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Возможно, цифры не лгут… но какую правду они сообщают? В этой книге я попытался показать, что очень часто нам нужно смотреть глубже и шире. Даже относительно надежные – на самом деле даже безупречно точные – цифры необходимо рассматривать в более широком контексте. Обдуманное суждение, которое касается абсолютных величин, требует относительной, сравнительной оценки.
Жесткое ранжирование на основе мелких различий не дает ясной информации – оно скорее сбивает с толку. Округление и приближение лучше, чем негарантированная и ненужная точность. Сомнение, осторожность и нескончаемые вопросы – все это в порядке вещей. Но мы не должны отказываться от количественной оценки сложных реалий современной обстановки. И если мы хотим понять наш неспокойный мир и основать свои решения на самой лучшей информации, то другого пути у нас нет.
Что происходит, когда у нас рождается меньше детей?
Bulatao R. A. and J. B. Casterline, eds. Global Fertility Transition. N. Y.: Population Council, 2001.
United Nations. World Population Prospects. N. Y.: United Nations, 2019. https://population.un.org/wpp/
Младенческая смертность как показатель уровня жизни
Bideau A., B. Desjardins, and H. P. Brignoli, eds. Infant and Child Mortality in the Past. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
Galley C., et al., eds. Infant Mortality: A Continuing Social Problem. L.: Routledge, 2017.
Вакцинация: самая высокодоходная инвестиция
Gates Bill and Melinda. Warren Buffett’s Best Investment // Gates Notes (blog). February 14, 2017. https://www.gatesnotes.com/2017-Annual-Letter? WT.mc_id= 02_14_2017_02_AL2017GFO_GF- GFO_&WT.tsrc=GFGFO
Ozawa S., et al. Modeling the economic burden of adult vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States // Health Affairs 35, № 11 (2016): 2124–2132.
Почему так трудно предсказать масштаб текущей пандемии?
NHCPRC (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China). March 29: Daily briefing on novel coronavirus cases in China. March 29, 2020. http://en.nhc.gov.cn/ 2020-03/29/c_78447.htm
Wong J. Y., et al. Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N 1pdm09): A systematic review // Epidemiology 24, № 6 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448
А мы все выше
Floud R., et al. The Changing Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Koletzko B., et al., eds. Nutrition and Growth: Yearbook 2018. Basel: Karger, 2018.
Долголетие на пределе?
Riley J. C. Rising Life Expectancy: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Robert L., et al. Rapid increase in human life expectancy: Will it soon be limited by the aging of elastin? // Biogerontology 9, № 2 (April 2008): 119–133.
Как пот помог в охоте
Jablonski N. G. The naked truth // Scientific American Special Editions 22, 1s (December 2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112–22.
Taylor N. A. S., and C. A. Machado-Moreira. Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans // Extreme Physiology and Medicine 2, № 4 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-2-4
Сколько строителей было у Великой пирамиды?
Lehner M. The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. L.: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
Mendelssohn K. The Riddle of the Pyramids. L.: Thames and Hudson, 1974.
Почему цифры безработицы не дают полной картины
Knight K. G. Unemployment: An Economic Analysis. L.: Routledge, 2018.
Summers L. H., ed. Understanding Unemployment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.
В чем наше счастье?
Heliwell J. F., R. Layard, and J. D. Sachs, eds. World Happiness Report 2019. N. Y.: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2019/WHR 19.pdf
Layard R. Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. L.: Penguin Books, 2005.
Расцвет городов-гигантов
Canton J. 2011. The extreme future of megacities // Significance 8, № 2 (June 2011): 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2011.00485.x
Munich Re. Megacities – Megarisks: Trends and challenges for insurance and risk management. Munich: Münchener Ruck versicherungs-Gesellschaft, 2004. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/646_10363.pdf
Первая мировая война: долгое эхо трагедий
Bishop C., ed. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War I. N. Y.: Sterling Publishing, 2014.
Stoltzenberg D. Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2004.
Бесспорна ли исключительность США?
Gilligan T. W., ed. American Exceptionalism in a New Era: Rebuilding the Foundation of Freedom and Prosperity. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2018.
Hodgson G. The Myth of American Exceptionalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
Почему Европе есть чем гордиться
Bootle R. The Trouble with Europe: Why the EU Isn’t Working, How It Can Be Reformed, What Could Take Its Place. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey, 2016.
Leonard D., and M. Leonard, eds. The Pro-European Reader. L.: Palgrave/Foreign Policy Centre, 2002.
Брексит: важнейшие реалии без изменений
Clarke H. D., M. Goodwin, and P. Whiteley. Brexit: Why Britain Voted to Leave the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Merritt G. Slippery Slope: Brexit and Europe’s Troubled Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Тревога за Японию
Cannon M. E., M. Kudlyak, and M. Reed. Aging and the economy: The Japanese experience // Regional Economist (October 2015). https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/october‐2015/aging-and-the-economy-the-japanese-experience
Glosserman B. Peak Japan: The End of Great Ambitions. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2019.
Как далеко зайдет Китай?
Dotsey M., W. Li, and F. Yang. Demographic aging, industrial policy, and Chinese economic growth // Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Working Papers (2019): 19–21. https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2019.21
Paulson Jr., H. M. Dealing with China: An Insider Unmasks the New Economic Superpower. N. Y.: Twelve, 2016.
Индия против Китая
Dreze J., and A. Sen. An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
NITI Aayog. Strategy for New India @ 75. November 2018. https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Strategy_for_New_India.pdf
Производство по-прежнему важно
Haraguchi N., C. F. C. Cheng, and E. Smeets. The importance of manufacturing in economic development: Has this changed? // Inclusive and Sustainable Development Working Paper Series WP1, 2016. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2017-02/the_importance_of_manufacturing_in_economic_development_0.pdf
Smil V. Made in the USA: The Rise and Retreat of American Manufacturing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
Россия и США: ничего не меняется
Divine R. A. The Sputnik Challenge: Eisenhower’s Response to the Soviet Satellite. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Zarya. Sputniks into Orbit. http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Sputnik/Sputnik1.php
Крушение империй: ничто не ново под луной
Arbesman S. The life-spans of empires // Historical Methods 44, № 3 (2011): 127–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2011.577733
Smil V. Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019.
1880-е: колыбель современности
Smil V. Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Timmons T. Science and Technology in Nineteenth-Century America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005.
Электромоторы: двигатели цивилизации
Cheney M. Tesla: Man Out of Time. N. Y.: Dorset Press, 1981.
Hughes A. Electric Motors and Drives: Fundamentals, Types and Applications. Oxford: Elsevier, 2005.
Трансформаторы: невоспетые труженики
Coltman J. W. The transformer // Scientific American 258, № 1 (January 1988): 86–95.
Harlow J. H., ed. Electric Power Transformer Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012.
Не списывайте дизель со счетов
Mollenhauer K., and H. Tschoke, eds. Handbook of Diesel Engines. Berlin: Springer, 2010.
Smil V. Prime Movers of Globalization: The History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
Запечатлеть движение – от лошадей до электронов
Eadweard Muybridge Online Archive. Galleries. http://www.muybridge.org/
Muybridge E. Descriptive Zoopraxography, or the Science of Animal Locomotion Made Popular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1893. https://archives.upenn.edu/digitized-resources/docs-pubs/muybridge/descriptive-zoopraxography
От фонографа к мультимедиапотокам
Marco G. A., ed. Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound in the United States. N. Y.: Garland Publishing, 1993.
Morris E. Edison. N. Y.: Random House, 2019.
Изобретение интегральных схем
Berlin L. The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Lecuyer C., and D. C. Brook. Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
Проклятие Мура: почему технический прогресс не столь стремителен, как кажется?
Mody C. C. M. The Long Arm of Moore’s Law: Microelectronics and American Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.
Smil V. Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019.
Накопление данных: слишком много, слишком быстро
Hilbert M., and P. Lopez. The world’s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information // Science 332, № 6025 (April 2011): 60–65. https://doi.org/0.116/science.1200976
Reinsel D., J. Gantz, and J. Rydning. Data Age 2025: The Digitization of the World: From Edge to Core. Seagate, 2017. https://www.seagate.com/files/ www-content/our-story/trends/files/ Seagate-WP-DataAge2025-March‐2017.pdf
Инновации: будем реалистами
Schiffer M. B. Spectacular Failures: Game-Changing Technologies that Failed. Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Werner Publications, 2019.
Smil V. Transforming the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Почему газовые турбины – лучший выбор
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The World’s First Industrial Gas Turbine Set – GT Neuchâtel: A Historical Mechanical Engineering Landmark. Alstom, 1988. https://www.asme.org/wwwasme- org/media/resourcefiles/aboutasme/who%20we%20are/engineering%20history/landmarks/135-neuchatel-gas-turbine.pdf
Smil V. Natural Gas: Fuel for the Twenty-First Century. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley, 2015.
Ядерная энергетика: несбывшиеся надежды
International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World. Reference Data Series № 2. Vienna: IAEA, 2019. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS‐2–39_web.pdf
Smil V. Energy and Civilization: A History. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.
Нет ископаемого топлива – нет электричества от ветра
Ginley D. S., and D. Cahen, eds. Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Mishnaevsky Jr., L., et al. Materials for wind turbine blades: An overview // Materials 10 (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC 5706232/pdf/materials‐10–01285.pdf
Как велика может быть ветряная турбина?
Beurskens J. Achieving the 20 MW Wind Turbine // Renewable Energy World 1, № 3 (2019). https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/print/special-supplement-wind-technology/volume‐1/issue‐3/wind-power/achieving-the‐20-mw-wind-turbine.html
General Electric. Haliade-X 12 MW offshore wind turbine platform. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/wind-energy/offshore-wind/haliade-x-offshore-turbine
Фотовольтаика: медленно, но верно
NASA. Vanguard 1. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958–002B. US Department of Energy. The History of Solar. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf
Солнечный свет: все еще вне конкуренции
Arecchi A. V., T. Messadi, and R. J. Koshel. Field Guide to Illumination. SPIE, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1117/3.764682
Pattison P. M., M. Hansen, and J. Y. Tsao. LED lighting efficacy: Status and directions // Comptes Rendus 19, № 3 (2017). https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/1421610
Аккумуляторы все большей емкости: зачем?
Korthauer R., ed. Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics and Applications. Berlin: Springer, 2018.
Wu F., B. Yang, and J. Ye, eds. Grid-Scale Energy Storage Systems and Applications. L.: Academic Press, 2019.
Корабли на электричестве: пока все трудно
Kongsberg Maritime. Autonomous Ship Project, Key Facts about Yara Birkeland. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://www.kongsberg.com/maritime/support/themes/autonomous-ship-project-key-facts-about-yara-birkeland/
Smil V. Prime Movers of Globalization: The History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
Электричество: реальная цена
Eurostat. Electricity price statistics. Дата последнего доступа: ноябрь 2019 г. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/45239.pdf
Vogt L. J. Electricity Pricing: Engineering Principles and Methodologies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.
Переход на другие источники энергии: промедление неизбежно
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2019. Paris: IEA, 2019. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook‐2019
Smil V. Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2017.
Через Атлантику: еще быстрее!
Griffiths D. Brunel’s Great Western. N. Y.: HarperCollins, 1996.
Newall P. Ocean Liners: An Illustrated History. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing, 2018.
Двигатели старше велосипедов
Bijker W. E. Of Bicycles, Bakelites and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
Wilson D. G. Bicycling Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
Удивительная история надувных шин
Automotive Hall of Fame. John Dunlop. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/john-dunlop/.
Dunlop J. B. The History of the Pneumatic Tyre. Dublin: A. Thom & Co, 1925.
Когда началась эра автомобилей?
Casey R. H. The Model T: A Centennial History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.
Ford Motor Company. Our History – Company Timeline. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://corporate.ford.com/history.html
Вес и полезная нагрузка машин: соотношение ужасно!
Lotus Engineering. Vehicle Mass Reduction Opportunities. October 2010. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-01/documents/10052010mstrs_peterson.pdf
US Environmental Protection Agency. The 2018 EPA Automotive Trends Report: Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Technology since 1975. Executive summary, 2019. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi? Dockey=P100W3WO.pdf
Почему электромобили (пока что) не так хороши
Deloitte. New Market. New Entrants. New Challenges: Battery Electric Vehicles. 2019. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Delo- itte/uk/Documents/manufacturing/deloitte-uk-battery-electric-vehicles.pdf
Qiao Q., et al. Comparative study on life cycle CO2 emissions from the production of electric and conventional cars in China // Energy Procedia 105 (2017): 3584–3595.
Реактивный век: начало
Smil V. Prime Movers of Globalization: The History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.
Yenne B. The Story of the Boeing Company. L.: Zenith Press, 2010.
Почему керосин – король топлива
CSA B 836. Storage, Handling, and Dispensing of Aviation Fuels at Aerodromes. Toronto: CSA Group, 2014.
Vertz L., and S. Sayal. Jet fuel demand flies high, but some clouds on the horizon // Insight 57 (January 2018). https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/Long-Term-Jet-Fuel-Outlook‐2018.pdf
Насколько безопасно летать самолетами?
Boeing. Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents: Worldwide Operations 1959–2017. Seattle, WA: Boeing Commercial Airplanes, 2017. https://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/pdf/stat sum.pdf
International Civil Aviation Organization. State of Global Aviation Safety. Montreal: ICAO, 2019. https://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_SR_2019_29082019.pdf
Самолеты, поезда, авто – что сберегает энергию лучше?
Davis S. C., S. W. Diegel, and R. G. Boundy. Transportation Energy Data Book. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2019. https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub31202.pdf.
Sperling D., and N. Lutsey. Energy efficiency in passenger transportation // Bridge 39, № 2 (Summer 2009): 22–30.
Мир без синтетического аммиака
Smil V. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.
Stoltzenberg D. Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2004.
Пшеница: умножаем урожай
Calderini D. F., and G. A. Slafer. Changes in yield and yield stability in wheat during the 20th century // Field Crops Research 57, № 3 (1998): 335–347.
Smil V. Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019.
Пищевые отходы: непростительно много
Gustavsson J., et al. Global Food Losses and Food Waste. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011.
WRAP. The Food Waste Reduction Roadmap – Progress Report 2019. September 2019. http://wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Food-Waste-Reduction_Roadmap_Progress-Report‐2019.pdf
Средиземноморская диета: долгое прощание
Tanaka T., et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet protects from cognitive decline in the invecchiare in Chianti study of aging. Nutrients 10, № 12 (2007). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10122007
Wright C. A. A Mediterranean Feast: The Story of the Birth of the Celebrated Cuisines of the Mediterranean, from the Merchants of Venice to the Barbary Corsairs. N. Y.: William Morrow, 1999.
Голубой тунец: на пути к исчезновению
MacKenzie B. R., H. Mosegaard, and A. A. Rosenberg. Impending collapse of bluefin tuna in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean // Conservation Letters 2 (2009): 25–34.
Polacheck T., and C. Davies. Considerations of Implications of Large Unreported Catches of Southern Bluefin Tuna for Assessments of Tropical Tunas, and the Need for Independent Verification of Catch and Effort Statistics. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper № 23, March 2008. http://www.iotc.org/files/proceedings/2008/wptt/ IOTC‐2008-WPTT-INF01.pdf
Куры правят миром
National Chicken Council. U. S. Broiler Performance. Updated March 2019. https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/u-s-broiler-performance/
Smil V. Should We Eat Meat?: Evolution and Consequences of Modern Carnivory. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
(Не) пьем вино
Aurand J.-M. State of the Vitiviniculture World Market. International Organization of Vine and Wine, 2018. http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6370/state-of-the-world-vitiviniculture-oiv‐2018-ppt.pdf
Lejeune D. Boire et Manger en France, de 1870 au Début des Années 1990. Paris: Lycee Louis le Grand, 2013.
Мясо нужно есть с умом
Pereira P., et al. Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet // Meat Science 93, № 3 (March 2013): 589–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.018
Smil V. Should We Eat Meat?: Evolution and Consequences of Modern Carnivory. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Японская диета
Cwiertka K. J. Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity. L.: Reaktion Books, 2006.
Smil V., and K. Kobayshi. Japan’s Dietary Transition and Its Impacts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.
Молочные продукты – контртренд
American Farm Bureau Federation. Trends in beverage milk consumption // Market Intel, December 19, 2017. https://www.fb.org/market-intel/trends-in-beverage-milk-consumption
Watson R. R., R. J. Collier, and V. R. Preedy, eds. Nutrients in Dairy and Their Implications for Health and Disease. L.: Academic Press, 2017.
Животные или артефакты – кто разнообразнее?
GSMArena. All mobile phone brands. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://www.gsmarena.com/makers.php3
Mora C., et al. How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? // PLoS Biology 9, № 8 (2011): e1001127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
Планета коров
Beef Cattle Research Council. Environmental Footprint of Beef Production. Updated October 23, 2019. https://www.beefresearch.ca/ research-topic.cfm/environmental‐6
Smil V. Harvesting the Biosphere: What We Have Taken from Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
Слоны на грани гибели
Paul G. Allen Project. The Great Elephant Census Report 2016. Vulcan Inc., 2016. http://www.greatelephantcensus.com/final-report
Pinnock D., and C. Bell. The Last Elephants. L.: Penguin Random House, 2019.
Не рано ли провозглашать антропоцен?
Davies J. The Birth of the Anthropocene. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2016.
Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Working Group on the “Anthropocene”». May 21, 2019. http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/ working-groups/anthropocene/
Железобетонные факты
Courland R. Concrete Planet: The Strange and Fascinating Story of the World’s Most Common Man-Made Material. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2011.
Smil V. Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2014.
Что вреднее для среды: ваш телефон или машина?
Anders S. G., and O. Andersen. Life cycle assessments of consumer electronics – are they consistent? // International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15 (July 2010): 827–836.
Qiao Q., et al. Comparative study on life cycle CO2 emissions from the production of electric and conventional cars in China // Energy Procedia 105 (2017): 3584–3595.
Кому теплее в холода?
Natural Resources Canada. Keeping the Heat In. Ottawa: Energy Publications, 2012. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energyefficiency/energy-efficiency-homes/how-can-i-make-myhome-more-ener/keeping-heat/15768
US Department of Energy. Insulation materials. Дата последнего доступа: декабрь 2019 г. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation/ insulation-materials
Прозрачное энергетическое решение: тройной стеклопакет
Carmody J., et al. Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technology and Energy Performance. N. Y.: W. W. Norton and Co, 2007.
US Department of Energy. Selecting Windows for Energy Efficiency. Merrifield, VA: Office of Energy Efficiency, 2018. https://nascsp.org/ wp-content/uploads/2018/02/us-doe_selecting-windows-for-energy-efficiency.pdf
Отопление: повысим эффективность
Energy Solutions Center. Natural gas furnaces. December 2008. https://naturalgasefficiency.org/for-residential-customers/heat-gas_furnace/
Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014.
Углерод: камень преткновения
Jackson R. B., et al. Global Energy Growth Is Outpacing Decarbonization. A special report for the United Nations Climate Action Summit, September 2019. Canberra: Global Carbon Project, 2019. https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/GCP_2019_Global%20energy%20growth%20outpace%20decarbonization_UN%20Climate%20 Summit_HR.pdf
Smil V. Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2017.
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