Войти в систему
Войти с помощью соц. сетей:
Выражаю благодарность Британской академии, чей грант по программе Сотрудничества по повышению квалификации (Mid-Career Fellowship) позволил мне выделить время для исследований и написания этой книги.
Флоренс Ходус оказывала постоянную помощь, не только проверяя предлагаемые мною доказательства, но и помогая мне найти и понять загадочные китайские тексты.
Я хотел бы выразить признательность за терпение и понимание моему сыну Оскару, который получил музыкальное образование в Фалмутском университете; моей дочери Элле, успешно окончившей подготовительные курсы для поступления в Ньюкаслский университет, – и все это в то время, когда я эгоистично думал лишь о махинациях и интригах средневековых Чингисидов; и моей жене Ассумпте за ее тихое одобрение и безропотную поддержку, благодаря которым я смог завершить этот проект.
Спасибо моим друзьям и коллегам, делившимся советами, знаниями, практической помощью и предположениями все те годы, когда я собирал материалы для этого компактного маленького издания, и кого я теперь могу винить за любые ошибки и неточности, которые могли в нем остаться.
И наконец, слова благодарности Алексу Райту, чьи настойчивость, терпение и восторженная поддержка позволили воплотить эту книгу в жизнь.
1. О значении этого титула см.: Peter Jackson. World-conquest and local accommodation: Threat and blandishment in Mongol diplomacy // History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Judith Pfeiffer and Sholeh A. Quinn (eds). Weisbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006. P. 4.
2. Rashid al-Din. Jāma’ al-tavārīkh. Mohammad Roushan and Mustafa Musavi (eds). Tehran: Nashr Elborz, 1373/1994; Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Jami‘u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles (Tome 1). Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.) // Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties. Vol. 3. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012 [одинаковая пагинация с персидским изданием 1994 г.]. P. 386. Здесь и далее будут указываться только страницы издания 1994 г., так как они используются в издании 2012 года от I.B. Tauris.
3. Qutb al-Din Shirazi. The Mongols in Iran: Qutb Al-Din Shirazi’s Akhbar-iMoghulan. George Lane (tr.). London: Routledge, 2018; о Балджуне см.: Francis W. Cleaves. The historicity of the Baljuna covenant // Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 18/3–4 (December 1955). P. 357–421.
4. ‘Ala al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juwayni. Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror. John Andrew Boyle (tr. and ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997. P. 107; Tārīkh-i-Jahān Gushā. Mizra Muhammad Qazvini (ed.). Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 1958. P. 84. URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001086/ 108630Eb.pdf
5. Цит. по: Nicola di Cosmo. Climate Change and the Rise of an Empire // Institute for Advanced Study Letter. Princeton: East Asian Studies, 2014. URL: https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2014/dicosmo-mongol-climate
6. См. также: Rashid al-Din. Jāma’ al-tavārīkh. Mohammad Roushan and Mustafa Musavi (eds). Tehran: Nashr Elborz, 1373/1994. P. 230.
1. Вассаф Аль-Хазрат цит. по: Bertold Spuler. History of the Mongols: Based on Eastern and Western Accounts of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Helga and Stuart Drummond (tr.). New York: Dorset Press, 1968. P. 117.
2. Zhao Gong. A Complete Record of the Mong Tatars (неопубликованный перевод на англ. яз. Кристофера Атвуда при помощи Линн Струве, 2010).
3. См.: Christopher Atwood. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File, 2004. P. 390, 529.
4. The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic of the Thirteenth Century. Igor de Rachewiltz (tr.). Leiden: Brill, 2006. Vol. 1. P. 170 [245]; эта интерпретация ныне оспаривается.
5. Ibid. Vol. 1. P. 133 [202].
6. Owen Lattimore. Inner Asian Frontiers: Defensive empires and conquest empires // Owen Lattimore (ed.). Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers 1928–1958. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. P. 501–513.
7. De Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 1. P. 133 [202], 170 [245].
8. О роли женщин в Империи см.: Bruno de Nicola. The Khātūns: A History of Women in the Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017; George Lane. Daily Life in the Mongol Empire. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. P. 227–256.
9. George Lane. Soghaghtani Beki // The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Natana J. DeLong-Bas (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. URL: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t355/e0360
10. George Lane. Qutlugh Terkan Khatun // The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Natana J. DeLong-Bas (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. URL: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t355/e0031
11. Общий обзор см.: Richard C. Foltz. Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999; см. также классическую работу: Devin DeWeese. Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
12. David Morgan. The Mongols. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. P. 40.
13. Edward Gibbon. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Methuen, 1905–1906. Vol. 7. P. 4; цит. по: Morgan. The Mongols. P. 37.
14. George Lane. Intellectual Jousting and the Chinggisid Wisdom Bazaar // The Mongols and Post-Mongol Asia: Studies in Honour of David O. Morgan. Peter Jackson and Timothy May (eds). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26/1–2 (2016). P. 235–247.
15. Peter Jackson (tr. and ed.) and David Morgan. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke, 1253–1255. London: Haylayut Publications, 1990.
16. Charles Melville. Padshah-i Islam: the conversion of Sultan Mahmud Ghazan Khan // Pembroke Papers 1 (1990). P. 159–177.
1. Igor de Rachewiltz (tr.). The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 2006. Vol. 1. P. xxv.
2. Литература по этому противоречивому вопросу все растет, начать знакомство с нею можно со статьи: Igor de Rachewiltz. Some remarks on the dating of the Secret History of the Mongols // Monumenta Serica 24/1 (1965). P. 185–206.
3. См. также: Urgunge Onon (tr.). Chinggis Khan: The Golden History of the Mongols. London: Folio Society, 1993. P. 14, 15.
4. Ibid. P. 14
5. См.: de Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 1. P. 348 [78].
6. Из «Юань ши» («История Юань»), цит. по: Paul Ratchnevsky. Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Thomas N. Haining (tr.). Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. P. 24.
7. См. также: Urgunge Onon (tr.). Chinggis Khan: The Golden History of the Mongols. London: Folio Society, 1993. P. 33.
8. Ibid. P. 28, 29.
9. Ratchnevsky. P. 71.
10. См.: de Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 2. P. 655–658.
11. Ratchnevsky. P. 148.
12. Onon. P. 80.
13. См.: de Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 2. P. 748–757 [201].
14. Onon. P. 129; de Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 1. P. 170 [245].
15. Onon. P. 102; de Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 1. P. 133 [202].
16. См.: de Rachewiltz. Secret History. Vol. 2. P. 758 [202]; Peter Jackson. World-conquest and local accommodation: Threat and blandishment in Mongol diplomacy // Judith Pfeiffer and Sholeh A. Quinn (eds). History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006. P. 4.
17. См. также: Ratchnevsky. P. 153.
1. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Mongol Empire rode wave of mild climate, says study. URL: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/mongol-empire-rodewave-mild-climate-says-study#.U70a-OyFBoM.gmail
2. Использование пороха монголами – дискуссионный вопрос, но интересующимся этой темой можно посоветовать: Stephen Haw. Cathayan arrows and meteors: the origins of Chinese rocketry // Journal of Chinese Military History 2/1 (2013). P. 28–42; Stephen Haw. The Mongol Empire: the first «gunpowder empire»? // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23/3 (2013). P. 441–469.
3. Minhaj al-Din ibn Siraj Juzjani. Tabakāt-I-Nāsirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindustan; from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islam. H.G. Raverty (tr.). New Delhi: Oriental Books, 1970. Vol. 2. P. 302.
4. Ibn al-Athir. The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace. D.S. Richards (tr.). London: Routledge, 2010. Part 3. P. 261.
5. Michal Biran. Like a mighty wall: the armies of the Qara Khitai (1124–1218) // Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 25 (2001). P. 44–91.
6. Arudi. Chahar Maqala: Four Discourses. E.G. Browne (tr.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921. P. 24.
7. Juzjani. P. 103.
8. Zahir al-Din Nishaburi. History of the Seljuk Turks. K. Luther (tr.). London: Curzon, 2001. P. 161–164; Ibn al-Athir. D.S. Richards. Part 3. P. 14, 15; Raverty. Vol. 1. P. 242, 243.
9. См.: W. Barthold. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. London: E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust, Luzac & Co., 1977, 4th ed. P. 372–375; Edward G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1902. Vol. 2. P. 435, 436.
10. Ibn al-Athir. D.S. Richards. Part 3. P. 261; см. также: P. 205.
11. A History of the Crusades. Marshall W. Baldwin and Kenneth M. Setton (eds). Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Vol. 3. P. 671.
12. Shihab al-Din Mohammad Nasawi. Biography of Jajal al-Din Mingubirti, Octave Houdas (tr.) Paris: 1895. P. 44, 77; в иранской редакции: Sirat-I Djalaluddin. Mujtaba Minuwi (ed.). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications, 1986. P. 38, 62, 329.
13. Juzjani, Raverty. Vol. 1. P. 300.
14. Petrushevski. Pokhod. P. 127, n.16., цит. по: Paul Ratchnevsky. Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Thomas N. Haining (tr.). Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. P. 124.
15. См. цитату в: Ratchnevsky. P. 124.
16. Ibid.
17. Juzjani. P. 103; Raverty. P. 965.
18. Juzjani. P. 102; Raverty. P. 963.
19. См.: Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juwayni. Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. John Andrew Boyle (tr. and ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997. P. 370–373, n. 29.
20. Works of the Peking Mission. Vol. iv. P. 291–292, цит. по: W. Barthold. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. P. 394.
21. Barthold. P. 397; Nasawi, цит. по: Ratchnevsky. P. 122.
22. Juzjani. P. 124; Raverty. P. 1040.
23. Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Gregory Ab’l Faraj the Son of Aaron Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus Being the First Part of His Political History. E.A. Wallis Budge (tr.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2003. P. 357. URL: https://archive.org/details/BarHebraeusChronography
24. Juzjani. P. 104; Raverty. P. 968: «Шесть сотен [или 700 000 на с. 273] знамен были выставлены, и под каждым было по тысяче всадников, и шестьсот тысяч лошадей принадлежали богатырям».
25. Цит. по: David Morgan. The Mongol armies in Persia // Der Islam 56/1 (1979). P. 83.
26. Ibid. P. 86.
27. Низам ад-Дин, Фаваид аль-фуад, пер. Де Виза, цит. по: Devlin DeWeese. Stuck in the throat of Chingīz Khān // Judith Pfeiffer and Sholeh A. Quinn (eds). History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006. P. 32.
28. Dawlatshah. Tadhkiratu ‘sh-Shu’ara. E.G. Browne (ed.). London and Leiden: Brill, 1901. P. 134, 135.
29. По этому вопросу см.: DeWeese. Stuck in the throat. P. 23–60.
30. Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Abu’l-Faraj Bar Hebraeus. Ernest Wallis Budge (tr.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932; reprint, Amsterdam: APA Philo Press, 1976. P. 394.
31. Juwayni. Qazvini. Vol. 2. P. 190–192; см.: George Lane. Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge, 2003. P. 210.
32. Juzjani, Raverty. Vol. 2. P. 121.
33. Sayf b. Mohammad b. Yaqub al-Herawi, Tārīkh-i-Herātnāma, Ghulamreza Tabataba’i Majd (ed.). Tehran: National Library, 2006. P. 118.
34. Sayf b. Mohammad b. Yaqub al-Haravi, Tārīkhnāmeh ye Herāt, Ghulamreza Tabataba’i Majd (ed.). Tehran: Ketabkhana Melli, 1383/2004. P. 101.
35. The Impact of the Mongol invasions on Iran, Iraq and Central Asia: a revaluation: устный доклад проф. Чарльза П. Мелвилля, прочитанный 12 марта 1997 года для Нью-йоркского индо-монгольского общества (Indo-Mongolian Society of New York) в Нью-Йоркском университете.
1. Mustawfi. Hamdallah Qazvini, Zafarnama. Fatemeh ‘Alaqeh (ed.). Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2011. Vol. 7. P. 317; Edward G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia, III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1902. P. 97, 98.
2. По Библии, Гог – враждебная сила под властью Сатаны, которая явит себя перед концом света (Откровение 20). В соответствущем разделе Откровения Иоанна Богослова, а также в иной христианской и иудейской литературе Гогу сопутствует вторая враждебная сила – Магог. Но в других источниках (Иезекииль 38; Бытие 10:2) Магог – место, откуда происходит Гог. См. соответствующие статьи в Энциклопедии Британника, а также статью С.С. Аверинцева «Гог и магог» в «Мифах народов мира», т. 1.
3. David Nicolle and Viacheslav Shpakovsky. Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan’s Mongols Invade Russia. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2001; см.: Leo de Hartog. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. P. 121.
4. См.: Denis Sinor. Horse and pasture in Inner Asian history // Oriens Extremus 19/1–2 (1972). P. 181, 182.
5. Stephen Haw. The death of two khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260 // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Asian Studies 76/3 (2013). P. 361–371.
6. См.: Jean Aubin. L’ethnogénèse des Qaraunas // Turcica 1 (1969). P. 65–94.
7. Juzjani. P. 218, Raverty. P. 1292; см. также: Jackson. The dissolution. P. 223, 224.
8. См.: George Lane. The Dali Stele // I. Binbaş and N. Kiliс-Schubel (eds). Horizons of the World: Festchrift for Isenbike Togan. Istanbul: I’thaki, 2011. P. 79–118.
9. Ivan Andreevski (ed.). A treaty between Novgorod and the Hanseatic League, 1270 // Mediaeval Russia: A Source Book 900–1700. Basil Dmytryshyn (ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973. P. 132–137.
10. Henry H. Howorth. History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century. Boston: Elibron Classics, 2003. Part. 2, div. 2. P. 139.
11. См.: Colin Heywood. Filling the black hole: the emergence of the Bithynian atamanates // Ottomanica and Meta-Ottomanica: Studies In and Around Ottoman History, 13–18th Centuries Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2013.
12. Sharaf al-Din Wassaf. Tārīkh-i-Wassāf, facsimile edn. Tehran: Ketāb-khāna Ibn Sīnā, 1959. P. 398, 399; Abdol Mohammad Ayati. Tahrir-I Tarikh-I Vassaf. Tehran: Institute for Cultural Studies and Research, 1993. P. 221, 222; Howorth. Part. 3, div. 1. P. 146.
13. Rashid al-Din. P. 748, 1299.
14. Mustawfi. Zafarnama // Zafarnamā of Mustawfī. L.J. Ward (ed.). 3 vols. PhD diss., Manchester University, 1983. Vol. 2. P. 539.
15. О торговле на Черном море и роли Чингисидов в ней см.: Nicola di Cosmo. Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea // Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World. Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (eds). London and Leiden: Brill, 2005. P. 391–424.
16. Howorth. Part. 3, div. 1. P. 149, 150.
17. Mustawfi. Zafarnama. Ward (tr.). Vol. 3. P. 630, 631.
18. Howorth. Part. 3, div. 1. P. 173.
19. Габриэль де Муссис, цит. по: Rosemary Horrox. The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. P. 17.
20. См.: Nicola di Cosmo. Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea // Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World. Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran. London and Leiden: Brill, 2005. P. 413–415.
21. Khwandamir // Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Islamic World. Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.). London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Vol. 2. P. 42.
22. Ibid. P. 294.
23. Ibid. P. 130.
24. Ibid. P. 42; Zayn al-Din Mustawfi Qazvini. Dayl-i Tārīkh-i Guzīda, Iraj Afshar (ed.). Tehran: Mawqufat-i-Duktur Mahmud Afshar Yazdi, 1993. P. 57, 58.
25. Khwandamir. P. 132; см. также: Ibn Bazzaz Ardibili. Ghulamreza Tabataba’i Majd (ed.). Satwat al-Safā. Tabriz: Intersharat-i-Zaryab, 1376/1997. P. 1081.
26. Zayn al-Din Mustawfi Qazvini. P. 63.
27. Ibid. P. 64; об этом эпизоде см.: P. 59–65.
28. Kamal al-Din ‘Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi. Matla’-i Sa’dayn wa Majma’-i Bahrayn. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2004. Vol. 1, pt. 1. P. 315.
29. Zayn al-Din Mustawfi Qazvini. P. 64.
1. См.: Kirakos Ganjakets’i. History of the Armenians. Robert Bedrosian (tr.). New York: Sources of the Armenian Tradition, 1986. Ch. 20
2. Khwandamir // Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Islamic World. Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.). London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Vol. 2. P. 83.
3. О Хайду см.: Michal Biran. Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia. Richmond: Curzon, 1997.
4. Jamal al-Din Abu al-Qasim Qashani. Tārīkh-i-Uljaytū. Mahin Hambly (ed.). Tehran: B.T.N.K., 1969. P. 32.
5. Khwandamir // Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.). Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Islamic World. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Vol. 2. P. 51.
6. Ibid.
1. Hamdallah Mustawfi. Ẓafarnāmah und Shāhnāma. Facsimile of British Library doc. Tehran and Vienna: Iran University Press, 1999. P. 1166; L.J. Ward (tr.). Zafarnamā of Mustawfī. 3 vols. PhD diss., Manchester University, 1983. Vol. 2. P. 5–6.
2. Baidawi. Melville (tr.) // From Adam to Abaqa: Qādī Baidāwī’s rearrangement of history. Part II. Studia Iranica 36/1 (2007). P. 52, 53.
3. Mustawfi. Zafarnama. P. 10. Пер. Л. Уорда, если не указано другое.
4. Mohammad b. Ali b. Mohammad Shabankara‘i, Majma’ al-‘Ansāb, Mir Hashem Mohadith (ed). Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1363/1984. P. 259, 260; анонимный Tārīkh-i Shāhī. Ibrahim Parizi (ed). Tehran: Baniard Farhang, Iran, 2535/1976. P. 287, 289.
5. Sheila S. Blair. The Ilkhanid Palace // Ars Orientalis 23 (1993). P. 243, 244; Oleg Grabar and Sheila Blair. Epic Images and Contemporary History: The Illustrations of the Great Mongol Shahnama. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. P. 25; Abolala Soudavar. The saga of Abu-Sa‘id Bahādor Khān: the Abu-Sa‘idnāme // Teresa Fitzherbert and Julian Raby (eds). The Court of the Ilkhans, 1290–1340. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. P. 97; Bernard O’Kane. Persian poetry on Ilkhanid art and architecture // Linda Komaroff (ed.). Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2006. P. 353; Marianna Shreve-Simpson. In the beginning: frontispieces and front matter in Ilkhanid and Injuid manuscripts // Linda Komaroff (ed.). Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2006. P. 241.
6. См.: George Lane. Soghaghtani Beki // Natana J. DeLong-Bas (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. URL: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t355/e0360
7. Bar Hebraeus or Ibn al-’Ibri. Kitāb mukhtaşar al-duwal. A. Salihani (ed.). 2nd edn. Beirut: al-Maṭba’at al-Kāthūlīkiyeh. 1890, rpt 1985. P. 281.
8. Jamal al-Din Abu al-Qasim Qashani. Tārīkh-i-Uljaytū, Mahin Hambly (ed.). Tehran: B.N.T.K., 1969. P. 107.
9. Ibn Bazzaz Ardibili. Ṣatwat al-Ṣafā. Ghulamreza Tabataba‘i Majd (ed.). Tabriz: Intersharat-i-Zaryāb, 1376/1997. P. 195; насчет этого вопроса см.: Michal Biran. The Islamisation of Hülegü: imaginary conversion in the Ilkhanate // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26/1–2 (January 2016). P. 79–88.
10. См.: Biran. The Islamisation of Hülegü.
11. См.: Nadia Eboo Jamal. Surviving the Mongols: Nizari Quhistani and the Continuity of Ismaili Tradition in Persia. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003.
12. См.: George Lane. Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge, 2003. P. 177–212.
13. Qutb al-Din Shirazi. Akhbār-ye Moghūlān: The Mongols in Iran. George Lane (tr.). London: Routledge, 2018. P. 23.
14. Ibid. P. 30.
15. Ibn Tabatani al-Fakhri. Tārīkh-i-Fakhrī. On the Systems of Government and the Muslim Dynasties. Charles Whitting (tr.). London: Luzac & Co., 1947. P. 43.
16. Michal Biran. Music in the Mongol conquest of Baghdad: Ṣafī al-Dīn Urmawī and the Ilkhanid Circle of Musicians // The Mongols’ Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Bruno de Nicola and Charles Melville (eds). London: Brill, 2016. P. 133–154.
17. О Багдаде см.: George Lane. A tale of two cities: the liberation of Baghdad and Hangzhou and the rise of the Toluids // Central Asiatic Journal 56 (2012/2013). P. 103–132.
18. См.: Peter Jackson. The dissolution of the Mongol Empire // Central Asiatic Journal 22 (1978). P. 222–227.
19. Shirazi. P. 39, 40.
20. Mustawfi. Zafarnama. Vol. 2. P. 204.
21. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. John Boyle (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. P. 370, 541; https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366
22. Peter Jackson. The Mongols and the Islamic World: from Conquest to Conversion. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017. P. 272, 293, 296.
23. Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Gregory Ab’l Faraj the Son of Aaron Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus Being the First Part of His Political History. E.A. Wallis Budge (tr.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2003. P. 490. URL: https://archive.org/details/BarHebraeusChronography
24. Wassaf Shirazi. Tārīkh-i-Waşşāf (facsimile edition). Tehran: Ketāb-khāna Ibn Sīnā, 1959. P. 247; Edward G. Browne (tr.). A Literary History of Persia. Vol. 3. P. 35, 36.
25. Mustawfi. Zafarnama. P. 349.
26. Это можно оспорить, см.: Cambridge History of Iran (CHI). P. 374.
27. Wassaf. P. 279; ср.: D’Ohsson, цит. в: CHI. P. 376.
28. Hetoum. The Flower of Histories of the East. Robert Bedrosian (tr.). Сh. 39. URL: http://www.attalus.org/armenian/hetumtoc.html; Hetoum. A Lytell Cronycle: Richard Pynson’s Translation (c.1520) of ‘La Fleur des histoires de la Terre d’Orient’ (c.1307). Glenn Burger (ed.). Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1988.
29. Об обращении Газана см.: Charles Melville. Padshah-i Islam: the conversion of Sultan Mahmud Ghazan Khan // Pembroke Papers 1 (1990). P. 159–177.
30. См.: Krawulsky, Dorathea. The Mongol Ilkhans and Their Vizier Rashīd al-Dīn. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2011.
31. Hetoum. Bedrosian. Сh. 24.
32. Об этом феномене см.: Lane. Early Mongol Rule; Ahmet T. Karamustafa. Gods Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period, 1200–1550. London: Oneworld Publications, 2006.
33. См.: Charles Melville. Jāme‘ al-tawāriḵ // Encyclopaedia Iranica XIV/5. P. 462–468; Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Jami‘u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles. Tome 1. Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.) // Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties. Vol. 3. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. P. vii – xiv.
34. Цит. по: Thomas Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. P. 32.
35. Rashid al-Din. Jāma’ al-tavārīkh. Mohammad Roushan and Mustafa Mūsavī (eds). Tehran: Nashr Elborz, 1373/1994; Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Jami‘u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles. Tome 1. Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.) // Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties. Vol. 3. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012). Story 39. P. 1537–1539.
36. Awliya Allah Amuli. Tārikh-i Rūyān, Manuchihr Sutudah (ed.). Tehran: Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān, 1969. P. 178.
37. Ibid.
38. Abi Bakr Qutbi Ahari. Tavārīkh-i Shaykh Uwais. Iraj Afshar (ed.). Tabriz: Sotudeh, 2010/1389); Tavārīkh-i-Shaykh Uvais. J.B. van Loon (tr. and ed.). The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1954.
39. Подробнее о Султании см.: Mustawfi’s Zafarnama. P. 555–567; о любви Чингисидов к дискуссиям см.: George Lane. Intellectual Jousting and the Chinggisid Wisdom Bazaar // Peter Jackson and Timothy May (eds). The Mongols and Post-Mongol Asia: Studies in Honour of David O. Morgan, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26/1–2 (2016). P. 235–247.
40. Qashani. P. 98.
41. Ibid. P. 99.
42. См. Charles Melville. Chopanids // Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. V. Fasc. 5. P. 496–502.
43. Mustawfi. Zafarnama. P. 656.
44. Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta AD1325–1354, H.A.R. Gibb and C.F. Beckingham (trs). Cambridge: The Hakluyt Society, 2010. Vol. 2. P. 341; о Багдад-хатун см.: George Lane. Baghdad Khatun // Natana J. DeLong-Bas (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. URL: http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t355/e0005
45. Khwandamir // Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.). Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Islamic World. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Vol. 2. P. 118, 119.
46. Ibn Battuta. Vol. 2. P. 340.
47. Hetoum. Bedrosian. Ch. 42.
48. Ibn Battuta. Vol. 2. P. 336.
49. Ahari. P. 156, 157.
50. Abu Majid Tabrizi. Safina-ye-Tabriz. Facsimile edn. Tehran: University of Tehran, 2003. P. 734.
51. Hamdallah Mustawfi. Dhayl-i-Zafarnama. Unpublished tr. p. 11. Hamd-Allah Mostawfi Qazvini. Ḏayl-e Ẓafar-nāma, translated (Russian and Azeri) M.D. Kazymov and V.Z. Piriiev as Ḏayl-e Tāriḵ-e gozida, Baku, 1986; translation into English Richard Sigee, Pembroke College, Cambridge.
52. Ahari. P. 217, alef 80; van Loon. P. 59.
53. Khwandamir. P. 123.
54. Ibid.
55. Mustawfi. Unpublished. P. 10.
56. Ibid. P. 12.
57. Ibid. P. 23.
58. Ibid. P. 19.
59. Khwandamir. Vol. 3. P. 223; Thackston (tr.). P. 124.
60. Ibid.
61. См.: George Lane. The Turkman Confederations: the Aqqoyunlu and the Qaraqoyunlu // The Encyclopedia of Empire. John M. MacKenzie (ed.). Chichester: John Wiley, 2016.
1. Подробнее о Хубилае см.: George Lane. Khubilai (Qubilai)Khan // Kerry Brown (ed.). Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing, 2014. Vol. 2. P. 816–836.
2. G. Doefer. Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Bd. I–IV. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1963–1975. 4:98f. § 1800.
3. Tārīkh-i-Jahān Gushā. Mizra Muhammad Qazvini (ed.). Leiden: Brill, 1958. Vol. 3. P. 8. URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001086/108630Eb.pdf; Khwandamir // Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.). Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Islamic World. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Vol. 2. P. 33. См. также: Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Gregory Ab’l Faraj the Son of Aaron Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus Being the First Part of His Political History. E.A. Wallis Budge (tr.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2003. P. 417. URL: https://archive.org/details/BarHebraeusChronography
4. Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Gregory Ab’l Faraj the Son of Aaron Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus Being the First Part of His Political History, E.A. Wallis Budge (tr.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2003. P. 398.
5. Незаменимым источником сведений о ранних годах жизни Хубилая остается: Morris Rossabi. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. Oakland: University of California Press, 1988.
6. См.: George Lane. The Dali Stele // I. Binbas and N. Kilic-Schubel (eds). Horizons of the World: Festschrift for Isenbike Togan. Istanbul: Ithaki, 2011.
7. См.: Stephen Haw. The death of two khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260 // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Asian Studies 76/3 (2013). P. 361–371.
8. Biography of Guo Baoyu. Song Lian et al. Yuanshi [History of the Yuan Dynasty] (1370), revised edn. Beijing, 1976, juan 149. P. 3521; цит. по: Jacqueline Misty Armijo-Hussein/ Sayyid ‘Ajal Shams al-Din: a Muslim from Central Asia, serving Mongols in China, and bringing civilization to Yunnan. PhD diss., Harvard University, 1996. P. 151.
9. F.W. Mote. Imperial China 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. P. 452.
10. См.: George Lane. The Dali Stele // I. Binbas and N. Kilic-Schubel (eds). Horizons of the World: Festschrift for Isenbike Togan. Istanbul: Ithaki, 2011.
11. John Herman. Mongol conquest of Dali: the failed second front // Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800). Nicola di Cosmo (ed.). Leiden: Brill, 2002.
12. О Ханбалыке см.: Chen Gaohua. The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Beijing: Silk Road Press, 2015; Emil Bretschneider. Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, Trübner Oriental Series. London: Trübner & Co., 1888; Emil Bretschneider. Archeological and Historical Researches on Peking and Its Environs, Elibron Classics, 2005; Stephen Haw. Marco Polo’s China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan. London: Routledge, 2006.
13. Ху Чжи, цит. по: Chen Gaohua. The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Beijing: Silk Road Press, 2015. P. 85.
14. Ibid.
15. Ин Тингао, Оуян Сюань, Кэ Цзюши, цит. по: Ibid. P. 84–85.
16. Ibid. P. 78–79.
17. Чжэн Сонань, цит. по: Ibid. P. 79.
18. Сун Лянь. Юаньши (История Юань), свиток 105, цит. по: Ibid.
19. О Го Шусине см.: George Lane. Guo Shoujing // Kerry Brown (ed.). Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing, 2014. Vol. 2. P. 808–815.
20. Chen Gaohua. The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Beijing: Silk Road Press, 2015.
21. См.: George Lane. Intellectual Jousting and the Chinggisid Wisdom Bazaar // Peter Jackson and Timothy May (eds). The Mongols and Post-Mongol Asia: Studies in Honour of David O. Morgan, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26/1–2 (2016). P. 235–247.
22. См.: Jennifer Jay. A Change in Dynasties: Loyalism in Thirteenth-Century China. Washington: Western Washington University Press, 1991. P. 15–17.
23. См.: George Lane. Phoenix Mosque // Encyclopaedia Iranica. URL: www.iranicaonline.org/articles/phoenix-mosque
24. Wassaf. Abd Allah ibn Faďl Allah Shirazi. Tajziyat alamşār wa tazjiyat al-acşār. Tārīkh-i-Waşşāf. M.M. Isfahani (ed.). Tehran: Ibn Sina, 1960 reprint. P. 22–23; Sir Henry Eliot. The History of India, as told by its own historians: The Muhammadan Period. John Dawson (ed.). London: Trübner & Co., 1867–1877. Vol. 3. P. 24–54; см.: Sir Henry Yule. Cathay and the Way Thither. London: Hakluyt Society, 1914. P. 218, 219.
25. О сунском лоялизме см.: Jennifer Jay. A Change in Dynasties: Loyalism in Thirteenth-Century China. Washington: Western Washington University Press, 1991.
1. Song Lian. Yuanshi, juan 17. P. 377 // F.W. Mote. Imperial China 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. P. 492.
2. См. Rashid al-Din. Jāma’ al-tavārīkh. Mohammad Roushan and Mustafa Musavi (eds). Tehran: Nashr Elborz, 1373/1994; Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Jami‘u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles (Tome 1). Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.) // Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties. Vol. 3. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. P. 946–960.
3. Yuanshi, juan 29. P. 637; juan 115. P. 2895.
4. Song Lian et al. Imperial Biographies, Emperor Chengzong II // Yuanshi, scroll 19, цит. по: Chen Gaohua. The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Beijing: Silk Road Press, 2015. P. 75.
5. Yuanshi, juan 21. P. 449. См.: Rashid al-Din. P. 958, 959, где утверждается, что одиннадцать министров были арестованы, но их спас духовник императора Данба (1230–1303). Причиной ареста называется тот факт, что они получали от некоторых торговцев комиссионные выплаты за приобретение драгоценностей для двора. См.: John Andrew Boyle. The Successors of Genghis Khan. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1971. P. 330; о вмешательстве Данбы см.: Herbert Franke. Tan-pa [Danba]: a Tibetan lama at the court of the great khans // Orientalia Venetiana. Vol. 1. Mario Sabattini (ed.). Florence: Olschki, 1984. P. 157–180.
6. Yuanshi, juan 21. P. 460–465.
7. См.: Chen. P. 74.
8. Song Lian et al. Imperial Biographies; Renzong // Yuanshi, scroll 33, цит. по: Ibid. P. 97.
9. См.: Shane McCausland. China’s examination halls reopen // The Mongol Century: Visual Cultures of Yuan China, 1271–1368. London: Reaktion Books, 2015. P. 115–146.
10. David Morgan. Who ran the Mongol Empire? // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1982). P. 124–136.
11. См.: David Farquhar. The Government of China under Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990. P. 139.
12. Henry H. Howorth. History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century. Boston: Elibron Classics, 2003. Part. 2, div. 1. P. 302.
13. Yesun Temur Khan. The History of the Yuan. Цит. по: Ibid. P. 303.
14. Thomas Allsen. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. P. 256.
15. Howorth. Part. 2, div. 1. P. 303.
16. Ibid.
17. Odorico da Pordenone. The Travels of Friar Odoric: A 14th-Century Journal of the Blessed Odoric of Pordenone, Henry Yule (tr.). Michigan/Cambridge, UK: William E. Eerdmans, 2002. P. 137.
18. Ibid. P. 138.
19. Вэй Су. Шухоу ба-Шу Чжан Чэнцзи чжуань хоу. Постскриптум к биографии Чжан Чэнцзи в: Вэй Тайпу вэнь сюйцзи (Второе собрание работ Вэй Тайпу), свиток 9, цит. по: Chen. P. 120.
20. Howorth. Part. 2, div. 1. P. 308.
21. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, Denis C. Twitchel, Herbert Franke and John King Fairbank (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 554.
22. Chen Dasheng and Chen Enming. Islamic Inscriptions in Quanzhou. Fujian: Ningxia People’s Publishing House, 1984. Fig. 7. P. 4.
23. George Lane (ed.). The Phoenix Mosque. London: Gingko Publications, 2018.
24. Jennifer Jay. A Change in Dynasties: Loyalism in Thirteenth-Century China. Washington: Western Washington University Press, 1991.
1. Thomas Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
2. Igor de Rachewiltz (tr.). The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (Leiden: Brill, 2006); на русском языке см.: Сокровенное сказание монголов: в 2 т. / Пер. С.А. Козина. М.; Л., 1941.
3. Wheeler M. Thackston (tr.). Classical Writings of the Mediaeval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties (3 vols, London: I.B. Tauris, 2012); на русском языке см.: Рашид-ад-Дин. Сборник летописей: в 3 т. М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1952–1960; Мирза Мухаммад Хайдар. Тарих-и Рашиди: в 2 т. Ташкент: Фан, 1996.
4. Ата-Мелик Джувейни. Чингисхан. История завоевателя мира = Genghis Khan: the history of the world conqueror / Пер. с текста Мирзы Мухаммеда Казвини на английский язык Дж. Э. Бойла, с предисловием и библиографией Д.О. Моргана. Перевод текста с английского на русский язык Е.Е. Харитоновой. М.: МАГИСТР-ПРЕСС, 2004.
5. Facsimile Nabu Press, 2011. URL: https://archive.org/details/tarkhiguzdao00hamd
6. L.J. Ward. The Ẓafar-nāmah of Ḥamd Allāh Mustaufi and the Il-Khān dynasty of Iran. 3 vols, PhD diss., University of Manchester, 1983.
7. The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-Al-Qulub. Guy Le Strange (tr.). London: Gibb Memorial Trust, 1919.
8. Абу Бакр ал-Кутби ал-Ахари. Тарих-и шейх Увейс. Баку: Элм. 1984.
9. Ibn Tabatani al-Fakhri. Tārīkh-i-Fakhrī, On the Systems of Government and the Muslim Dynasties. Charles Whitting (tr.). London: Luzac & Co., 1947.
10. Hetoum. A Lytell Cronycle: Richard Pynson’s Translation (c.1520) of ‘La Fleur des histoires de la Terre d’Orient’ (c.1307). Glenn Burger (ed.). Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1988.
11. Morris Rossabi. The Mongols and Global History. New York: Norton, 2011; Bernard Lewis. Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Vol. 1: Politics and War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987; Bertold Spuler. History of the Mongols, Based on Eastern and Western Accounts of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. New York: Dorset Press, 1968; Scott C. Levi and Ron Sela. Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2010.
12. Henry H. Howorth. History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century. Boston: Elibron Classics, 2003. URL: https://archive.org/details/historyofmongols21howo
13. David Morgan. The Mongols. 2nd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
14. Michal Biran. Chinggis Khan. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006.
15. George Lane. Chingiz Khān: Maker of the Islamic world // Journal of Qur’anic Studies 16/1 (2014). P. 140–155.
16. Thomas Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
17. Peter Jackson. The Mongols, the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. 2nd edn (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017.
18. Linda Komaroff and Stefano Carboni (eds). The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2002.
19. Linda Komaroff. Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2006.
20. Judith Pfeiffer and Sholeh A. Quinn (eds). History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006.
21. Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran. Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World. London and Leiden: Brill, 2005; Nomads as Agents of Cultural Change: The Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2015.
22. Bruno de Nicola. Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206–1335. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017.
23. Bruno de Nicola and Charles Melville (eds). The Mongols’ Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. London: Brill, 2016.
24. George Lane. Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge, 2003.
25. Peter Jackson. The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. London: Pearson Longman, 2005.
26. Peter Jackson. The Mongols and the Islamic World: from Conquest to Conversion. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017.
27. Reuven Amitai-Preiss. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk – Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
28. Christoph Baumer. The History of Central Asia. Volume 3: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016.
29. Nicola di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden (eds). The Cambidge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
30. Journal of Royal Asiatic Studies 1–2 (2016).
Войти с помощью соц. сетей: