С. 380. Blakemore, S., Wolpert, D., and Frith, C., “Why can’t you tickle yourself?” NeuroReport 11 (2000): R11. Секс и его влияние на уровни глюкокортикоидов: Woodson, J., Macintosh, D., Fleshner, M., and Diamond, D., “Emotion-induced amnesia in rats: working memory-specific impairment, corticosterone-memory correlation, and fear versus arousal effects on memory,” Learning and Memory 10 (2003): 326.
С. 382. Дофамин и внешний/прилегающий проводящие пути: хорошие, хотя и откровенно специальные обзоры могут быть найдены в Kelley, A., and Berridge, K., “The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs,” Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002): 3306–11; Koob, G. F., “Allostatic view of motivation: implications for psychopathology” в Bevins, R., and Bardo, M. T., eds., Motivational Factors in the Etiology of Drug Abuse, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 50 (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press), in press.
С. 383. Исследования Шульца: Schultz, W., Tremblay, L., and Holerman, J., “Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia,” Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000): 272; Waelti, P., Dickinson, A., and Schultz, W., “Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory,” Nature 412 (2001): 43.
С. 385. Исследования Филипса: Phillips, P., Stuber, G., Heien, M., Wightman, R., and Carelli, R., “Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking,” Nature 422 (2003): 614.
С. 385. Недавнее исследование, выполненное Шульцем: Fiorillo, C., Tobler, P., and Schultz, W., “Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons,” Science 299 (2003): 1998; это и предыдущее исследование обсуждаются в Sapolsky, R., “The pleasures (and pain) of ‘maybe,’” Natural History (September 2003): 22.
С. 386. Исследование истинной любви описано в Helmuth, L., “Caudate-over-heels in love,” Science 302 (2003): 1320.
С. 387. Игры у животных: Spinka, M., Newberry, R., and Bekoff, M., “Mammalian play: training for the unexpected,” Quarterly Review of Biology 76 (2001): 141. Хороший обзор различий между вызовом (т. е. стимулированием) и угрозой см. в Epel, E., McEwen, B., and Ockovics, J., “Embodying psychological thriving: physical thriving in response to stress,” Journal of Social Issues 54 (1998): 301.
С. 387. Глюкокортикоиды и дофамин: Piazza, P., and Le Moal, M., “Glucocorticoids as a biological substrate of reward: physiological and pathophysiological implications,” Brain Research Reviews 25 (1997): 359; Rouge-Pont, F., Abrous, D., Le Moal, M., and Piazza, P., “Release of endogenous dopamine in cultured mesencephalic neurons: influence of dopaminergic agonists and glucocorticoid antagonists,” European Journal of Neuroscience 1 (1999): 2343; Piazza, P., and Le Moal, M., “The role of stress in drug self-administration,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 19 (1998): 6; Deroche-Gamonet, V., Sillaber, I., Aouizerate, B., Izawa, R., Jaber, M., Ghozland, S., Kellendonk, C., Le Moal, M., Spanagel, R., Schutz, G., Tronche, F., and Piazza, P. V., “The glucocorticoid receptor as a potential target to reduce cocaine abuse,” Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 4785.
Стресс и истощение дофамина: Gambarana, C., Masi, F., Tagliamonte, A., Scherggi, S., Ghiglieri, O., and De Monti, M., “A chronic stress that impairs reactivity in rats also decreases dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study,” Journal of Neurochemistry 72 (1999): 2039. Стресс и выделение дофамина миндалевидным телом: Wolak, M., Gold, P., and Chrousos, G., “Stress system: emphasis on CRF in physiologic stress responses and the endocrinopathies of melancholic and atypical depression,” Endocrine Reviews 11 (2002), in press.
С. 389. Нейроны, нечувствительные к дофаминовым сигналам: Ding, Y., Chi, H., Grady, D., Morishima, A., Kidd, J., Kidd, K., Flodman, P., Spence, M., Schuck, S., Swanson, J., Zhang, Y., and Moyzis, M., “Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (2002): 309.
С. 390. Общие свойства различных вредных зависимостей: Holden, C., “‘Behavioral’ addictions; Do they exist?” Science 294 (2001): 980. Обсуждение вопроса о том, действительно ли нейробиология вредных зависимостей применима в совершенно другой области, см. в Insel, T., “Is social attachment an addictive disorder?” Physiology and Behavior 79 (2003): 351.
С. 390. Корреляция между активацией проводящих путей и субъективным удовольствием: Stein, Elliott, lecture, University of Wisconsin, April 2002. Abbott, A., “Addicted,” Nature 419 (2002): 872.
С. 391. Противоположный процесс: Ahmed, S., Lin, D., Koob, G., and Parsons, L., “Escalation of cocaine self-administration does not depend on altered cocaineinduced nucleus accumbens dopamine levels,” Journal of Neurochemistry 86 (2003): 102.
С. 392. Эндогенные опиаты и «желание»: Kelley and Berridge, op. cit.
С. 393. Зависимый от контекста рецидив: Grimm, J., Hope, B., Wise, R., and Shaham, Y., “Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal,” Nature 412 (2001): 141; Schulteis, G., Ahmed, S., Morse, A., Koob, G., and Everitt, B., “Conditioning and opiate withdrawal,” Nature 405 (2000): 1013.
С. 393. Потенциация проекций на дофаминовые нейроны: Ungless, M., Whistler, J., Malenka, R., and Bonci, A., “Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces LTP in dopamine neurons,” Nature 411 (2001): 583; Bao, S., Chan, V., and Merzenich, M., “Cortical remodeling induced by activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons,” Nature 412 (2001): 79; Nestler, E., “Total recall – the memory of addiction,” Science 292 (2001): 2266; Hyman, S., and Malenka, R., “Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence,” Nature Neuroscience 2 (2001): 695. Электростимуляция проводящего пути: Vorel, S., Liu, X., Hayes, R., Spector, J., and Gardner, E., “Relapse to cocaine-seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation,” Science 292 (2001): 1175.
С. 394. Алкоголь повышает уровни глюкокортикоидов: Taylor, A., and Pilati, M., “Alcohol, alcoholism and stress: a psychobiological perspective,” in Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 1: 131; алкоголь ослабляет влияние КРГ: Valdez, G. R., Roberts, A. J., Chan, K., Davis, H., Brennan, M., Zorrilla, E. P., and Koob, G. F., “Increased ethanol self-administration and anxietylike behavior during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence: regulation by corticotropin-releasing factor,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26 (2002):1494–1501.
С. 395. Предсказуемый и непредсказуемый стресс: Piazza and Le Moal, “The role of stress,” op. cit. Morgan, D., Grant, K., Gage, H., Mach, R., Kaplan, J., Prioleau, O., Nader, S., Buchheimer, N., Ehrenkaufer, R., and Nader, M., “Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine selfadministration,” Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 169–74; Ellison, G., “Stress and alcohol intake: the socio-pharmacological approach,” Physiology and Behavior 40 (1987): 387. Стресс способствует увеличению потребления алкоголя: Taylor, op. cit. Стресс должен возникать непосредственно перед принятием наркотика: Piazza and Le Moal, “The role of stress,” op. cit.
С. 396. Пренатальный стресс, склонность взрослых к наркотикам: DeTurck, K., and Pohorecky, L., “Ethanol sensitivity in rats: effect of prenatal stress,” Physiology and Behavior 40 (1987): 407. Осложнение при рождении: Brake, W., Sullivan, R., and Gratton, A., “Perinatal distress leads to lateralized medial prefrontal cortical dopamine hypofunction in adult rats,” Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000): 5538. Также в младенчестве: Taylor and Pilati, op. cit. Разлучение у обезьян: Bennet et al., op. cit. “Separation in humans,” cited in Taylor and Pilati, op. cit.; Bohman, M., Sigvardsson, S., Cloninger, R., and Von Knorring, A., “Alcoholism: lessons from population, family and adoption studies,” Alcohol and Alcoholism (1987): supp. 1, 55.
С. 396. Стресс повышает степень злоупотребления: Piazza, P., and Le Moal, M., “Interactions between stress and drugs of abuse,” in Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 2: 586. КГР повышается во время прекращения приема наркотиков: Service, R., “Probing alcoholism’s dark side,” Science 285 (1999): 1473. Уровни глюкокортикоидов повышаются при прекращении приема наркотиков: Leshner, A., “Drug use and abuse” в Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 1: 755. Стресс непосредственно перед возвращением в клетку: Leshner, ibid.
С. 398. Крысы с высокой подверженностью внешней стимуляции: Piazza, P., Deminiere, J., Le Moal, M., and Simon, H., “Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine selfadministration,” Science 245 (1989): 1511; Kabbaj, M., Devine, D. P., Savage, V. R., and Akil, H., “Neurobiological correlates of individual differences in noveltyseeking behavior in the rat: differential expression of stress-related molecules,” Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000): 6983.
С. 400. Sterling, P., “Principles of allostasis: optimal design, predictive regulation, pathophysiology and rational therapeutics” в Schulkin, J., ed., Allostasis, Homeostasis, and the Costs of Adaptation (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003).