Список литературы

Введение

1. Адаптировано из Enig, M. Know Your Fats. Silver Spring (MD): Bethesda Press; 2000. 358 p.

2. Fallon, S, Enig, M. The Great Con-ola [Интернет]. Washington (DC): The Weston A. Price Foundation; 2002 Jul 28 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/the-great-con-ola.

3. Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, et al. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 May; 93 (5): 950–62.

4. Там же.

5. Simopoulos AP. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 Sep; 70 (3 Suppl): 560s–9s.

6. Simopoulos AP, DiNicolantonio JJ. The importance of a balanced omega-6 to omega-3 ratio in the prevention and management of obesity. Open Heart. 2016 Sep; 3 (2): e000385.

7. DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, Chatterjee S, et al. A higher dietary ratio of longchain omega-3 to total omega-6 fatty acids for prevention of COX-2-dependent adenocarcinomas. Nutr Cancer. 2014; 66 (8): 1279–84.

8. Simopoulos AP. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep; 70 (3 Suppl): 560s–9s.

9. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–87.

10. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

11. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, et al. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010 Nov; 26 (9): 489–96.

12. Burdge GC, Wootton SA. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br J Nutr. 2002 Oct; 88 (4): 411–20.

13. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

14. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Sinclair AJ, et al. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1998;83:12-23.

Глава первая

1. Keys A. Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health. J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1953 Jul-Aug;20(2):118-39.

2. Yerushalmy J, Hilleboe HE. Fat in the diet and mortality from heart disease; a methodologic note. N Y State J Med, 1957 Jul 15;57(14):2343-54.

3. DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, O’Keefe JH. The evidence for saturated fat and for sugar related to coronary heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;58(5):464-72.

4. DiNicolantonio JJ. The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or Ω-6 polyunsaturated fats: Do the dietary guidelines have it wrong? Open Heart. 2014 Feb 8;1(1):e000032. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2013-000032.

5. Ahrens EH Jr., Insull W Jr., Blomstrand R, et al. The influence of dietary fats on serum-lipid levels in man. Lancet. 1957 May 11;272(6976):943-53.

6. Ahrens EH Jr., Blankenhorn DH, Tsaltas TT. Effect on human serum lipids of substituting plant for animal fat in diet. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954 Aug 1;86(4):872- 8.

7. Parodi PW. Has the association between saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease been over emphasized? Intl Dairy J. 2009 JunJul;19(6-7):345-61.

8. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Kagan A, et al. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease-six year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1961 Jul;55:33-50.

9. Ramsden CE, Hibbeln JR, Majchrzak-Hong SF. All PUFAs are not created equal: absence of CHD benefit specific to linoleic acid in randomized controlled trials and prospective observational cohorts. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2011;102:30-43.

10. Mustad VA, Ellsworth JL, Cooper AD, et al. Dietary linoleic acid increases and palmitic acid decreases hepatic LDL receptor protein and mRNA abundance in young pigs. J Lipid Res. 1996 Nov;37(11):2310-23.

11. Там же.

12. Fernandez ML, West KL. Mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids modulate plasma lipids. J Nutr. 2005 Sep;135(9):2075- 8.

13. Dias CB, Garg R, Wood LG, et al. Saturated fat consumption may not be the main cause of increased blood lipid levels. Med Hypotheses. 2014 Feb;82(2):187-95.

14. Steinberg D. Thematic review series: the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy, part V: the discovery of the statins and the end of the controversy. J Lipid Res. 2006 Jul;47(7):1339-51.

15. Parodi PW. Has the association between saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease been over emphasized? Intl Dairy J. 2009 JunJul;19(6-7):345-61.

16. Dietary goals for the United States [Интернет]. Доступно по адресу http://zerodiseasecom/archive/Dietary_Goals_For_The_United_States.pdf.

17. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337 (21): 1491–1499.

18. Oh K, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses’ health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Apr 1; 161 (7): 672–679.

19. Ramsden CE, Hibbeln JR, Majchrzak-Hong SF. All PUFAs are not created equal: absence of CHD benefit specific to linoleic acid in randomized controlled trials and prospective observational cohorts. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2011; 102: 30–43.

20. Huang X, Sjogren P, Arnlov J, et al. Serum fatty acid patterns, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic kidney disease. J Intern Med. 2014 Jan; 275 (1): 71–83.

21. Wu JH, Lemaitre RN, King IB, et al. Circulating omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2014 Oct 7; 130 (15): 1245–1253.

22. Warensjo E, Sundstrom J, Vessby B, et al. Markers of dietary fat quality and fatty acid desaturation as predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul; 88 (1): 203–209.

23. de Goede J, Verschuren WM, Boer JM, et al. N-6 and N-3 fatty acid cholesteryl esters in relation to fatal CHD in a Dutch adult population: a nested casecontrol study and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013 May 31; 8 (5): e59408.

24. Fernandez-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, et al. Insulin resistance, inflammation, and serum fatty acid composition. Diabetes Care. 2003 May; 26 (5): 1362–1368.

25. Miettinen TA, Naukkarinen V, Huttunen JK, et al. Fatty-acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982 Oct 9; 285 (6347): 993–996.

26. Wu JH, Lemaitre RN, King IB, et al. Circulating omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2014 Oct 7; 130 (15): 1245–53.

27. Marventano S, Kolacz P, Castellano S, et al. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015; 66 (6): 611–622.

28. Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. 1970. Nutrition. 1997 Mar 13; 13 (3): 250–252; discussion 49, 3.

29. Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun; 61 (6 Suppl): 1321s–1323s.

30. Там же.

31. Dias CB, Garg R, Wood LG, et al. Saturated fat consumption may not be the main cause of increased blood lipid levels. Med Hypotheses. 2014 Feb; 82 (2): 187–195.

32. Yano K, Rhoads GG, Kagan A, et al. Dietary intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese men living in Hawaii. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Jul; 31 (7): 1270–1279.

33. Там же.

34. Keys A, Kimura N, Kusukawa A, et al. Lessons from serum cholesterol studies in Japan, Hawaii and Los Angeles. Ann Intern Med. 1958 Jan 1; 48 (1): 83–94.

35. Parodi PW. Has the association between saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease been over emphasized? Int Dairy J. 2009 Jun Jul; 19 (6–7): 345–361.

36. Там же.

37. Там же.

38. Там же.

39. Там же.

40. Campos H, Blijlevens E, McNamara JR, et al. LDL particle size distribution. Results from the Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 Dec; 12 (1): 1410–1419.

41. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Campos H, et al. Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May; 67 (5): 828–836.

42. Parodi PW. Has the association between saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease been over emphasized? Int Dairy J. 2009 (Jun Jul; 19 (6–7): 345–361.

43. Там же.

44. Rizzo M, Berneis K. Low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular risk assessment. QJM, 2006 Jan; 99 (1): 1–14.

45. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, et al. A very low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Mar; 69 (3): 411–418.

46. Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, et al. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1979 Jun; 8 (2): 99–118.

47. Parodi PW. Has the association between saturated fatty acids, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease been over emphasized? Int Dairy J. 2009 Jun-Jul; 19 (6–7): 345–361.

48. Dayton S, Pearce ML. Diet high in unsaturated fat. A controlled clinical trial. Minn Med. 1969 Aug; 52 (8): 1237–1242.

49. Loffredo L, Perri L, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. Supplementation with vitamin E alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 Apr; 25 (4): 354–363.

50. Ramsden CE, Hibbeln JR, Majchrzak SF, et al. n-6 fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1586–1600.

51. Там же.

52. Frantz ID Jr., Dawson EA, Ashman PL, et al. Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey. Arteriosclerosis. 1989 Jan-Feb; 9 (1): 129–135.

53. Baum SJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Willett WC, et al. Fatty acids in cardiovascular health and disease: a comprehensive update. J Clin Lipidol. 2012 May-Jun; 6 (3): 216–234.

54. Christakis G, Rinzler SH, Archer M, et al. Effect of the Anti-Coronary Club program on coronary heart disease. Risk-factor status. JAMA. 1966 Nov 7; 198 (6): 597–604.

55. DiNicolantonio JJ. The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or Ω-6 polyunsaturated fats: Do the dietary guidelines have it wrong? Open Heart, 2014 Feb 8;1(1):e000032. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2013-000032.

56. Christakis G, Rinzler SH, Archer M, et al. The anti-coronary club. A dietary approach to the prevention of coronary heart disease – a seven-year report. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1966 Feb; 56 (2): 299–314.

57. Rose GA, Thomson WB, Williams RT. Corn oil in treatment of ischaemic heart disease. Br Med J. 1965 Jun 12; 1 (5449): 1531–1533.

58. Там же.

59. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999 Feb 16; 99 (6): 779–785.

60. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acidrich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994 Jun 11; 343 (8911): 1454–1459.

61. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 4; 368 (14): 1279–1290.

62. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Defaye P, et al. Recent findings on the health effects of omega-3 fatty acids and statins, and their interactions: do statins inhibit omega-3? BMC Med. 2013; 11: 5.

63. DiNicolantonio JJ, Niazi AK, McCarty MF, et al. Omega-3s and cardiovascular health. Ochsner J. 2014 Fal l; 14 (3): 399–412.

64. DiNicolantonio JJ, Niazi AK, O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ. Explaining the recent fish oil trial “failures”. J Glycomics Lipidomics. 2013; 3 (1): e112. doi:10.4172/2153-0637.1000e112.

65. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet. 1989 Sep 30; 2 (8666): 757–761.

66. Burr ML, Sweetham PM, Fehily AM. Diet and reinfarction. Eur Heart J. 1994 Aug; 15 (8): 1152–1153.

67. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002 Apr 23; 105 (16): 1897–1903.

68. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet. 1999 Aug 7; 354 (9177): 447–455.

69. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Oct 4; 372 (9645): 1223–1230.

70. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007 Mar 31; 369 (9567): 1090–1098.

71. Там же.

72. Tanaka K, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama M, et al. Reduction in the recurrence of stroke by eicosapentaenoic acid for hypercholesterolemic patients: subanalysis of the JELIS trial. Stroke. 2008 Jul; 39 (7): 2052–2058.

73. Einvik G, Klemsdal TO, Sandvik L, et al. A randomized clinical trial on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and all-cause mortality in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010 Oct; 17 (5): 588–592.

74. Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct; 56 (8): 365–379.

75. DiNicolantonio JJ, Meier P, O’Keefe JH. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: do formulation, dosage & comparator matter? Mo Med. 2013 Nov-Dec; 110 (6): 495–498.

76. Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, Salem N Jr. Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999; 43 (2): 127–130.

77. Harris WS, Von Schacky C. The omega-3 index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med. 2004 Jul; 39 (1): 212–220.

Глава вторая

1. Lee KW, Lee HJ, Cho HY, et al. Role of the conjugated linoleic acid in the prevention of cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005; 45 (2): 135–144.

2. Wang Y, Lu J, Ruth MR, et al. Trans-11 vaccenic acid dietary supplementation induces hypolipidemic effects in JCR: LA-cp rats. J Nutr. 2008 Nov; 138 (1): 2117–2122.

3. Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Trans fatty acids: effects on cardiometabolic health and implications for policy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008; 79 (3–5): 147–152.

4. Kinsella JE, Bruckner G, Mai J, et al. Metabolism of trans fatty acids with emphasis on the effects of trans, trans-octadecadienoate on lipid composition, essential fatty acid, and prostaglandins: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Oct; 34 (1): 2307–2318.

5. Tardy AL, Morio B, Chardigny JM, et al. Ruminant and industrial sources of trans-fat and cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. Nut Res Rev. 2011 Jun; 24 (1): 111–117.

6. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary fats and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2003 Feb; 60 (2): 194–200.

7. Chavarro JE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, et al. A prospective study of trans-fatty acid levels in blood and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Jan; 17 (1): 95–101.

8. Chajes V, Thiebaut AC, Rotival M, et al. Association between serum transmonounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jun 1; 167 (11): 1312–1320.

9. Phivilay A, Julien C, Tremblay C, et al. High dietary consumption of trans fatty acids decreases brain docosahexaenoic acid but does not alter amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 2009 Mar 3; 159 (1): 296–307.

10. Golomb BA, Bui AK. A fat to forget: trans fat consumption and memory. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 17; 10 (6): e0128129.

11. Sanchez-Villegas A, Verberne L, De Irala J, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of depression: the SUN Project. PLoS One. 2011 Jan 26; 6 (1): e16268.

12. A scientific discovery which will affect every kitchen in America. Ladies Home Journal. 2012:45. Доступно по адресу https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011414177?urlappend=%3Bseq=53.1177-9.

13. Rupp, R. The butter wars: when margarine was pink. Nat Geographic [Интернет]. 2014 Aug 13 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://theplate.nationalgeographic.com/2014/08/13/the-butter-wars-when-margarine-was-pink.

14. Braun, AD. Save Waste Fats. Atlantic [Интернет]. 2014 Apr 18 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/04/reluctantly-turning-bacon-into-bombs-during-world-war-ii/360298/.

15. History of the American Heart Association. Am Heart Assn. [Интернет] [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Available from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/General/History-of-the-American-Heart-Association_UCM_308120_Article.jsp?appName=MobileApp.

16. Enig, M, Fallon S. Eat fat, lose fat: the healthy alternative to trans fats. New York (NY): Penguin; 2004. 304 p.

17. Christakis, G. The anti-coronary club. A dietary approach to the prevention of coronary heath disease: a seven-year report. Am J Pub Health. 1966 Feb; 56 (2): 299–314. Доступно по адресу http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/studysynopsis/anti-coronary-club-trial.

18. Christakis G, Rinzler SH, Archer M, et al. Effect of the Anti-Coronary Club program on coronary heart disease. Risk-factor status. JAMA. 1966 Nov 7; 198 (6): 597–604.

19. Johnston PV, Johnson OC, Kummerow FA. Occurrence of trans fatty acids in human tissue. Science. 1957 Oct 11; 126 (3296): 698–699.

20. Kummerow FA, et al. The influence of three sources of dietary fats and cholesterol on lipid composition of swine serum lipids and aorta tissue. Artery 4. 1978: 360–384.

21. Schleifer D. We spent a million bucks and then we had to do something: the unexpected implications of industry involvement in trans fat research [Интернет].Bull of Science, Tech & Soc. 2011 Oct 4 [открыто 4 июня 2018]; 31 (6): 460–471. Доступно по адресу http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0270467611422837

22. Guidance for industry: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, health claims; small entity compliance guide [Интернет]. FDA. 2018 Aug [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm053479.htm.

23. AMA supports ban of artificial trans fats in restaurants and bakeries nationwide. AMA. 2008 Press release, 2008 Nov 10 [accessed 2 June 2009]. Available from http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/20273.html.

24. United States military casualties of war [Интернет]. Wikipedia. 2018 May 21 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war.

Глава третья

1. Leaf A, Weber PC. A new era for science in nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 May; 45 (5 Suppl): 1048–1453.

2. Там же.

3. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

4. Там же.

5. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

6. Sprecher H. Dietary w3 and w6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentiality. NATO Series A, Life Sciences. 1989 Jan: 69–79.

7. Peskin B. Plants vs. fish: why plants win. Aging Matters Magazine. 2015; 1: 6–11.

8. Kemsley T. Animal brains a favorite among early humans: a study [Интернет]. Nature World News. 2013 May 6 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/1765/20130506/animal-brains-favorite-early-humans-study.htm.

9. Cordain L, Watkins BA, Florant GL, et al. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar; 56 (3): 181–191.

10. Ferraro JV, Plummer TW, Pobiner BL, et al. Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 25; 8 (4): e62174.

11. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Sinclair AJ, et al. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1998; 83: 12–23.

12. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

13. Mathias RA, Fu W, Akey JM, et al. Adaptive evolution of the FADS gene cluster within Africa. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (9): e44926.

14. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr.2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

15. Plourde M, Cunnane SC. Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements. Appl Phys Nutr Metab. 2007 Aug; 32 (4): 619–634.

16. Leaf A, Weber PC. A new era for science in nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 May; 45 (5 Suppl): 1048–1053.

17. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 31; 312 (5): 283–289.

18. Cordain L, Watkins BA, Florant GL, et al. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar; 56 (3): 181–191.

19. Sprecher H. Dietary w3 and w6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentiality. NATO Series A, Life Sciences. 1989 Jan: 69–79.

20. Там же.

21. Cordain L, Watkins BA, Florant GL, et al. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar; 56 (3): 181–191.

22. Там же.

23. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

24. Там же.

25. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Sinclair AJ, et al. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1998; 83: 12–23.

26. Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan; 71 (1 Suppl): 179s–88s.

27. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

28. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, et al. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010 Nov; 26 (9): 489–496.

29. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

30. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Sinclair AJ, et al. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1998; 83: 12–23.

31. Peskin B. Plants vs. fish: why plants win. Aging Matters Magazine. 2015; 1: 6–11.

32. Ramsden CE, Ringel A, Feldstein AE, et al. Lowering dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2012 Oct-Nov; 87 (4–5): 135–141.

33. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

34. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

35. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Sinclair AJ, et al. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1998; 83: 12–23.

36. Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan; 71 (1 Suppl): 179s–88s.

37. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

38. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

39. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, et al. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010 Nov; 26 (9): 489–496.

40. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104 (11): 1666–1687.

41. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Sinclair AJ, et al. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1998; 83: 12–23.

42. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

43. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, et al. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010 Nov; 26 (9): 489–496.

44. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

45. Там же.

46. DeFilippis AP, Sperling LS. Understanding omega-3’s. Am Heart J. 2006 Mar; 151 (3): 564–570.

47. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec; 104 (11): 1666–1687.

48. Hite AH, Feinman RD, Guzman GE, et al. In the face of contradictory evidence: report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee. Nutrition. 2010 Oct; 26 (1): 915–924.

49. Wells, HF, Buzby JC. Dietary assessment of major trends in U.S. food consumption, 1970–2005. ERS Report Summary. 2008 Mar.. 50. Food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claims. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2003 Jul 11; 68 (133): 41433–1506.

Глава четвертая

1. Simopoulos AP. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun; 233 (6): 674–688.

2. Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct; 56 (8): 365–379.

3. Там же.

4. Leaf A, Weber PC. A new era for science in nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr.1987 May; 45 (5 Suppl): 1048–1053.

5. Там же.

6. Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct; 56 (8): 365–379.

7. Leaf A, Weber PC. A new era for science in nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 May; 45 (5 Suppl): 1048–1053.

8. Sperling LS, Nelson JR. History and future of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016; 32 (2): 301–311.

9. Kromann N, Green A. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Med Scand 1980 Jan-Dec; 208: 401–406.

10. Okuyama H, Kobayashi T, Watanabe S. Dietary fatty acids-the N-6/N-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases. Excess linoleic acid and relative N-3 deficiency syndrome seen in Japan. Prog Lipid Res.1996 Dec; 35 (4): 409–457.

11. Там же.

12. Там же.

13. Там же.

14. Imaida K, Sato H, Okamiya H, et al. Enhancing effect of high fat diet on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced pulmonary tumorigenesis in ICR male mice. Jpn J Cancer Res.1989 Jun; 80 (6): 499–502.

15. Okuyama H, Kobayashi T, Watanabe S. Dietary fatty acids-the N-6/N-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases. Excess linoleic acid and relative N-3 deficiency syndrome seen in Japan. Prog Lipid Res. 1996 Dec; 35 (4): 409–457.

16. Там же.

17. Там же.

18. Там же.

19. Malhotra SL. Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease in India with special reference to causation. Br Heart J.1967 Nov; 29 (6): 895–905.

20. Там же.

21. Padmavati S. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in India. II. Ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1962 Apr; 25: 711–717.

22. Malhotra SL. Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease in India with special reference to causation. Br Heart J. 1967 Nov; 29 (6): 895–905.

23. Там же.

24. Там же.

25. Там же.

26. Там же.

27. Ghee [Интернет]. Wikipedia. 2018 May 21 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee.

28. Padmavati S. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in India. II. Ischemic heart disease. Circulation.1962 Apr; 25: 711–717.

29. Malhotra SL. Geographical aspects of acute myocardial infarction in India with special reference to patterns of diet and eating. Br Heart J. 1967 May; 29 (3): 337–344.

30. Padmavati S. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in India. II. Ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1962 Apr; 25: 711–717.

31. Там же.

32. Там же.

33. Raheja BS, Sadikot SM, Phatak RB, et al. Significance of the N-6/N-3 ratio for insulin action in diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci.1993 Jun 14; 683: 258–271.

34. Там же.

35. Там же.

36. Lindeberg S, Nilsson-Ehle P, Vessby B. Lipoprotein composition and serum cholesterol ester fatty acids in nonwesternized Melanesians. Lipids. 1996 Feb; 31 (2): 153–158.

37. Там же.

38. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22; 292 (12): 1440–1446.

39. Там же.

40. Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

41. Adapted from Singh RB, Demeester F, Wilczynska A. The tsim tsoum approaches for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010; 2010: 824938.

42. Massaro M, Habib A, Lubrano L, et al. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate attenuates endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 induction through both NADP(H) oxidase and PKC epsilon inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2006 Oct 10; 103 (41): 15184–15189.

43. Sun Q, Ma J, Campos H, et al. Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women. Am J Clin Nutr.2007 Jul; 86 (1): 74–81.

44. Grenon SM, Conte MS, Nosova E, et al. Association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of red blood cells and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Nov; 58 (5): 1283–90.

45. Harris WS. The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun; 87 (6): 1997s–2002s.

46. Farzaneh-Far R, Harris WS, Garg S, et al. Inverse association of erythrocyte n-3 fatty acid levels with inflammatory biomarkers in patients with stable coronary artery disease: The Heart and Soul Study. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Aug; 205 (2): 538–543.

Глава пятая

1. Pope AJ, Druhan L, Guzman JE, et al. Role of DDAH-1 in lipid peroxidation product-mediated inhibition of endothelial NO generation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.2007 Nov;293(5): C167-86.

2. Там же.

3. Chen L, Zhou JP, Kuang DB, et al. 4-HNE increases intracellular ADMA levels in cultured HUVECs: evidence for miR-21-dependent mechanisms. PLoS One. 2013 May 22; 8 (5): e64148.

4. Yla-Herttuala S, Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME, et al. Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. J Clin Invest. 1989 Oct; 84 (4): 1086–1095.

5. Lahoz C, Alonso R, Ordovas JM, et al. Effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep; 27 (9): 780–787.

6. Gradinaru D, Borsa C, Ionescu C, et al. Oxidized LDL and NO synthesis – Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev. 2015 Nov; 151: 101–113.

7. Bonaa KH, Bjerve KS, Straume B, et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 795–801.

8. Там же.

9. Ferrara LA, Raimondi AS, d’Episcopo L, et al. Olive oil and reduced need for antihypertensive medications. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27; 160 (6): 837–842.

10. Там же.

11. Там же.

12. Pope AJ, Druhan L, Guzman JE, et al. Role of DDAH-1 in lipid peroxidation product-mediated inhibition of endothelial NO generation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Nov; 293 (5): C1679–1686.

13. Wang XL, Zhang L, Youker K, et al. Free fatty acids inhibit insulin signalingstimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through upregulating PTEN or inhibiting Akt kinase. Diabetes. 2006 Aug; 55 (8): 2301–2310.

14. Gradinaru D, Borsa C, Ionescu C, et al. Oxidized LDL and NO synthesis – Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev. 2015 Nov; 151: 101–113.

15. Lahoz C, Alonso R, Ordovas JM, et al. Effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep; 27 (9): 780–787.

16. Marchix J, Choque B, Kouba M, et al. Excessive dietary linoleic acid induces proinflammatory markers in rats. J Nutr Biochem2015 Dec;26(12):1434-41.

17. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Apr; 20 (2 Suppl): 97–105.

18. Simpson HC, Mann JI, Meade TW, et al. Hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercoagulability. Lancet 1983 Apr 9; 1 (8328): 786–790.

19. Yosefy C, Viskoper JR, Laszt A, et al. The effect of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids and hemostasis in hypertensive, obese, dyslipidemic patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999 Aug; 61 (2): 83–87.

20. Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A metaanalysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993 Aug 1; 88 (2): 523–533.

21. Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Seidler AJ, et al. Does supplementation of diet with ‘fish oil’ reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Jun 28; 153 (12): 1429–1438.

22. Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, et al. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2002 Aug; 20 (8): 1493–1499.

23. Wang Q, Liang X, Wang L, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Apr; 221 (2): 536–543.

24. Egert S, Stehle P. Impact of n-3 fatty acids on endothelial function: results from human interventions studies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011 Mar; 14(2): 121–131.

25. Berry EM, Hirsch J. Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Sep; 44 (3): 336–340.

26. Griffin MD, Sanders TA, Davies IG, et al. Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45–70 y: the OPTILIP Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec; 84 (6): 1290–1298.

27. Hartwich J, Malec MM, Partyka L, et al. The effect of the plasma n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on the dietary LDL phenotype transformation – insights from the LIPGENE study. Clin Nutr. 2009 Oct; 28 (5): 510–515.

28. Там же.

29. Calabresi L, Donati D, Pazzucconi F, et al. Omacor in familial combined hyperlipidemia: effects on lipids and low density lipoprotein subclasses. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Feb; 148 (2): 387–396.

30. Там же.

31. Egert S, Kannenberg F, Somoza V, et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans. J Nutr. 2009 May; 139 (5): 861–868.

32. Wilkinson P, Leach C, Ah-Sing EE, et al. Influence of alpha-linolenic acid and fish-oil on markers of cardiovascular risk in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jul; 181 (1): 115–124.

33. Там же.

34. Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, et al. Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May; 71 (5): 1085–1094.

35. Kelley DS, Siegel D, Vemuri M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug; 86 (2): 324–333.

36. Egert S, Kannenberg F, Somoza V, et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans. J Nutr. 2009 May; 139 (5): 861–868.

37. Buckley R, Shewring B, Turner R, et al. Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2004 Sep; 92 (3): 477–483.

38. Nestel P, Shige H, Pomeroy S, et al. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug; 76 (2): 326–330.

39. Mori TA, Woodman RJ. The independent effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Mar; 9 (2): 95–104.

40. Din JN, Harding SA, Valerio CJ, et al. Dietary intervention with oil rich fish reduces platelet-monocyte aggregation in man. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Mar; 197 (1): 290–296.

41. Harris WS. Expert opinion: omega-3 fatty acids and bleeding – cause for concern? Am J Cardiol. 2007 Mar 19; 99 (6A): 44c–46c.

42. Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration. Lancet. 1992 Apr 25; 339 (8800): 1003–1007.

43. Harris WS. Expert opinion: omega-3 fatty acids and bleeding – cause for concern? Am J Cardiol. 2007 Mar 19; 99 (6A): 44c–46c.

44. Reiffel JA, McDonald A. Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Aug 21; 98 (4A): 50i–60i.

45. AHA releases 2015 heart and stroke statistics [Интернет]. SCA News. 2014 Dec 30 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://www.sca-aware.org/sca-news/ahareleases-2015-heart-and-stroke-statistics.

46. Sudden cardiac arrest [Интернет]. SCA News [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу http://www.sca-aware.org/about-sca.

47. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002 Apr 23; 105 (16): 1897–1903.

48. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003 Sep; 24 (17): 1601–1610.

49. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002 Apr 23; 105 (16): 1897–1903.

50. Reiffel JA, McDonald A. Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol.2006 Aug 21; 98 (4A): 50i–60i.

51. von Schacky C. Cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.2009 Aug-Sep; 81 (2–3): 193-198.

52. Там же.

53. Itomura M, Fujioka S, Hamazaki K, et al. Factors influencing EPA+DHA levels in red blood cells in Japan. In Vivo.2008 Jan-Feb; 22 (1): 131–135.

54. Harris WS, Von Schacky C. The omega-3 index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med. 2004 Jul; 39: 212–220.

55. von Schacky C, Harris WS. Cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 15; 73 (2): 310–315.

56. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995 Nov 1; 274 (17): 1363–1367.

57. Zampelas A, Roche H, Knapper JM, et al. Differences in postprandial lipaemic response between Northern and Southern Europeans. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Jul; 139 (1): 83–93.

58. Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Mata P. Protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat on arteriosclerosis: beyond cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 2002 Aug; 163 (2): 385–398.

59. Dubnov G, Berry EM. Omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: the Israeli paradox. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2003; 92: 81–91.

60. Yam D, Eliraz A, Berry EM. Diet and disease – the Israeli paradox: possible dangers of a high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. Isr J Med Sci. 1996 Nov; 32 (11): 1134–1143.

61. Renaud S, de Lorgeril M, Delaye J, et al. Cretan Mediterranean diet for prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr.1995 Jun 1; 61 (6): 1360s–1367s.

62. Covas MI, Nyyssonen K, Poulsen HE, et al. The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Sep 5; 145 (5): 333–341.

63. Там же.

64. Is your olive oil fake? [Интернет]. Mercola.com. 2016 Dec 17 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по адресу https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/12/17/fake-olive-oil.aspx.

Глава шестая

1. Borkman M, Storlien LH, Pan DA, et al. The relation between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jan 28; 328 (4): 238–244.

2. Vessby B, Gustafsson IB, Tengblad S, et al. Desaturation and elongation of Fatty acids and insulin action. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2002 Jun; 967: 183–195.

3. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Defaye P, et al. Recent findings on the health effects of omega-3 fatty acids and statins, and their interactions: do statins inhibit omega-3? BMC Med. 2013; 11: 5.

4. Rise P, Ghezzi S, Priori I, et al. Differential modulation by simvastatin of the metabolic pathways in the n-9, n-6 and n-3 fatty acid series, in human monocytic and hepatocytic cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 1; 69 (7): 1095–1100.

5. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Guiraud A, et al. Lipid-lowering drugs and essential omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2005 Feb; 15 (1): 36–41.

6. Nozue T, Yamamoto S, Tohyama S, et al. Comparison of effects of serum n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on coronary atherosclerosis in patients treated with pitavastatin or pravastatin undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol.2013 Jun1; 111 (11): 1570–1575.

7. Harris JI, Hibbeln JR, Mackey RH, et al. Statin treatment alters serum n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in hypercholesterolemic patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Oct; 71 (4): 263–269.

8. Kurisu S, Ishibashi K, Kato Y, et al. Effects of lipid-lowering therapy with strong statin on serum polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels. 2013 Jan; 28 (1): 34–38.

9. Nozue T, Yamamoto S, Tohyama S, et al. Effects of statins on serum n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Jan 1; 111(1): 6–11.

10. Morris DH. Metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid. Flax Council of Canada. 2014.

11. Barcelo-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ. Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Nov; 48 (6): 355–374.

12. Al MD, Badart-Smook A, von Houwelingen AC, et al. Fat intake of women during normal pregnancy: relationship with maternal and neonatal essential fatty acid status. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996; 15 (1): 49–55.

13. Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Peeples JM, et al. Long-chain fatty acids and early visual and cognitive development of preterm infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994 Aug; 48 Suppl 2: S27–30.

14. Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May; 71 (5 Suppl): 1262s–1269s.

15. Burdge GC, Wootton SA. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br J Nutr. 2002 Oct; 88: 411–420.

16. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2009; 14 (4): 391–399.

17. Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May; 71 (5 Suppl): 1262s–1269s.

18. Barcelo-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ. Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Nov; 48 (6): 355–374.

19. Там же.

20. Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Makrides M. Effect of increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids and neural indices of exclusively breast fed infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Sep; 51 (9): 578–584.

21. Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May; 71 (5 Suppl): 1262s–1269s.

22. Barcelo-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ. Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Nov; 48 (6): 355–374.

23. Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000 Jul-Aug; 18 (4–5): 383–399.

24. Willatts P, Forsyth JS, DiModugno MK, et al. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age. Lancet.1998 Aug 29; 352 (9129): 688–691.

25. Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000 Jul-Aug; 18 (4–5): 383–399.

26. Barcelo-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ. Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Nov; 48 (6): 355–374.

27. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet. 1992 Feb 1; 339 (8788): 261–264.

28. Rodgers B. Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978 Aug; 20 (4): 421–426.

29. Taylor B, Wadsworth J. Breast feeding and child development at five years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1984 Feb; 26 (1): 73–80.

30. Rogan WJ, Gladen BC. Breast-feeding and cognitive development. Early Hum Dev. 1993 Jan; 31 (3): 181–193.

31. Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998 Jan; 101 (1): E9.

32. Lanting CI, Fidler V, Huisman M, et al. Neurological differences between 9-yearold children fed breast-milk or formula-milk as babies. Lancet. 1994 Nov 12; 344 (8933): 1319–1322.

33. Menkes JH. Early feeding history of children with learning disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1977 Apr; 19 (2): 169–171.

34. Rodgers B. Feeding in infancy and later ability and attainment: a longitudinal study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978 Aug; 20 (4): 421–426.

35. Taylor B, Wadsworth J. Breast feeding and child development at five years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1984 Feb; 26 (1): 73–80.

36. Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May; 71(5 Suppl): 1262s–1269s.

37. Popeski D, Ebbeling LR, Brown PB, et al. Blood pressure during pregnancy in Canadian Inuit: community differences related to diet. CMAJ. 1991 Sep 1; 145 (5): 445–454.

38. Williams MA, Zingheim RW, King IB, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of preeclampsia. Epidemiology. 1995 May; 6 (3): 232–237.

39. Там же.

40. Onwude JL, Lilford RJ, Hjartardottir H, et al. A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 Feb; 102 (2): 95–100.

41. Logan AC. Neurobehavioral aspects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible mechanisms and therapeutic value in major depression. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov; 8 (4): 410–425.

42. Klerman GL, Weissman MM. Increasing rates of depression. JAMA.1989 Apr 21; 261 (15): 2229–2235.

43. Kornstein SG, Schneider RK. Clinical features of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 16: 18–25.

44. Lin PY, Huang SY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Jul 15; 68 (2): 140–147.

45. Tanskanen A, Hibbeln JR, Tuomilehto J, et al. Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatr Serv. 2001 Apr; 52 (4): 529–531.

46. Maes M, Smith RS. Fatty acids, cytokines, and major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar 1; 43 (5): 313–314.

47. Там же.

48. Mazereeuw G, Lanctot KL, Chau SA, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Jul; 33(7): 1482.e17–29.

49. Xia Z, DePierre JW, Nassberger L. Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit IL-6, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha release in human blood monocytes and IL-2 and interferongamma in T cells. Immunopharmacology. 1996 Aug; 34 (1): 27–37.

50. Serhan CN, Arita M, Hong S, et al. Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their endogenous aspirin-triggered epimers. Lipids. 2004 Nov; 39 (11): 1125–1132.

51. Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet. 1998 Apr 18; 351 (9110): 1213.

52. Hibbeln JR, Gow RV. The potential for military diets to reduce depression, suicide, and impulsive aggression: a review of current evidence for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Mil Med. 2014 Nov; 17911 Suppl): 117–128.

53. Tanskanen A, Hibbeln JR, Tuomilehto J, et al. Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatr Serv. 2001 Apr; 52 (4): 529–531.

54. Silvers KM, Scott KM. Fish consumption and self-reported physical and mental health status. Public Health Nutr. 2002 Jun; 5 (3): 427–431.

55. Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, et al. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids. 1996 Mar; 31 Suppl: S157–161.

56. Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jul; 78 (1): 40–46.

57. Mamalakis G, Tornaritis M, Kafatos A. Depression and adipose essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Nov; 67 (5): 311–318.

58. Hibbeln JR. Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers’ milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis. J Affect Disord. 2002 May; 69 (1–3): 15–29.

59. Mazereeuw G, Lanctot KL, Chau SA, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Jul; 33 (7): 1482.e17–29.

60. Там же.

61. Там же.

62. Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Mar; 159 (3): 477–479.

63. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Aug; 13 (4): 267–271.

64. Lin PY, Huang SY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Jul 15; 68 (2): 140–147.

65. Grosso G, Pajak A, Marventano S, et al. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (5): e96905.

66. Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Mar; 159 (3): 477–479.

67. Peet M, Horrobin DF. A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyleicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Oct; 59 (1): 913–919.

68. Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone P. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan; 188: 46–50.

69. Nemets H, Nemets B, Apter A, et al. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun; 163 (6): 1098–1100.

70. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu TH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Apr; 69 (4): 644–651.

71. Jazayeri S, Tehrani-Doost M, Keshavarz SA, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Mar; 42 (3): 192–198.

72. Jadoon A, Chiu CC, McDermott L, et al. Associations of polyunsaturated fatty acids with residual depression or anxiety in older people with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2012 Feb; 136 (3): 918–925.

73. Wolfe AR, Ogbonna EM, Lim S, et al. Dietary linoleic and oleic fatty acids in relation to severe depressed mood: 10 years follow-up of a national cohort. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug 31; 33 (6): 972–977.

74. Lucas M, Mirzaei F, O’Reilly EJ, et al. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of clinical depression in women: a 10-y prospective follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jun; 93 (6): 1337–1343.

75. Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep; 12 (3): 207–227.

76. Там же.

77. Hirayama S, Hamazaki T, Terasawa K. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar; 58 (3): 467–473.

78. Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L, et al. EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors. Lipids. 2003 Oct; 38 (1): 1007–1021.

79. Vancassel S, Durand G, Barthelemy C, et al. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2001 Jul; 65 (1): 1–7.

80. Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep; 12 (3): 207–227.

81. Там же.

82. Amminger GP, Berger GE, Schafer MR, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 15; 61 (4): 551–553.

83. Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep; 12 (3): 207–227.

84. Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, et al. Cognitive and physiological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Nov; 35 (11): 691–699.

85. Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep; 12 (3): 207–227.

86. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan; 160 (1): 167–169.

87. De Vriese SR, Christophe AB, Maes M. In humans, the seasonal variation in poly-unsaturated fatty acids is related to the seasonal variation in violent suicide and serotonergic markers of violent suicide. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Jul; 71 (1): 13–18.

88. Lewis MD, Hibbeln JR, Johnson JE, et al. Suicide deaths of active-duty US military and omega-3 fatty-acid status: a case-control comparison. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Dec; 72 (1): 1585–1590.

89. Huan M, Hamazaki K, Sun Y, et al. Suicide attempt and n-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cells: a case control study in China. Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 1; 56 (7): 490–496.

90. Hallahan B, Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb; 190: 118–122.

91. Green P, Hermesh H, Monselise A, et al. Red cell membrane omega-3 fatty acids are decreased in nondepressed patients with social anxiety disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Feb; 16 (2): 107–113.

92. Chiu CC, Huang SY, Su KP, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid deficit in patients with bipolar mania. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Mar; 13 (2): 99–103.

93. Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep; 12 (3): 207–227.

94. Connor WE, Connor SL. The importance of fish and docosahexaenoic acid in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr; 85 (4): 929–930.

95. Andlin-Sobocki P, Jonsson B, Wittchen HU, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2005 Jun; 12 Suppl 1: 1–27.

96. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, et al. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Jan; 19 (1): 155–162.

97. Prasad MR, Lovell MA, Yatin M, et al. Regional membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 1998 Jan; 23 (1): 81–88.

98. Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep; 12 (3): 207–227.

99. Das UN. Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology. Biotechnology J. 2006 Apr; 1 (4): 420–439.

100. Moyad MA. An introduction to dietary/supplemental omega-3 fatty acids for general health and prevention: part II. Urol Oncol. 2005 Jan-Feb; 23 (1): 36–48.

101. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997 Nov; 42 (5): 776–782.

102. Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, et al. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ. 2002 Oct 26; 325 (7370): 932–933.

103. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2003 Jul; 60 (7): 940–946.

104. Freemantle E, Vandal M, Tremblay-Mercier J, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Sep; 75 (3): 213–220.

105. Там же.

106. Там же.

107. Там же.

108. Там же.

109. Tully AM, Roche HM, Doyle R, et al. Low serum cholesteryl esterdocosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study. Br J Nutr. 2003 Apr; 89 (4): 483–489.

110. Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, et al. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids. 2000 Dec; 35 (12): 1305–1312.

111. Huang TL. Omega-3 fatty acids, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer’s disease: a critical review and evaluation of the literature. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 21 (3): 673–690.

112. Whalley LJ, Deary IJ, Starr JM, et al. n-3 Fatty acid erythrocyte membrane content, APOE varepsilon4, and cognitive variation: an observational followup study in late adulthood. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb; 87 (2): 449–454.

113. Mazereeuw G, Lanctot KL, Chau SA, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Jul; 33 (7): 1482.e17–29.

114. Freemantle E, Vandal M, Tremblay-Mercier J, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Sep; 75 (3): 213–220.

115. Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, et al. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids. 2000 Dec; 35 (12): 1305–1312.

116. Schaefer EJ, Bongard V, Beiser AS, et al. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol. 2006 Nov; 63 (11): 1545–1550.

117. Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol. 2006 Oct; 63 (1): 1402–1408.

118. Mazereeuw G, Lanctot KL, Chau SA, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Jul; 33 (7): 1482.e17–29.

119. Shinto L, Quinn J, Montine T, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids and alpha lipoic acid in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014; 38 (1): 111–120.

120. Mazereeuw G, Lanctot KL, Chau SA, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Jul; 33 (7): 1482.e17–29.

121. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997 Nov; 42 (5): 776–782.

122. Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, et al. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ. 2002 Oct 26; 325 (7370): 932–933.

123. Richardson AJ, Puri BK. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Feb; 26 (2): 233–239.

124. Vancassel S, Durand G, Barthelemy C, et al. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2001 Jul; 65 (1): 1–7.

125. Mamalakis G, Tornaritis M, Kafatos A. Depression and adipose essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Nov; 67 (5): 311–318.

126. Mamalakis G, Kalogeropoulos N, Andrikopoulos N, et al. Depression and long chain n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue in adults from Crete. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul; 60 (7): 882–888.

127. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan; 160 (1): 167–169.

128. Assies J, Lieverse R, Vreken P, et al. Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Mar 15; 49 (6): 510–522.

129. Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomura M, et al. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on hostility. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2001; 88: 47–52.

130. Mamalakis G, Kafatos A, Tornaritis M, et al. Anxiety and adipose essential fatty acid precursors for prostaglandin E1 and E2. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Jun; 17 (3): 239–243.

131. Shakeri J, Khanegi M, Golshani S, et al. Effects of omega-3 supplement in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. Int J Prev Med. 2016 May 19; 7: 77.

132. Vesco AT, Lehmann J, Gracious BL, et al. Omega-3 supplementation for psychotic mania and comorbid anxiety in children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Sep 1; 25 (7): 526–34.

133. Cott J, Hibbeln JR. Lack of seasonal mood change in Icelanders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Feb; 158 (2): 328.

134. Wong-Ekkabut J, Xu Z, Triampo W, et al. Effect of lipid peroxidation on the properties of lipid bilayers: a molecular dynamics study. Biophys J.2007 Dec 15; 93 (12): 4225–4236.

135. Spiteller G. Peroxyl radicals: inductors of neurodegenerative and other inflammatory diseases. Their origin and how they transform cholesterol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, and proteins into deleterious products. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Aug 1; 41(3): 362–387.

136. Там же.

137. Там же.

138. Moran JH, Mon T, Hendrickson TL, et al. Defining mechanisms of toxicity for linoleic acid monoepoxides and diols in Sf-21 cells. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001 Apr; 14 (4): 431–437.

139. Montine TJ, Amarnath V, Martin ME, et al. E-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is cytotoxic and cross-links cytoskeletal proteins in P19 neuroglial cultures. Am J Pathol. 1996 Jan; 148 (1): 89–93.

140. Best KP, Gold M, Kennedy D, et al. Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic disease outcomes in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jan; 103 (1): 128–143.

141. Там же.

142. Там же.

143. Maslova E, Strom M, Oken E, et al. Fish intake during pregnancy and the risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis – longitudinal evidence from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Br J Nutr. 2013 Oct; 110 (7): 1313–1325.

144. Nwaru BI, Erkkola M, Lumia M, et al. Maternal intake of fatty acids during pregnancy and allergies in the offspring. Br J Nutr. 2012 Aug; 108 (4): 720–732.

145. Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Maugeri U, et al. Effects of prenatal and perinatal exposure to fine air pollutants and maternal fish consumption on the occurrence of infantile eczema. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011; 155 (3): 275–281.

146. Willers SM, Devereux G, Craig LC, et al. Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children. Thorax. 2007 Sep; 62 (9): 773–779.

147. Janakiram NB, Mohammed A, Rao CV. Role of lipoxins, resolvins, and other bioactive lipids in colon and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011 Dec; 30 (3–4): 507–523.

148. Gonzalez MJ, Schemmel RA, Gray JI, et al. Effect of dietary fat on growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 human breast carcinomas in athymic nude mice: relationship between carcinoma growth and lipid peroxidation product levels. Carcinogenesis. 1991 Jul; 12 (7): 1231–1235.

149. Gonzalez MJ, Schemmel RA, Dugan L, Jr., et al. Dietary fish oil inhibits human breast carcinoma growth: a function of increased lipid peroxidation. Lipids. 1993 Sep; 28 (9): 827–832.

150. Hudson EA, Beck SA, Tisdale MJ. Kinetics of the inhibition of tumour growth in mice by eicosapentaenoic acid-reversal by linoleic acid. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Jun 9; 45 (11): 2189–2194.

151. Conklin KA. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids: impact on cancer chemotherapy and radiation. Altern Med Rev. 2002 Feb; 7 (1): 4–21.

152. Там же.

153. Там же.

154. Там же.

Глава седьмая

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS data brief. 2012 Jan: (82) 1–8.

2. Yki-Jarvinen H. Fat in the liver and insulin resistance. Ann Med. 2005; 37 (5): 347–356.

3. Jung SH, Ha KH, Kim DJ. Visceral Fat Mass Has Stronger Associations with Diabetes and Prediabetes than Other Anthropometric Obesity Indicators among Korean Adults. Yonsei Med J. 2016 May 1; 57 (3): 674–680.

4. Sheth SG, Chopra Sanjive. Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults [Интернет]. UpToDate. 2018. Доступно по адресу http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-features-anddiagnosis-of-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-in-adults.

5. Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Aug; 34 (3): 274–285.

6. Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2011 Jan; 140 (1): 124–131.

7. Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, et al. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. JAMA. 2015 Sep 8; 314 (1): 1021–1029.

8. Lopategi A, Lopez-Vicario C, Alcaraz-Quiles J, et al. Role of bioactive lipid mediators in obese adipose tissue inflammation and endocrine dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016 Jan 5; 419: 44–59.

9. Там же.

10. Claria J, Nguyen BT, Madenci AL, et al. Diversity of lipid mediators in human adipose tissue depots. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2013 Jun 15; 304 (12): C1141–1149.

11. Claria J, Dalli J, Yacoubian S, et al. Resolvin D1 and resolvin D2 govern local inflammatory tone in obese fat. J Immunol. 2012 Sep 1; 189 (5): 2597–2605.

12. Lopategi A, Lopez-Vicario C, Alcaraz-Quiles J, et al. Role of bioactive lipid mediators in obese adipose tissue inflammation and endocrine dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016 Jan 5; 419: 44–59.

13. White PJ, Arita M, Taguchi R, et al. Transgenic restoration of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in insulin target tissues improves resolution capacity and alleviates obesity-linked inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice. Diabetes. 2010 Dec; 59 (12): 3066–30673.

14. Neuhofer A, Zeyda M, Mascher D, et al. Impaired local production of proresolving lipid mediators in obesity and 17-HDHA as a potential treatment for obesity-associated inflammation. Diabetes. 2013 Jun; 62 (6): 1945–1956.

15. Hellmann J, Tang Y, Kosuri M, et al. Resolvin D1 decreases adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and improves insulin sensitivity in obese-diabetic mice. FASEB J. 2011 Jul; 25 (7): 2399–2407.

16. Lopategi A, Lopez-Vicario C, Alcaraz-Quiles J, et al. Role of bioactive lipid mediators in obese adipose tissue inflammation and endocrine dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016 Jan 5; 419: 44–59.

17. Там же.

18. Guyenet SJ, Carlson SE. Increase in adipose tissue linoleic acid of US adults in the last half century. Advances in Nutrition. 2015 Nov 1; 6 (6): 660–664.

19. Surette ME, Koumenis IL, Edens MB, et al. Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability of a novel dietary fatty acid formulation in healthy adult subjects. Clin Ther. 2003 Mar; 25 (3): 948–971.

20. James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan; 71 (1 Suppl): 343s–8s.

21. Manole, Bogdan A. “Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Global Fatty Oxidation in Adipocytes and Skeletal Muscle Cells” [honors thesis project]. University of Tennessee; 2011.

22. Ikemoto S, Takahashi M, Tsunoda N, et al. High-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and obesity in mice: differential effects of dietary oils. Metabolism. 1996 Dec; 45 (12): 1539–1546.

23. Hill JO, Peters JC, Lin D, et al. Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993 Apr; 17 (4): 223–236.

24. Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Kuda O, et al. Stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in white fat independent of UCP1: a key to lean phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 May; 1831 (5): 986–1003.

25. Flachs P, Horakova O, Brauner P, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat. Diabetologia. 2005 Nov; 48 (11): 2365–2375.

26. Hensler M, Bardova K, Jilkova ZM, et al. The inhibition of fat cell proliferation by n-3 fatty acids in dietary obese mice. Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Aug 2; 10: 128.

27. Ruzickova J, Rossmeisl M, Prazak T, et al. Omega-3 PUFA of marine origin limit diet-induced obesity in mice by reducing cellularity of adipose tissue. Lipids. 2004 Dec; 39 (12): 1177–1785.

28. Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008 Jun 5; 453 (7196): 783–787.

29. Azain MJ. Role of fatty acids in adipocyte growth and development. J Anim Sci. 2004 Mar; 82 (3): 916–924.

30. Hutley LJ, Newell FM, Joyner JM, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone and linoleic acid on human preadipocyte differentiation. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Jul; 33 (7): 574–581.

31. Alvheim AR, Malde MK, Osei-Hyiaman D, et al. Dietary linoleic acid elevates endogenous 2-AG and anandamide and induces obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Oct; 20 (1): 1984–1994.

32. Massiera F, Saint-Marc P, Seydoux J, et al. Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development: a human health concern? J Lipid Res. 2003 Feb; 44 (2): 271–279.

33. Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Robinson SM, et al. Maternal plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid status in late pregnancy is associated with offspring body composition in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan; 98 (1): 299–307.

34. Donahue SM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gold DR, et al. Prenatal fatty acid status and child adiposity at age 3 y: results from a US pregnancy cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Apr; 93 (4): 780–788.

35. Hill JO, Peters JC, Lin D, et al. Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993 Apr; 17 (4): 223–236.

36. Su W, Jones PJ. Dietary fatty acid composition influences energy accretion in rats. J Nutr. 1993 Dec; 123 (12): 2109–2114.

37. Baillie RA, Takada R, Nakamura M, et al. Coordinate induction of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and UCP-3 by dietary fish oil: a mechanism for decreased body fat deposition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.1999 MayJun; 60 (5–6): 351–356.

38. Belzung F, Raclot T, Groscolas R. Fish oil n-3 fatty acids selectively limit the hypertrophy of abdominal fat depots in growing rats fed high-fat diets. Am J Physiol. 1993 Jun; 264 (6 Pt 2): R1111–1118.

39. Kunesova M, Braunerova R, Hlavaty P, et al. The influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and very low calorie diet during a short-term weight reducing regimen on weight loss and serum fatty acid composition in severely obese women. Physiol Res. 2006; 55 (1): 63–72.

40. Там же.

41. Thorsdottir I, Tomasson H, Gunnarsdottir I, et al. Randomized trial of weightloss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Oct; 31 (1): 1560–1566.

42. Mater MK, Thelen AP, Pan DA, et al. Sterol response element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) is involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid suppression of hepatic S14 gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov; 274 (46): 32725–32732.

43. Hulbert AJ, Else PL. Membranes as possible pacemakers of metabolism. J Theor Biol. 1999 Aug 7; 199 (3): 257–274.

44. Allport S. The queen of fats: why omega-3s were removed from the western diet and what we can do to replace them. Oakland (CA): University of California Press; 2006. 232 p.

45. Hulbert AJ, Else PL. Membranes as possible pacemakers of metabolism. J Theor Biol.1999 Aug 7; 199 (3): 257–274.

46. Там же.

47. Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb; 93 (2): 402–412.

48. Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, et al. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jul; 102 (1): 115–122.

49. Gingras AA, White PJ, Chouinard PY, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids regulate bovine whole-body protein metabolism by promoting muscle insulin signalling to the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway and insulin sensitivity. J Physiol. 2007 Feb 15; 579 (Pt 1): 269–284.

50. Alexander JW, Saito H, Trocki O, et al. The importance of lipid type in the diet after burn injury. Ann Surg.1986 Jul; 204 (1): 1–8.

51. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Almendra CL, et al. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2005 Feb; 21 (2): 131–136.

52. Murphy RA, Mourtzakis M, Chu QS, et al. Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer. 2011 Apr 15; 117 (8): 1775–1782.

53. Rodacki CL, Rodacki AL, Pereira G, et al. Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb; 95 (2): 428–436.

54. Ryan AM, Reynolds JV, Healy L, et al. Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2009 Mar; 249 (3): 355–363.

55. Whitehouse AS, Smith HJ, Drake JL, et al. Mechanism of attenuation of skeletal muscle protein catabolism in cancer cachexia by eicosapentaenoic acid. Cancer Res. 2001 May; 61 (9): 3604–3609.

56. Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, et al. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jul; 102(1): 115–122.

57. Jucker BM, Cline GW, Barucci N, et al. Differential effects of safflower oil versus fish oil feeding on insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in skeletal muscle: a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study. Diabetes. 1999 Jan; 48 (1): 134–140.

58. Neschen S, Moore I, Regittnig W, et al. Contrasting effects of fish oil and safflower oil on hepatic peroxisomal and tissue lipid content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb; 282 (2): E395–401.

59. Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Bisoffi M, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Lipids Health Dis. 2012 Oct 30; 11: 142.

60. Rodacki CL, Rodacki AL, Pereira G, et al. Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb; 95 (2): 428–436.

61. Peoples GE, McLennan PL, Howe PR, et al. Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008 Dec; 52 (6): 540–547.

Глава восьмая

1. Van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Van der Kallen CJ, et al. Comparison of fatty acid proportions in serum cholesteryl esters among people with different glucose tolerance status: the CoDAM study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012 Feb; 22 (2): 133–140.

2. Van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Van der Kallen CJ, et al. Comparison of fatty acid proportions in serum cholesteryl esters among people with different glucose tolerance status: the CoDAM study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012 Feb; 22 (2): 133–140.

3. Adapted from Eicosanoids [Интернет]. Wikipedia. Доступно по адресу https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/EFA_to_Eicosanoids.svg.

4. Salomaa V, Ahola I, Tuomilehto J, et al. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters in different degrees of glucose intolerance: a populationbased study. Metabolism. 1990 Dec; 39 (1): 1285–1291.

5. Steffen LM, Vessby B, Jacobs DR, Jr., et al. Serum phospholipid and cholesteryl ester fatty acids and estimated desaturase activities are related to overweight and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Aug; 32 (8): 1297–1304.

6. Warensjo E, Rosell M, Hellenius ML, et al. Associations between estimated fatty acid desaturase activities in serum lipids and adipose tissue in humans: links to obesity and insulin resistance. Lipids Health Dis. 2009 Aug 27; 8: 37.

7. Pan DA, Lillioja S, Milner MR, et al. Skeletal muscle membrane lipid composition is related to adiposity and insulin action. J Clin Invest. 1995 Dec; 96 (6): 2802–2808.

8. Brenner RR. Hormonal modulation of delta6 and delta5 desaturases: case of diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Feb; 68 (2): 151–162.

9. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Gulley RM. Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Aug 4; 1213 (3): 277–288.

10. Там же.

11. Bezard J, Blond JP, Bernard A, et al. The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues. Reprod Nutr Dev.1994; 34 (6): 539–568.

12. St-Onge MP, Bosarge A, Goree LL, et al. Medium chain triglyceride oil consumption as part of a weight loss diet does not lead to an adverse metabolic profile when compared to olive oil. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Oct; 27 (5): 547–552.

13. Van Wymelbeke V, Himaya A, Louis-Sylvestre J, et al. Influence of mediumchain and long-chain triacylglycerols on the control of food intake in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug; 68 (2): 226–234.

14. Mumme K, Stonehouse W. Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Feb; 115 (2): 249–263.

15. Binnert C, Pachiaudi C, Beylot M, et al. Influence of human obesity on the metabolic fate of dietary long- and medium-chain triacylglycerols. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr; 67 (4): 595–601.

16. Assuncao ML, Ferreira HS, dos Santos AF, et al. Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesit y. Lipids. 2009 Jul; 44 (7): 593–601.

17. Liau KM, Lee YY, Chen CK, et al. An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. ISRN Pharmacol. 2011; 2011: 949686.

18. DeLany JP, Windhauser MM, Champagne CM, et al. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct; 72 (4): 905–911.

19. Lasekan JB, Rivera J, Hirvonen MD, et al. Energy expenditure in rats maintained with intravenous or intragastric infusion of total parenteral nutrition solutions containing medium- or long-chain triglyceride emulsions. J Nutr. 1992 Jul; 122 (7): 1483–1492.

20. DeLany JP, Windhauser MM, Champagne CM, et al. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct; 72 (4): 905–911.

21. Там же.

22. Leyton J, Drury PJ, Crawford MA. Differential oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vivo in the rat. Br J Nutr. 1987 May; 57 (3): 383–393.

23. Lasekan JB, Rivera J, Hirvonen MD, et al. Energy expenditure in rats maintained with intravenous or intragastric infusion of total parenteral nutrition solutions containing medium- or long-chain triglyceride emulsions. J Nutr.1992 Jul; 122 (7): 1483–1492.

24. McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pat hogenicit y. Open Heart. 2016 Jul 27; 3 (2): 105.

25. von Schacky C. Cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 Aug-Sep; 81(2–3): 193–198.

26. Там же.

27. Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. Altern Med Rev. 2004 Dec; 9 (4): 420–428.

28. Schuchardt JP, Schneider I, Meyer H, et al. Incorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations- a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Aug 22; 10: 145.

29. Neubronner J, Schuchardt JP, Kressel G, et al. Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in response to long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation from triacylglycerides versus ethyl esters. Eur J Clin Nutr.2011 Deb; 65 (2): 247–254.

30. Dyerberg J, Madsen P, Moller JM, et al. Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010 Sep; 83 (3): 137–1341.

31. Krill [Интернет]. Nat Geog. Доступно по ссылке http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/krill.

32. Ulven SM, Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, et al. Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers. Lipids. 2011 Jan; 46 (1): 37–46.

33. Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, et al. Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Nature. 2014 May 22; 509 (7501): 503–506.

34. Alakbarzade V, Hameed A, Quek DQ, et al. A partially inactivating mutation in the sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine transporter MFSD2A causes a non-lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat Genet. 2015 Jul; 47 (7): 814–817.

35. Guemez-Gamboa A, Nguyen LN, Yang H, et al. Inactivating mutations in MFSD2A, required for omega-3 fatty acid transport in brain, cause a lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat Genet. 2015 Jul; 47 (7): 809–813.

36. Nishida Y, Yamashita E, Miki W, et al. Quenching activities of common hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants against singlet oxygen using chemiluminescence detection system. Carotenoid Science. 2007 Jan; 11 (6): 16–20.

37. Corbin KD, Zeisel SH. Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012 Mar; 28 (2): 159–165.

38. Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, et al. Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Nature. 2014 May 22; 509 (7501): 503–506.

39. Alakbarzade V, Hameed A, Quek DQ, et al. A partially inactivating mutation in the sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine transporter MFSD2A causes a non-lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat Genet. 2015 Jul; 47 (7): 814–817.

40. Guemez-Gamboa A, Nguyen LN, Yang H, et al. Inactivating mutations in MFSD2A, required for omega-3 fatty acid transport in brain, cause a lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat Genet. 2015 Jul; 47 (7): 809–813.

41. MSC labelled Aker Biomarine krill products are from a sustainable and wellmanager fishery [Internet. Marine Stewardship Counci. 2018 Mar 27. Доступно по ссылке http://www.msc.org/newsroom/news/msc-labelled-aker-biomarine-krillproducts-are-from-a-sustainable-and-well-managed-fishery.

42. Ulven SM, Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, et al. Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers. Lipids. 2011 Jan; 46 (1): 37–46.

43. Krill oil. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2010 Apr; 15 (1): 84–86.

44. Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, et al. Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr Res. 2009 Sep; 29 (9): 609–615.

45. Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Feb; 26 (1): 39–48.

46. Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev. 2003 May; 8 (2): 171–179.

47. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2004 Mar; 9 (1): 70–78.

48. Там же.

49. Leventhal LJ, Boyce EG, Zurier RB. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gammalinolenic acid. Ann Intern Med.1993 Nov 1; 119 (9): 86–873.

50. Zurier RB, Rossetti RG, Jacobson EW, et al. gamma-Linolenic acid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum.1996 Nov; 39 (11): 1808–1817.

51. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2004 Mar; 9 (1): 70–78.

52. Leventhal LJ, Boyce EG, Zurier RB. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with blackcurrant seed oil. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Sep; 33 (9): 847–852.

53. Melnik BC, Plewig G. Is the origin of atopy linked to deficient conversion of omega-6-fatty acids to prostaglandin E1? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989 Sep; 21 (3 Pt 1): 557–563.

54. Morse PF, Horrobin DF, Manku MS, et al. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response. Br J Dermatol. 1989 Jul; 121 (1): 75–90.

55. Horrobin DF. Nutritional and medical importance of gamma-linolenic acid. Prog Lipid Res. 1992; 31 (2): 163–194.

56. Hansen AE. Essential fatty acids and infant nutrition; Borden award address. Pediatrics. 1958 Mar; 21 (3): 494–501.

57. Kruger MC, Coetzer H, de Winter R, et al. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano). 1998 Oct; 10 (5): 385–394.

58. Barabino S, Rolando M, Camicione P, et al. Systemic linoleic and gammalinolenic acid therapy in dry eye syndrome with an inflammatory component. Cornea. 2003 Mar; 22 (2): 97–101.

59. Surette ME, Stull D, Lindemann J. The impact of a medical food containing gammalinolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids on asthma management and the quality of life of adult asthma patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Feb; 24 (2): 559–567.

60. Brush MG, Watson SJ, Horrobin DF, et al. Abnormal essential fatty acid levels in plasma of women with premenstrual syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Oct; 150 (4): 363–366.

61. Arnold LE, Pinkham SM, Votolato N. Does zinc moderate essential fatty acid and amphetamine treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000 Summer; 10 (2): 111–117.

62. Guillaume D, Charrouf Z. Argan oil. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2011 Sep; 16 (3): 275–279.

63. Charrouf Z, Guillaume D. Should the amazigh diet (regular and moderate arganoil consumption) have a beneficial impact on human health? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010 May; 50 (5): 473–477.

64. Guillaume D, Charrouf Z. Argan oil. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2011 Sep; 16 (3): 275–279.

65. Там же.

66. Harhar H, Gharby S, Kartah B, et al. Influence of argan kernel roasting-time on virgin argan oil composition and oxidative stability. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011 Jan; 66 (2): 163–168.

67. Guillaume D, Charrouf Z. Argan oil. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2011 Sep; 16 (3): 275–279.

68. Там же.

69. Dobrev H. Clinical and instrumental study of the efficacy of a new sebum control cream. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Jun; 6 (2): 113–118.

70. Berrougui H, Ettaib A, Herrera Gonzalez MD, et al. Hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effect of argan oil (Argania spinosa L.) in Meriones shawi rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Nov; 89 (1): 15–18.

71. Derouiche A, Cherki M, Drissi A, et al. Nutritional intervention study with argan oil in man: effects on lipids and apolipoproteins. Ann Nutr Metab.2005 MayJun; 49 (3): 196–201.

72. Berrougui H, Cloutier M, Isabelle M, et al. Phenolic-extract from argan oil (Argania spinosa L.) inhibits human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and enhances cholesterol efflux from human THP-1 macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 2006 Feb; 184 (2): 389–396.

73. Cherki M, Derouiche A, Drissi A, et al. Consumption of argan oil may have an antiatherogenic effect by improving paraoxonase activities and antioxidant status: Intervention study in healthy men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2005 Oct; 15 (5): 352–360.

74. Ould Mohamedou MM, Zouirech K, El Messal M, et al. Argan oil exerts an antiatherogenic effect by improving lipids and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in type 2 diabetes patients. Int J Endocrinol. 2011; 2011: 747835.

75. Там же.

76. Haimeur A, Messaouri H, Ulmann L, et al. Argan oil prevents prothrombotic complications by lowering lipid levels and platelet aggregation, enhancing oxidative status in dyslipidemic patients from the area of Rabat (Morocco). Lipids Health Dis. 2013; 12: 107.

77. Там же.

78. Mekhfi H, Belmekki F, Ziyyat A, et al. Antithrombotic activity of argan oil: an in vivo experimental study. Nutrition. 2012 Sep; 28 (9): 937–941.

79. El Midaoui A, Haddad Y, Couture R. Beneficial effects of argan oil on blood pressure, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in rat. Nutrition. 2016 Oct; 32 (10): 1132–1137.

80. Bellahcen S, Hakkou Z, Ziyyat A, et al. Antidiabetic and antihypertensive effect of Virgin Argan Oil in model of neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic and l-nitroarginine methylester (l-NAME) hypertensive rats. J. Complement Integr Med. 2013 Jul 6; 10.

81. Berrougui H, Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Perez-Guerrero C, et al. Argan (Argania spinosa) oil lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Nutr. 2004 Dec; 92 (6): 921–929.

82. Berrada Y, Settaf A, Baddouri K, et al. [Experimental evidence of an antihypertensive and hypocholesterolemic effect of oil of argan, Argania sideroxylon]. Therapie. 2000 May-Jun; 55 (3): 375–378.

83. Guillaume D, Charrouf Z. Argan oil. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2011 Sep; 16 (3): 275–279.

Глава девятая

1. Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, et al. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutr J. 2010 Mar; 9: 10.

2. Moyad MA. An introduction to dietary/supplemental omega-3 fatty acids for general health and prevention: part I. Urol Oncol. 2005 Jan-Feb; 23 (1): 28–35.

3. Arab-Tehrany E, Jacquot M, Gaiani C, et al. Beneficial effects and oxidative stability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2012 May; 25 (1): 24–33.

4. Адаптировано из Arab-Tehrany E, Jacquot M, Gaiani C, et al. Beneficial effects and oxidative stability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2012 May; 25 (1): 24–33.

5. How safe is your shrimp? [Интернет]. Consumer Reports. 2015 Apr 24 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/06/shrimp-safety/index.htm.

6. Wild caught vs. farm raised [Интернет]. Carson & Co. [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://www.carsonandcompany.net/shrimp-products/wild-caughtshrimp-vs-farm-raised.

7. Au WW. Susceptibility of children to environmental toxic substances. Int J Hyg Env Health. 2002; 205 (1). Available from http://www.citizen.org/cmep/article_redirect.cfm?ID=12706.

8. DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, Chatterjee S, et al. A higher dietary ratio of longchain omega-3 to total omega-6 fatty acids for prevention of COX-2-dependent adenocarcinomas. Nutr Cancer. 2014; 66 (8): 1279–1284.

9. Selfnutritiondata. http://nutritiondata.self.com. Открыто 12 февраля 2018.

10. Herrera-Camacho J, Soberano-Martinez A, Orozco Duran KE. Effect of fatty acids on reproductive performance of ruminants. Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals. 2011 Jun 21: 217–242. Доступно по ссылке http://www.intechopen.com/books/artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals/effect-of-fatty-acids-onreproductive-performance-of-ruminants.

11. USDA Food Composition Databases [Интернет]. Доступно по ссылке https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb.

12. Adapted from Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CM, McCullough R, et al. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010 Nov; 26 (9): 489–496.

13. James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan; 71 (1 Suppl): 343s–348s.

14. Rallidis LS, Paschos G, Liakos GK, et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Atherosclerosis. 2003 Apr; 167 (2): 237–242.

15. Paschos GK, Rallidis LS, Liakos GK, et al. Background diet influences the antiinflammatory effect of alpha-linolenic acid in dyslipidaemic subjects. Br J Nutr. 2004 Oct; 92 (4): 649–655.

16. Bemelmans WJ, Lefrandt JD, Feskens EJ, et al. Increased alpha-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein, but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul; 58 (7): 1083–1089.

17. Allman MA, Pena MM, Pang D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Mar; 49 (3): 169–178.

18. Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr. 2004 Nov; 134 (11): 2991–2997.

19. Faintuch J, Horie LM, Barbeiro HV, et al. Systemic inflammation in morbidly obese subjects: response to oral supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid. Obes Surg. 2007 Mar; 17 (3): 341–347.

20. Mandasescu S, Mocanu V, Dascalita AM, et al. Flaxseed supplementation in hyperlipidemic patients. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005 Jul-Sep; 109 (3): 502–506.

21. Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, et al. Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Feb; 27 (1): 65–74.

22. Mandasescu S, Mocanu V, Dascalita AM, et al. Flaxseed supplementation in hyperlipidemic patients. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005 Jul-Sep;109 (3): 502–506.

23. Kawakami Y, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Naniwa-Kuroki Y, et al. Flaxseed oil intake reduces serum small dense low-density lipoprotein concentrations in Japanese men: a randomized, double blind, crossover study. Nutr J. 2015 Apr 21; 14: 39.

24. Там же.

25. Manda D, Giurcaneanu G, Ionescu L, et al. Lipid profile after alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) enrichedeggs diet: a study on healthy volunteers. Archiva Zootechnica. 2008; 11 (2): 35–41.

26. Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, et al. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutr J. 2010 Mar; 9: 10.

27. Там же.

28. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000 Jan; 223 (1): 8–13.

29. Moon HS. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acid on obesity-related cancers. Chem Biol Interact. 2014 Dec 5; 224: 189–195.

30. Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, et al. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutrition journal. 2010; 9: 10.

31. Dhiman TR, Anand GR, Satter LD, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J Dairy Sci. 1999 Oct; 82 (1): 2146–2156.

32. Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, et al. A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015; 12: 36.

33. McCrorie TA, Keaveney EM, Wallace JM, et al. Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements. Nutr Res Rev. 2011 Dec; 24 (2): 206–227.

34. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoivik HO, et al. Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese. Br J Nutr. 2007 Mar; 97 (3): 550–560.

35. Wang Y, Jones PJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun; 79 (6 Suppl): 1153s–1158s.

36. Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, et al. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutr J. 2010 Mar; 9: 10.

37. Там же.

38. Там же.

39. Там же.

40. Descalzo AM, Rossetti L, Grigioni G, et al. Antioxidant status and odour profile in fresh beef from pasture or grain-fed cattle. Meat Sci. 2007 Feb; 75 (2): 299–307.

41. Gatellier P, Mercier Y, Renerre M. Effect of diet finishing mode (pasture or mixed diet) on antioxidant status of Charolais bovine meat. Meat Sci. 2004 Jul; 67 (3): 385–394.

42. Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, et al. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutr J. 2010 Mar; 9: 10.

43. Mercola J. The unsavory aspects of farmed shrimp [Интернет]. Mercola. 2013 Aug 14 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/08/14/farmed-shrimp.aspx.

44. How safe is your shrimp? [Интернет]. Consumer Reports. 2015 Apr 24 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/06/shrimp-safety/index.htm.

45. Gunnars K. Grass-fed vs. grain-fed beef – what’s the difference? [Интернет]. Healthline. 2018 May 7 [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке https://authoritynutrition.com/grass-fed-vs-grain-fed-beef.

46. Robinson J. Health benefits of grass-fed products [Интернет]. Eatwild. [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Available from http://www.eatwild.com/healthbenefits.htm.

47. Там же.

48. Chicken, broilers or fryers, back, meat and skin, cooked, rotisserie, original seasoning [Интернет]. Selfnutritiondata [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/poultry-products/10483/2.

49. Pork, fresh, loin, blade (chops), bone-in, separable lean and fat, cooked, braised [Интернет]. Selfnutritiondata [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/pork-products/2120/2.

50. Beef, tenderloin, separable lean and fat, trimmed to 0” fat, all grades, cooked, broiled [Интернет]. Selfnutritiondata [открыто 4 июня 2018]. Доступно по ссылке http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/3574/2.

Назад: Заключение

Дальше: Об авторах