70 «болезни сердца, диабета, ожирения»: Lieberman, The Story of the Human Body; Lindeberg, Food and Western Disease.
70 «добывания пищи, приготовления и ее употребления»: Lee, The!Kung San.
70 «только 14 видов растений»: Ibid.
70 «печень пользуется у них особым почетом»: Ibid.
70 «жареными орехами кешью или миндалем»: Ibid.
71 «Ли описывает следующими словами»: Ibid.
72 «в окрестностях»: Ibid.
72 «не вызывали у них особенного энтузиазма»: Ibid.
72 «в годы репродуктивной активности, а затем худеют»: Ibid.
72 «с 1964 года»: N. A. Chagnon and E. O. Wilson, Yanomamö: The Last Days of Eden: The Celebrated Anthropologist’s Pioneer Work among a Now- Imperiled Amazon Tribe (San Diego: Jovanovich, 1992).
72 «касается и приготовления мяса»: Ibid
73 «сохраняется удивительно низким»: J. J. Mancilha- Carvalho, R. de Oliveira, R. J. Esposito, Blood Pressure and Electrolyte Excretion in the Yanomamo Indians, an Isolated Population, Journal of Human Hypertension 3, no. 5 (October 1989): 309–14.
73 «достаточному запасу продовольствия»: Ibid.
73 «в любой сезон и в любой местности»: Lee, The!Kung San.
74 «способов обработки пищи»: S. Williams, Food in the United States, 1820s–1890, 1st ed. (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2006), 264; M. J. Elias, Food in the United States, 1890–1945 (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press/ABC–CLIO, 2009).
74 «пользовались до 1920 года»: Ibid; Chagnon and Wilson, Yanomamö.
75 «в 1980 их было 15 000»: Food Marketing Institute, Supermarket Facts, 2013, http:// www.fmi.org/research – resources / supermarket – facts.
75 «трудно оставить незамеченной»: USDA, Major Trends in U.S. Food Supply, 1909–99, FoodReview 21, no. 1 (2000): 8–15; USDA, USDA Economic Research Service— Food Availability.
75 «другую половину – оставляем в кафе»: USDA, “USDA Economic Research Service—Food Availability.
77 «стоимость на бутилированные сладкие газированные напитки»: Elias, Food in the United States
77 «холодная, освежающая бутылка»: Ibid.
77 «с 1822 года по 2005»: USDA, “USDA Economic Research Service—Food Availability”; Statistical Abstract of the United States (US Government Printing Offi ce, 1907), 763; Statistical Abstract of the United States (US Government Printing Offi ce, 1920), 892.
80 «две тысячи лет назад»: R. I. Curtis, “Umami and the Foods of Classical Antiquity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 3 (September 2009): 712S–718S.
80 «высокую концентрацию глутамата»: K. Kurihara, Glutamate: From Discovery as a Food Flavor to Role as a Basic Taste (Umami), American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 3 (September 2009): 719S–722S.
80 «состоящие из десятков элементов»: Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; D. A. Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2009).
80 «приводят к перееданию»: P. J. Rogers, N. J. Richardson, and N. A. Elliman, Overnight Caffeine Abstinence and Negative Reinforcement of Preference for Caffeine- Containing Drinks, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 120, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 457–62; C. L. Cunningham and J. S. Niehus, Flavor Preference Conditioning by Oral Self- Administration of Ethanol, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 134, no. 3 (December 1, 1997): 293–302.
80 с «не смогли поддержать эту идею»: R. S. Geha, A. Beiser, C. Ren, R. Patterson, P. A. Greenberger, L. C. Grammer, et al., “Review of Alleged Reaction to Monosodium Glutamate and Outcome of a Multicenter Double- Blind Placebo- Controlled Study, Journal of Nutrition 130, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1058S–1062S.
80 с «мозге не повышается до такой степени»: R. Walker and J. R. Lupien, The Safety Evaluation of Monosodium Glutamate, Journal of Nutrition 130, 4S suppl. (April 2000): 1049S–52S.
81 «постоянно клиента»: E. Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All- American Meal (Boston: Mari ner Books / Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2012); M. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (New York: Random House, 2013).
82 «версия настоящих»: O. Koehler and A. Zagarus, Beiträge zum Brutverhalten des Halsbandregepfeifers (Charadrius h. hiaticula L.), Beitr Zur Fortpfl anzungsbiologie Vögel 13 (1937): 1–9.
82 «их собственного тела»: N. Tinbergen, The Study of Instinct (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991), 256.
82 «естественную ситуацию»: Ibid.
83 «обычного птенца»: W. Wickler, Mimicry in Plants and Animals (New York: McGrawHill, 1968), 260.
83 «эксплуатируют врожденные пищевые предпочтения»: US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Ser vices, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (US Government Printing Offi ce, 2010).
84 «источником соли для американцев»: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital Signs: Food Categories Contributing the Most to Sodium Consumption – United States, 2007–2008, cited June 24, 2014, http:// www. cdc. gov / mmwr / preview / mmwrhtml / mm6105a3. htm? s _ cid = mm6105a3 _ w.
85 «более 4 миллиардов долларов»: D. Bailin, G. Goldman, and P. Phartiyal, Sugar- Coating Science: How the Food Industry Misleads Consumers on Sugar (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014).
85 «миллиарда долларов на изучение проблемы ожирения в 2012 году»: Nationals Institutes of Health, NIH Categorical Spending—NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT), cited March 11, 2016, https:// report. nih. gov / categorical _ spending. aspx.
85 «которые они видели в рекламе»: National Research Council, Food Marketing to Children and Youth.
85 «роликов в течение года»: C. R. Dembek, J. L. Harris, and M. B. Schwartz, Where Children and Adolescents View Food and Beverage Ads on TV: Exposure by Channel and Program (New Haven, CT: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, 2013).
85 «всего 4300 роликов в течение года»: National Research Council, Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2006).
85 «чаще всего и появляются в рекламе»: Bailin, Goldman, and Phartiyal, Sugar- Coating Science; Dembek, Harris, and Schwartz, Where Children and Adolescents View Food; National Research Council, Food Marketing to Children and Youth.
87 «2.6 миллионов лет назад»: R. G. Klein, The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 1024.
88 с «до 30 килограммов»: F. Marlowe, The Hadza: Hunter- Gatherers of Tanzania (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 336.
90 «Брайан Вуд и другие»: Ibid.
92. «людям, ведущим первобытнообщинный образ жизни»: Ibid.; B. Winterhalder and E. A. Smith, Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecol ogy at Twenty- Five, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 51–72; K. Hill, H. Kaplan, K. Hawkes, and A. M. Hurtado, Foraging Decisions Among Aché Hunter-Gatherers: New Data and Implications for Optimal Foraging Models, Ethology and Social Biology 8, no. 1 (1987): 1–36; E. A. Smith, R. L. Bettinger, C. A. Bishop, V. Blundell, E. Cashdan, M. J. Casimir, et al., Anthropological Applications of Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review, Current Anthropology 24, no. 5 (December 1, 1983): 625–51.
92 «на его поиски и обработку»: Winterhalder and Smith, Analyzing Adaptive Strategies; Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions”; Smith, Bettinger, Bishop, Blundell, Cashdan, Casimir, et al., Anthropological Applications.”
92 «поведение охотников и собирателей»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History; Marlowe, The Hadza; Winterhalder and Smith Analyzing Adaptive Strategies; Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions; K. Hawkes, K. Hill, and J. F. O’Connell, “Why Hunters Gather: Optimal Foraging and the Aché of Eastern Paraguay, American Ethnologist 9, no. 2 (May 1, 1982): 379–98; B. M. Wood and F. W. Marlowe, Toward a Real ity- Based Understanding of Hadza Men’s Work: A Response to Hawkes et al., Human Nature (Hawthorne, NY) 25, no. 4 (December 2014): 620–30.
92 «почти нет калорий»: Lee, The!Kung San; Marlowe, The Hadza; Hawkes, Hill, and O’Connell, Why Hunters Gather.
92 с «необходимость перемещений»: Winterhalder and Smith, Analyzing Adaptive Strategies; Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions; Smith, Bettinger, Bishop, Blundell, Cashdan, Casimir, et al., Anthropological Applications.
93 «до хорошего улья»: F. W. Marlowe, J. C. Berbesque, B. Wood, A. Crittenden, C. Porter, and A. Mabulla, Honey, Hadza, Hunter- Gatherers, and Human Evolution, Journal of Human Evolution 71 (2014): 119–28.
93 «влиять на ее ценность»: Marlowe and Berbesque, Tubers as Fallback Foods; Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions.
94 «Аче, племя охотников и собирателей»: Hill, Kaplan, Hawkes, and Hurtado, Foraging Decisions.
94 «риска свалиться на землю»: Ibid.
95 «не полнеют с возрастом»: Marlowe, The Hadza
95 «наблюдается проблема ожирения»: R. G. Bribiescas, Serum Leptin Levels and Anthropometric Correlates in Ache Amerindians of Eastern Paraguay, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115, no. 4 (August 2001): 297–303.
95 с «принимая во внимание»: H. Pontzer, D. A. Raichlen, B. M. Wood, A. Z. P. Mabulla, S. B. Racette, and F. W. Marlowe, Hunter- Gatherer Energetics and Human Obesity,” PLOS ONE 7, no. 7 (2012): e40503.
96 «требовать больше энергии»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History; K. Hawkes, J. F. O’Connell, K. Hill, and E. L. Charnov, How Much Is Enough? Hunters and Limited Needs, Ethology and Social Biology 6, no. 1 (1985): 3–15.
96 с «схожие с ним системы питания»: L. Cordain, J. B. Miller, S. B. Eaton, N. Mann, S. H. Holt, and J. D. Speth, Plant- Animal Subsistence Ratios and Macronutrient Energy Estimations in Worldwide Hunter- Gatherer Diets, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 3 (March 2000): 682–92.
97 «практически не нужно»: L. S. Lieberman, Evolutionary and Anthropological Perspectives on Optimal Foraging in Obesogenic Environments, Appetite 47, no. 1 (July 2006): 3–9.
97 с «охотников, собирателей и земледельцев»: M. N. Cohen, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984), 644.
98 «несколько раз в день»: Rising, Alger, Boyce, Sea gle, Ferraro, Fontvieille, et al., Food Intake; Larson, Tataranni, Ferraro, and Ravussin, Ad Libitum Food Intake; Larson, Rising, Ferraro, and Ravussin, Spontaneous Overfeeding.
98 «шкаф, который находится на расстоянии двух метров»: B. Wansink, Environmental Factors That Increase the Food Intake and Consumption Volume of Unknowing Consumers, Annual Review of Nutrition 24 (2004): 455–79; B. Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New York: Bantam, 2010).
98 «в поиске и переедании манго»: Wansink, Mindless Eating
99 «дохода до 10 процентов»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service – Food Availability
99 «неуклонно росли в размерах»: M. J. Elias, Food in the United States, 1890–1945 (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press / ABC–CLIO, 2009).
100 «удобной пищи: фастфуда»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service – Food Availability.
100 «максимально повысить на них потребительский спрос»: Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.
101 «осуществление выбора»: C. Padoa- Schioppa and J. A. Assad, Neurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex Encode Economic Value, Nature 441, no. 7090 (May 11, 2006): 223–26.
103 «ценности, который находится в мозге»: P. Glimcher, Understanding the Hows and Whys of Decision- Making: From Expected Utility to Divisive Normalization, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, January 30, 2015; C. Padoa- Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good-Based Model, Annual Review of Neuroscience 34 (2011): 333–59.
103 «ценность возможных вариантов выбора»: Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, Neurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex.
103. «усилия, которые нужно потратить на его получение»: Padoa-Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice; A. P. Raghuraman and C. Padoa- Schioppa, Integration of Multiple Determinants in the Neuronal Computation of Economic Values, Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 35 (August 27, 2014): 11583–603; S. W. Kennerley, A. F. Dahmubed, A. H. Lara, and J. D. Wallis, Neurons in the Frontal Lobe Encode the Value of Multiple Decision Variables, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (June 2009): 1162–78.
103 «вентромедиальная префронтальная кора»: Padoa- Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice; T. A. Hare, W. Schultz, C. F. Camerer, J. P. O’Doherty, and A. Rangel, Transformation of Stimulus Value Signals into Motor Commands During Simple Choice, Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 108, no. 44 (November 1, 2011): 18120–25; A. Rangel, Regulation of Dietary Choice by the Decision- Making Circuitry, Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 12 (December 2013): 1717–24.
105 «согласуется с результатами наблюдений»: Hare, Schultz, Camerer, O’Doherty, and Rangel, Transformation of Stimulus; X. Cai and C. Padoa- Schioppa, Contributions of Orbitofrontal and Lateral Prefrontal Cortices to Economic Choice and the Good-to-Action Transformation, Neuron 81, no. 5 (March 5, 2014): 1140–51.
106 «немедленного подсчета ценности»: E. A. West, J. T. DesJardin, K. Gale, and L. Malkova, Transient Inactivation of Orbitofrontal Cortex Blocks Reinforcer Devaluation in Macaques, Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 42 (October 19, 2011): 15128–35; M. Gallagher, R. W. McMahan, and G. Schoenbaum, Orbitofrontal Cortex and Repre sen ta tion of Incentive Value in Associative Learning, Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 15 (August 1, 1999): 6610–4; A. Tsuchida, B. B. Doll, and L. K. Fellows, Beyond Reversal: A Critical Role for Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Flexible Learning from Probabilistic Feedback, Journal of Neuroscience: The Offi cial Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 30, no. 50 (December 15, 2010): 16868–75.
106 «с поврежденной ОФК»: Clarke, Robbins, and Roberts, Lesions of the Medial Striatum; J. S. Snowden, D. Neary, and D. M. A. Mann, Frontotemporal Dementia, British Journal of Psychiatry 180 (February 2002): 140–43.
106 «систематически переедают»: J. D. Woolley, M.-L. Gorno- Tempini, W. W. Seeley, K. Rankin, S. S. Lee, B. R. Matthews, et al., Binge Eating Is Associated with Right Orbitofrontal- Insular-Striatal Atrophy in Frontotemporal Dementia, Neurology 69, no. 14 (October 2, 2007): 1424–33.
106 «не достигает ОФК»: Ibid.
106 с «к схожим расстройствам»: H. F. Clarke, T. W. Robbins, and A. C. Roberts, Lesions of the Medial Striatum in Monkeys Produce Perseverative Impairments During Reversal Learning Similar to Those Produced by Lesions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 43 (October 22, 2008): 10972–82.
107 «дофамин химическим путем»: Q. Y. Zhou and R. D. Palmiter, Dopamine- Defi cient Mice Are Severely Hypoactive, Adipsic, and Aphagic, Cell 83, no. 7 (December 29, 1995): 1197–209.
107 «трудиться ради вознаграждения»: J. D. Salamone and M. Correa, The Mysterious Motivational Functions of Mesolimbic Dopamine, Neuron 76, no. 3 (November 8, 2012): 470–85.
107 «очень небольшое или неопределенное»: M. C. Wardle, M. T. Treadway, L. M. Mayo, D. H. Zald, and H. de Wit, Amping Up Effort: Effects of d- Amphetamine on Human Effort- Based Decision- Making, Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 46 (November 16, 2011): 16597–602.
108 «зефирины через пятнадцать минут»: W. Mischel and E. B. Ebbesen, Attention in Delay of Gratifi cation, Journal of Personality and Social Psy chol ogy 16, no. 2 (1970): 329–37.
109 «обсчитывая самих себя»: Mischel and Ebbesen, Attention in Delay of Gratifi cation; W. Mischel, E. B. Ebbesen, and A. Raskoff Zeiss, Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratifi cation, Journal of Personality and Social Psy chol ogy 21, no. 2 (February 1972): 204–18.
109 «через тридцать лет обладали более стройной фигурой»: T. R. Schlam, N. L. Wilson, Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, and O. Ayduk, Preschoolers’ Delay of Gratifi cation Predicts Their Body Mass 30 Years Later, Journal of Pediatrics 162, no. 1 (January 2013): 90–93.
109 «подвержены развитию ожирения»: D. P. Jarmolowicz, J. B. C. Cherry, D. D. Reed, J. M. Bruce, J. M. Crespi, J. L. Lusk, et al., Robust Relation Between Temporal Discounting Rates and Body Mass, Appetite 78 (July 2014): 63–67; L. H. Epstein, N. Jankowiak, K. D. Fletcher, K. A. Carr, C. Nederkoorn, H. Raynor, et al., Women Who Are Motivated to Eat and Discount the Future Are More Obese, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 22, no. 6 (June 2014): 1394–99.
109 «задолженности по кредитным картам»: Audrain- McGovern, Rodriguez, Epstein, Cuevas, Rod gers, and Wileyto, Does Delay Discounting; N. M. Petry, Delay Discounting of Money and Alcohol in Actively Using Alcoholics, Currently Abstinent Alcoholics, and Controls, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 153, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 243–50; S. F. Coffey, G. D. Gudleski, M. E. Saladin, and K. T. Brady, Impulsivity and Rapid Discounting of Delayed Hy po thet i cal Rewards in Cocaine- Dependent Individuals, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 11, no. 1 (2003): 18–25; J. MacKillop, M. T. Amlung, L. R. Few, L. A. Ray, L. H. Sweet, and M. R. Munafò, Delayed Reward Discounting and Addictive Be hav ior: A MetaAnaly sis, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 216, no. 3 (March 4, 2011): 305–21; S. M. Alessi and N. M. Petry, Pathological Gambling Severity Is Associated with Impulsivity in a Delay Discounting Procedure, Behavioural Pro cesses 64, no. 3 (October 31, 2003): 345–54; S. Meier and C. Sprenger, Pres ent- Biased Preferences and Credit Card Borrowing, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 193–210.
110 «себя завтрашнего»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History.
110 с «риск появления зависимости»: J. Audrain- McGovern, D. Rodriguez, L. H. Epstein, J. Cuevas, K. Rod gers, and E. P. Wileyto, Does Delay Discounting Play an Etiological Role in Smoking or Is It a Consequence of Smoking? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 103, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 99–106.
111 эпизодическое размышление о будущем: C. M. Atance and D. K. O’Neill, Episodic Future Thinking, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 533–39.
111 «во время принятия решения»: J. Peters and C. Büchel, Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Reward Delay Discounting Through an Enhancement of PrefrontalMediotemporal Interactions, Neuron 66, no. 1 (April 15, 2010): 138–48.
111 «на детей, страдающих ожирением» T. O. Daniel, C. M. Stanton, and L. H. Epstein, The Future Is Now: Reducing Impulsivity and Energy Intake Using Episodic Future Thinking, Psychological Science 24, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 2339–42; T. O. Daniel, M. Said, C. M. Stanton, and L. H. Epstein, Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Delay Discounting and Energy Intake in Children, Eating Be hav iors 18 (August 2015): 20–24.