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S. Klebold, A Mother’s Reckoning: Living in the Aftermath of Tragedy (New York: Crown, 2016).

P. G. Zimbardo, “The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse, and chaos,” in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. W. J. Arnold and D. Levine, 237–307 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969).

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E. Diener, R. Lusk, D. DeFour, and R. Flax, “Deindividuation: Effects of group size, density, number of observers, and group member similarity on self-consciousness and disinhibited behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980): 449–459.

A. J. Ritchey and R. B. Ruback, “Predicting lynching atrocity: The situational norms of lynchings in Georgia,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 5 (2018): 619–637.

Некоторых исследователей нейронауки подвергли критике за определенную статистическую погрешность, независимую ошибку при тестировании своих гипотез. Эти ошибки могут быть связаны с тем, что исследователи использовали сначала один статистический тест, чтобы выбрать, какие данные анализировать, а затем второй (независимый) для анализа данных. Некоторые из этих проблем подробно изложены в издании Американской психологической ассоциации, “P-values under question,” Psychological Science Agenda, March 2016, https://www. apa. org/science/about/psa/2016/03/p-values; A. Abbot, “Brain imaging studies under fire,” Nature News, January 13, 2009, https://www. nature. com/news/2009/090113/full/457245a. html.

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J. M. Burger, “Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today?” American Psychologist 64 (2009): 1—11; D. Doliński, T. Grzyb, M. Folwarczny, P. Grzybała, K. Krzyszycha, K. Martynowska, and J. Trojanowski, “Would you deliver an electric shock in 2015? Obedience in the experimental paradigm developed by Stanley Milgram in the 50 years following the original studies,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 8 (2017): 927–933.

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J. M. Burger, Z. M. Girgis, and C. C. Manning, “In their own words: Explaining obedience to authority through an examination of participants’ comments,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2 (2011): 460–466. Two-thirds of those whose comments during the study suggested that they felt personally responsible for harming the learner stopped before giving the maximum shock, while only 12 percent of those who kept giving shocks up to the highest level ever expressed any feelings of personal responsibility.

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L. Ross and R. E. Nisbett, The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology (London: Pinter and Martin, 2011).

Milgram, “Behavioral study of obedience.”

M. M. Hollander, “The repertoire of resistance: Non-compliance with directives in Milgram’s ‘obedience’ experiments,” British Journal of Social Psychology 54 (2015): 425–444.

F. Gino, L. D. Ordóñez, and D. Welsh, “How unethical behavior becomes habit,” Harvard Business Review blogpost, September 4, 2014, https://hbr. org/2014/09/how-unethical-behavior-becomes-habit.

D. T. Welsh, L. D. Ordóñez, D. G. Snyder, and M. S. Christian, “The slippery slope: How small ethical transgressions pave the way for larger future transgressions,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100, no. 1 (2015): 114–127.

I. Suh, J. T. Sweeney, K. Linke, and J. M. Wall, “Boiling the frog slowly: The immersion of C-suite financial executives into fraud,” Journal of Business Ethics (July 2018): 1—29.

B. T. Denny, J. Fan, X. Liu, S. Guerreri, S. J. Mayson, L. Rimsky, et al., “Insula-amygdala functional connectivity is correlated with habituation to repeated negative images,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9 no. 11 (2014): 1660–1667.

N. Garrett, S. C. Lazzaro, D. Ariely, and T. Sharot, “The brain adapts to dishonesty,” Nature Neuroscience 19 (2016): 1727–1732.

B. Gholipour, “How telling small lies can make you stop caring about big ones,” HuffPost, October 24, 2016, https://www. huffpost. com/entry/brain-dishonesty_n_580e4b26e4b0a03911edfff9.

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T. Theisen, “Florida teens heard on video mocking, laughing at man as he drowns in pond, authorities say,” Orlando Sentinel, July 20, 2017, https://www. orlandosentinel. com/news/os-cocoa-drowning-20170720-story. html.

E. Levensen, “Fraternity pledge died ‘alone in a room full of people’ at party,” CNN, December 21, 2017, https://www. cnn. com/2017/12/20/us/fsu-fraternity-pledge-death-grand-jury/index. html.

D. Boyle, “Muslim women’s hijab grabbed by man who tried to pull off head scarf in London’s Oxford Street,” Telegraph, October 18, 2016, https://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/2016/10/18/muslim-womans-hijab-grabbed-by-man-who-tried-to-pull-off-headsca/.

“Chinese toddler left for dead in hit-and-run crash dies,” BBC, October 21, 2011, https://www. bbc. com/news/world-asia-pacific-15398332.

G. Pandey, “India rape: Bystanders ignored Vishakhapatnam attack,” BBC, October 24, 2017, https://www. bbc. com/news/world-asia-india-41736039.

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K. D. Williams, S. A. Nida, L. D. Baca, and B. Latané, “Social loafing and swimming: Effects of identifiability on individual and relay per formance of intercollegiate swimmers,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 10 (1989): 73–81.

B. Latané, K. Williams, and S. Harkins, “Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 6 (1979): 822–832.

S. M. Garcia, K. Weaver, G. B. Moskowitz, and J. M. Darley, “Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 843–853.

D. H. Cymek, “Redundant automation monitoring: Four eyes don’t see more than two, if every one turns a blind eye,” Human Factors 7 (2018): 902–921.

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Когда люди играли в кости с двумя партнерами, амплитуда оценки, связанной с негативностью, была меньше, если участник бросал три кубика, чем, если бы он бросал один, а партнеры бросили два других —2. P. Li, S. Jia, T. Feng, Q. Liu, T. Suo, and H. Li, “The influence of the diffusion of responsibility effect on outcome evaluations: Electrophysiological evidence from an ERP study,” NeuroImage 52, no. 4 (2010): 1727–1733.

M. van Bommel, J. – W. van Prooijen, H. Elffers, and P. A. M. Van Lange, “Be aware to care: Public self-awareness leads to a reversal of the bystander effect,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 4 (2012): 926–930.

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A. S. Ross, “Effect of increased responsibility on bystander intervention: The presence of children,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 19, no. 3 (1971): 306–310.

R. E. Cramer, M. R. McMaster, P. A. Bartell, and M. Dragna, “Subject competence and minimization of the bystander effect,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18 (1988): 1133–1148.

R. F. Baumeister, S. P. Chesner, P. S. Senders, and D. M. Tice, “Who’s in charge here? Group leaders do lend help in emergencies,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 (1988): 17–22.

J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, and M. S. Wetherell, Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987).

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M. Levine and R. Manning, “Social identity, group processes, and helping in emergencies,” European Review of Social Psychology 24 (2013): 225–251.

M. Slater, A. Rovira, R. Southern, D. Swapp, J. J. Zhang, C. Campbell, and M. Levine, “Bystander responses to a violent incident in an immersive virtual environment,” PLOS One 8, no. 1 (2013): e52766.

A. Dobrin, “The real story of the murder where ‘no one cared,’ ”Psychology Today blog, posted March 8, 2014, https://www. psychologytoday. com/us/blog/am-i-right/201403/the-real-story-the-murder-where-no-one-cared; H. Takooshian, D. Bedrosian, J. J. Cecero, L. Chancer, A. Karmen, J. Rasenberger, et al., “Remembering Catherine ‘Kitty’ Genovese 40 years later: A public forum,” Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 5 (2013): 63–77.

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E. Staub, “A child in distress: The influence of age and number of witnesses on children’s attempts to help,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14, no. 2 (1970): 130–140. Эти результаты могут отличаться от результатов, рассмотренных в главе 2, где дети были менее склонны помогать экспериментатору, когда он находился в группе, из-за различных экспериментальных условий – в исследовании Стауба дети знали друг друга, и стрессовая ситуация была более опасной.

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Хотя название эксперимента так и не определили, объявление о нем выглядело оригинальным. See L. Zuckerman, “Name of pi lot who roused passengers still a mystery,” New York Times, October 1, 2001; D. Mikkelson, “Pi lot’s Advice,” Snopes, https://www. snopes. com/fact – check/blanket – advice/.

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“When you take acetaminophen, you don’t feel others’ pain as much,” Ohio State News, May 9, 2016, https://news. osu. edu/when-you-take-acetaminophen-you-dont-feel-others-pain-as-much/.

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A. Fantz, “Cub Scout leader, ex-teacher confronted London terrorist,” CNN, May 24, 2013, https://www. cnn. com/2013/05/23/world/europe/uk-woman-terrorists/index. html.

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