neurons for Hunger and Thirst; Wu, Whiddon, and Palmiter, Ablation of Neurons; M. E. Carter, M. E. Soden, L. S. Zweifel, and R. D. Palmiter, Genetic Identification of a Neural Cir cuit That Suppresses Appetite, Nature 503, no. 7474 (November 7, 2013): 111–14; B. P. Shah, L. Vong, D. P. Olson, S. Koda, M. J. Krashes, C. Ye, et al., “MC4R- Expressing Glutamatergic Neurons in the Paraventricular Hypothalamus Regulate Feeding and Are Synaptically Connected to the Parabrachial Nucleus, Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 36 (September 9, 2014): 13193–98.
152 «бесчисленное множество операций»: F. A. C. Azevedo, L. R. B. Carvalho, L. T. Grinberg, J. M. Farfel, R. E. L. Ferretti, and R. E. P. Leite, et al., Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled- Up Primate Brain, Journal of Comparative Neurology 513, no. 5 (April 10, 2009): 532–41.
153 «происходят в мозге человека»: C. T. De Souza, E. P. Araujo, S. Bordin, R. Ashimine, R. L. Zollner, A. C. Boschero, et al., Consumption of a Fat- Rich Diet Activates a Proinfl ammatory Response and Induces Insulin Re sis tance in the Hypothalamus, Endocrinology 146, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 4192–99.
154 «наблюдают за состоянием»: Ibid.
154 «резистентность к лептину и чрезмерная полнота»: X. Zhang, G. Zhang, H. Zhang, M. Karin, H. Bai, and D. Cai, Hypothalamic IKKbeta/NF- kappaB and ER Stress Link Overnutrition to Energy Imbalance and Obesity, Cell 135, no. 1 (October 3, 2008): 61–73.
154 «активность лептиновых рецепторов»: C. Bjørbæk, H. J. Lavery, S. H. Bates, R. K. Olson, S. M. Davis, J. S. Flier, et al., SOCS3 Mediates Feedback Inhibition of the Leptin Receptor via Tyr985, Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, no. 51 (December 22, 2000): 40649–57.
154 «фоне перекармливания»: Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Karin, Bai, and Cai, Hypothalamic IKKbeta/NF- kappaB; H. Mori, R. Hanada, T. Hanada, D. Aki, R. Mashima, H. Nishinakamura, et al., Socs3 Defi ciency in the Brain Elevates Leptin Sensitivity and Confers Re sis tance to Diet- Induced Obesity, Nature Medicine 10, no. 7 (July 2004): 739–43.
155 «развилось ожирение»: J. P. Thaler, C.– X. Yi, E. A. Schur, S. J. Guyenet, B. H. Hwang, M. O. Dietrich, et al., Obesity Is Associated with Hypothalamic Injury in Rodents and Humans, Journal of Clinical Investigation 122, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 153–62.
156 «страдающих от избыточного веса»: Ibid.; E. A. Schur, S. J. Melhorn, S.-K. Oh, J. M. Lacy, K. E. Berkseth, S. J. Guyenet, et al., Radiologic Evidence That Hypothalamic Gliosis Is Associated with Obesity and Insulin Re sis tance in Humans, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 23, no. 11 (November 2015): 2142–48.
157 «всяком случае у мышей»: K. E. Berkseth, S. J. Guyenet, S. J. Melhorn, D. Lee, J. P. Thaler, E. A. Schur, et al., Hypothalamic Gliosis Associated with High- Fat Diet Feeding Is Reversible in Mice: A Combined Immunohistochemical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Endocrinology 155, no. 8 (August 2014): 2858–67.
157 «кишечная микробиота»: P. D. Cani, J. Amar, M. A. Iglesias, M. Poggi, C. Knauf, D. Bastelica, et al., Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Re sis tance, Diabetes 56, no. 7 (July 2007): 1761–72.
157 «меньшей степени способствует ожирению»: S. C. Benoit, C. J. Kemp, C. F. Elias, W. Abplanalp, J. P. Herman, S. Migrenne, et al., Palmitic Acid Mediates Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance by Altering PKC-? Subcellular Localization in Rodents, Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 2577–89.
157 с «еще одно последствие»: L. Ozcan, A. S. Ergin, A. Lu, J. Chung, S. Sarkar, D. Nie, et al., Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Plays a Central Role in Development of Leptin Re sis tance, Cell Metabolism 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 35–51.
157 с «клеток гипоталамуса»: J. Li, Y. Tang, and D. Cai, IKKβ/NF- κB Disrupts Adult Hypothalamic Neural Stem Cells to Mediate Neurodegenerative Mechanism of Dietary Obesity and Pre- Diabetes, Nature Cell Biology 14, no. 10 (October 2012): 999–1012.
158 «праздники заканчиваются»: J. A. Yanovski, S. Z. Yanovski, K. N. Sovik, T. T. Nguyen, P. M. O’Neil, and N. G. Sebring, A Prospective Study of Holiday Weight Gain, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 342, no. 12 (March 23, 2000): 861–67.
158 «приводит к резистентности»: Z. A. Knight, K. S. Hannan, M. L. Greenberg, and J. M. Friedman, Hyperleptinemia Is Required for the Development of Leptin Re sis tance, PLOS ONE 5, no. 6 (2010): e11376; K. M. Gamber, L. Huo, S. Ha, J. E. Hairston, S. Greeley, and C. Bjørbæk, Over- Expression of Leptin Receptors in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons Increases Susceptibility to Diet- Induced Obesity, PLOS ONE 7, no. 1 (January 20, 2012): e30485; C. L. White, A. Whittington, M. J. Barnes, Z. Wang, G. A. Bray, and C. D. Morrison, HF Diets Increase Hypothalamic PTP1B and Induce Leptin Resistance Through Both Leptin- Dependent and Independent Mechanisms, American Journal of Physiology— Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 2 (February 2009): E291–E299.
158 «изменение количества потребляемых калорий»: C. Chin- Chance, K. S. Polonsky, and D. A. Schoeller, Twenty-Four- Hour Leptin Levels Respond to Cumulative Short-Term Energy Imbalance and Predict Subsequent Intake, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85, no. 8 (August 2000): 2685–91.
159 «заданное значение липостата»: White, Whittington, Barnes, Wang, Bray, and Morrison, HF Diets Increase Hypothalamic PTP1B; Y. Ravussin, C. A. LeDuc, K. Watanabe, B. R. Mueller, A. Skowronski, M. Rosenbaum, et al., Effects of Chronic Leptin Infusion on Subsequent Body Weight and Composition in Mice: Can Body Weight Set Point Be Reset? Molecular Metabolism 3, no. 4 (March 5, 2014): 432–40.
159 «высококалорийными продуктами»: E. A. Schur, N. M. Kleinhans, J. Goldberg, D. Buchwald, M. W. Schwartz, and K. Maravilla, Activation in Brain Energy Regulation and Reward Centers by Food Cues Varies with Choice of Visual Stimulus, International Journal of Obesity 33, no. 6 (April 14, 2009): 653–61.
162 «сила реакции на эти раздражители ослабевает»: S. Mehta, S. J. Melhorn, A. Smeraglio, V. Tyagi, T. Grabowski, M. W. Schwartz, et al., Regional Brain Response to Visual Food Cues Is a Marker of Satiety That Predicts Food Choice, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96, no. 5 (November 1, 2012): 989–99.
163 «съесть еще этой пищи»: H. J. Grill and R. Norgren, Chronically Decerebrate Rats Demonstrate Satiation but Not Bait Shyness, Science 201, no. 4352 (July 21, 1978): 267–69.
164 «производит кишечник во время процесса»: R. J. Seeley, H. J. Grill, and J. M. Kaplan, Neurological Dissociation of Gastrointestinal and Metabolic Contributions to Meal Size Control, Behavioral Neuroscience 108, no. 2 (1994): 347–52; H. J. Grill and G. P. Smith, Cholecystokinin Decreases Sucrose Intake in Chronic Decerebrate Rats, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 254, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): R853–R856.
165 «на мозг на прямую»: Guyenet and Schwartz, Regulation of Food Intake.»
165 «только что съеденной пищи»: H. J. Grill and M. R. Hayes, Hindbrain Neurons as an Essential Hub in the Neuroanatomically Distributed Control of Energy Balance, Cell Metabolism 16, no. 3 (September 5, 2012): 296–309.
166 «съедаемой в следующий раз»: J. M. Kaplan, R. J. Seeley, and H. J. Grill, Daily Caloric Intake in Intact and Chronic Decerebrate Rats, Behavioral Neuroscience 107, no. 5 (October 1993): 876–81.
166 «на объем съедаемой пищи»: Grill and Hayes, Hindbrain Neurons.
166 «нейронов из ядра одиночного пути»: Car ter, Soden, Zweifel, and Palmiter, Ge ne tic Identifi cation; Shah, Vong, Olson, Koda, Krashes, Ye, et al., MC4R- Expressing Glutamatergic Neurons.
166 «адипозности изменяется в течение длительного времени»: Guyenet and Schwartz, Regulation of Food Intake.
167 «резистентность к лептину»: A. S. Bruce, L. M. Holsen, R. J. Chambers, L. E. Martin, W. M. Brooks, J. R. Zarcone, et al., Obese Children Show Hyperactivation to Food Pictures in Brain Networks Linked to Motivation, Reward and Cognitive Control, International Journal of Obesity 34, no. 10 (October 2010): 1494–500.
167 «сытым от небольшого количества калорий»: S. H. Holt, J. C. Miller, P. Petocz, and E. Farmakalidis, A Satiety Index of Common Foods, Eu ro pean Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, no. 9 (September 1995): 675–90.
168 «латерального гипоталамуса»: T. H. Park and K. D. Carr, Neuroanatomical Patterns of Fos- Like Immunoreactivity Induced by a Palatable Meal and Meal- Paired Environment in Saline- and Naltrexone- Treated Rats, Brain Research 805, nos. 1,2 (September 14, 1998): 169–80.
168 «не чувствовать голода»: Ibid.; C. Jiang, R. Fogel, and X. Zhang, Lateral Hypothalamus Modulates Gut- Sensitive Neurons in the Dorsal Vagal Complex, Brain Research 980, no. 1 (August 1, 2003): 31–47; E. M. Parise, N. Lilly, K. Kay, A. M. Dossat, R. Seth, J. M. Overton, et al., Evidence for the Role of Hindbrain Orexin-1 Receptors in the Control of Meal Size, American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 6 (December 2011): R1692–R1699.
169 «углеводные продукты»: B. J. Rolls, The Role of Energy Density in the Overconsumption of Fat, Journal of Nutrition 130, 2S suppl. (February 2000): 268S–271S.
169 «на одну калорию»: S. D. Poppitt, D. McCormack, and R. Buffenstein, Short-Term Effects of Macronutrient Preloads on Appetite and Energy Intake in Lean Women, Physiology and Be hav ior 64, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 279–85.
169 «информацию в ядро одиночного пути»: R. Faipoux, D. Tomé, S. Gougis, N. Darcel, and G. Fromentin, Proteins Activate Satiety- Related Neuronal Pathways in the Brainstem and Hypothalamus of Rats, Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1172–78; N. Geary, Pancreatic Glucagon Signals Postprandial Satiety, Neuroscience and Biobehaviorial Reviews 14, no. 3 (1990): 323–38.
170 «низкая плотность калорий»: T. Jönsson, Y. Granfeldt, C. Erlanson-Albertsson, B. Ahrén, and S. Lindeberg, A Paleolithic Diet Is More Satiating Per Calorie Than a Mediterranean-Like Diet in Individuals with Ischemic Heart Disease, Nutrition and Metabolism 7 (November 30, 2010): 85.
170 «набирает такую популярность»: S. Lindeberg, T. Jönsson, Y. Granfeldt, E. Borgstrand, J. Soffman, K. Sjöström, et al., A Palaeolithic Diet Improves Glucose Tolerance More Than a Mediterranean- Like Diet in Individuals with Ischaemic Heart Disease, Diabetologia 50, no. 9 (September 2007): 1795–807; T. Jönsson, Y. Granfeldt, B. Ahrén, U.– C. Branell, G. Pålsson, A. Hansson, et al., Benefi cial Effects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Cross- Over Pi lot Study, Cardiovascular Diabetology 8 (2009): 35.
171 «взгляды на проблему ожирения»: M. Börjeson, The Aetiology of Obesity in Children. A Study of 101 Twin Pairs, Acta Pædiatrica 65, no. 3 (May 1, 1976): 279–87
172 «различная масса тела граждан»: H. H. Maes, M. C. Neale, and L. J. Eaves, Ge ne tic and Environmental Factors in Relative Body Weight and Human Adiposity, Be hav ior Ge ne tics 27, no. 4 (July 1997): 325–51.
172 «потребление пищи»: J. M. de Castro, Ge ne tic Infl uences on Daily Intake and Meal Patterns of Humans, Physiology and Be hav ior 53, no. 4 (April 1993): 777–82; J. M. de Castro, Palatability and Intake Relationships in Free- Living Humans: The Infl uence of Heredity, Nutrition Research (New York) 21, no. 7 (July 2001): 935–45.
172 «в течение ста дней»: C. Bouchard, A. Tremblay, J.– P. Després, A. Nadeau, P. J. Lupien, G. Thériault, et al., The Response to Long- Term Overfeeding in Identical Twins, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 322, no. 21 (May 24, 1990): 1477–82.
173 «теплообразование без упражнений» (NEAT): J. A. Levine, N. L. Eberhardt, and M. D. Jensen, Role of Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis in Re sis tance to Fat Gain in Humans, Science 283, no. 5399 (January 8, 1999): 212–14.
173 «направляет в мозг»: A. A. van der Klaauw and I. S. Farooqi, The Hunger Genes: Pathways to Obesity, Cell 161, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 119–32.
174 «меланокортином»: Ibid.
175 «адипозности у людей»: A. E. Locke, B. Kahali, S. I. Berndt, A. E. Justice, T. H. Pers, F. R. Day, et al., Ge ne tic Studies of Body Mass Index Yield New Insights for Obesity Biology, Nature 518, no. 7538 (February 12, 2015): 197–206.