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1 Charles Perrault, The Complete Fairy Tales in Verse and Prose (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2002), p. 78.
2 Francis Parkman, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1908), pp. 211–14.
3 Jasper Packard, History of La Porte County, Indiana, and Its Townships, Towns and Cities (La Porte, IN: S. E. Taylor & Company, 1870), p. 36.
4 Ibid., p. 37.
5 Charles C. Chapman, History of La Porte County, Indiana; Together with Sketches of Its Cities, Villages, and Townships, Educational, Religious, Civil, Military, and Political History; Portraits of Prominent Persons and Biographies of Representative Citizens (Chicago: Chas. C. Chapman & Co., 1880), p. 616.
6 Rev. E. D. Daniels, A Twentieth Century History and Biographical Record of La Porte County, Indiana (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1904), p. 126.
7 Packard, pp. 443–58.
8 Daniels, p. 132.
9 Daniels, pp. 237, 239, 241, 242, 258, and 263.
1 °Capsule biographies of these and other prominent La Porteans can be found in a bound volume at the La Porte County Historical Society.
11 Packard, pp. 47 and 72.
12 Chapman, pp. 514–15.
13 Packard, p. 73.
14 Chapman, p. 517.
15 Fort Wayne Daily News, December 1, 1902, pp. 1 and 2, and December 4, 1902, p. 1.
16 Fort Wayne Daily News, December 18, 1902, p. 2.
17 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 2.
1 Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 141.
2 Theodore Dreiser, Newspaper Days (New York: Horace Liveright, 1922), p. 210.
3 Bessie Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago, Volume III: The Rise of a Modern City, 1871–1893 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), p. 22.
4 Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 22.
5 See Theodore C. Blegen, Norwegian Migration to America: The American Transition (Northfield, MN: The Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1940), p. 481, and Odd S. Lovoll, A Century of Urban Life: The Norwegians in Chicago before 1930 (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 15 and 77.
6 Lovoll, p. 65.
7 A. T. Andreas, History of Chicago. From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. In Three Volumes. Volume II – From 1857 until the Fire of 1871 (Chicago: The A. T. Andreas Company, 1886), p. 444. As it happened, the coroner’s jury – though concluding that «some wicked boys» were «accessory to the death» of little Knud – found no definitive evidence that the victim had been «purposely drowned» for his refusal to steal. The death was ruled accidental, and the plan for a monument abandoned.
8 See A. E. Strand, A History of the Norwegians of Illinois: A Concise Record of the Struggles and Achievements of the Early Settlers together with a Narrative of what is now being done by the Norwegian-Americans of Illinois in the Development of Their Adopted Country (Chicago: John Anderson Publishing Company, 1905), p. 217; Blegen, p. 434, and Lovoll, pp. 20–21, 54, and 93.
9 Lovoll, p. 82; Strand, p. 245.
10 Jean Skogerboe Hansen, «Skandinaven and the John Anderson Publishing Company», Norwegian-American Studies, Vol. 28 (1979), pp. 35–68.
11 Strand, p. 228 and 231‑33; Lovoll, pp. 5, 130–31, 184, and 186.
12 Strand, p. 180. At the time, Oslo was still known as Christiana.
13 Irving Cutler, Chicago: Metropolis of the Mid-Continent (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006), p. 74; Ann Durkin Keating, Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), p. 174.
14 Pierce, p. 31. To be more precise, the percentage of arrests for Norwegians was 1.09 in 1880 and 1.26 in 1890. By way of comparison, the percentages for Germans were 11.84 in 1880 and 11.07 in 1890; for the Irish, 17.62 in 1880 and 10.33 in 1890.
15 According to genealogical records, Paul and Berit’s children were Marit Paulsdatter Størset, Peder Moen, Ole Paulsen, Olina Paulsdatter Størset (later Nellie Larson), Marit Leangvollen, Brynhild Paulsdatter Størset (the future Belle Gunness), and «one other», name unknown. See http://www.geni.com/people/Belle-Gunness/6000000010140315276.
16 Kjell Haarstad, letter to Janet Langlois, March 29, 1976, on file at the La Porte County Historical Society. See also Janet Langlois, Belle Gunness: The Lady Bluebeard (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985), pp. 2–4.
17 M. S. Emery, Norway Through the Stereoscope: A Journey Through the Land of the Vikings (New York: Underwood and Underwood, 1907), pp. 197–98.
18 See Haarstad letter; Langlois, p. 2.
19 See Haarstad letter.
20 Langlois, p. 3; Emery, p. 97.
21 See Haarstad letter. Quoted in Langlois, p. 2.
22 See, for example, Sylvia Perrini, She Devils of the USA: Women Serial Killers (Goldmineguides.com, 2013), p. 58, and Ilene Ingbritson Wilson, Murder in My Family (Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing, 2004), p. 9.
23 Langlois, p. 3.
1 Highly detailed information on the transatlantic crossing is available on the website Norway-Heritage: Hands Across the Sea, www.norwayheritage.com.
2 Ibid.; Odd S. Lovoll, «‘For People Who Are Not in a Hurry’: The Danish Thingvalla Line and the Transportation of Scandinavian Emigrants», Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 48–67.
3 All legal documents from this period show her name as Bella, including her marriage license to Mads Sorenson and the 1898 lawsuit she and Mads filed against the Yukon Mining & Trading Co. (see below, Note 23). Also see the article «Mrs. Gunness Changed Name», Chicago Daily Tribune, May 17, 1908, p. 5.
4 Odd S. Lovoll, A Century of Urban Life: The Norwegians in Chicago before 1930 (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 155.
5 Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie (New York: Bantam Books, 1958), pp. 17–18.
6 Chicago Examiner, May 7, 1908, p. 2.
7 Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
8 Most sources say Mads worked as a department store watchman (or detective). Others, however, describe him as a floor manager. See, for example, Indianapolis News, May 12, 1908, p. 8.
9 Marriage License of Anthon [sic] Sorenson and Bella Peterson, Illinois Regional Archives Depository, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. For unexplained reasons, the certificate shows Bella’s age as twenty-nine and Mads’s age as thirty-four. For the Rev. Torgersen’s obituary, see «Cupid’s Noted Aid Dead», Chicago Daily Tribune, November 12, 1905, p. 8.
10 Langlois, p. 4.
11 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
12 Ibid.
13 Chicago Daily Journal, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
14 Langlois, p. 77.
15 Chicago Examiner, May 6, 1908, p. 2.
16 Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1908, p. 2.
17 Ibid.
18 Ann Jones, Women Who Kill (New York: Fawcett Crest, 1980), p. 137; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 7, 1908, p. 1. Previous sources say that the Sorensons bought the Alma Street property in 1896. Records show, however, that it was purchased in September 1895. Moreover, Bella is listed as sole owner of the property. See tract book, vol. 106A, p. 196, Cook County Recorder of Deeds, Chicago, IL.
19 Caroline was born in March 1896; Myrtle on February 6, 1897; Axel in January 1898; and Lucy on Christmas Day, 1898.
20 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 6, 1908, p. 2.
21 By contrast, the US infant mortality rate in 2015 was fewer than six deaths for every one thousand live births. The causes of death for Caroline and Axel can be found in the official Records of Interments at the Forest Home Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.
22 «Sorenson et al. vs. Yukon Mining & Trading Company, Bill in Chancery, Filed June 3, 1898, Circuit Court of Cook County», on file at the Circuit Court Archives, Cook County, Chicago, Illinois.
23 «Bella Sorenson et al. vs. Yukon Mining & Trading Company et al., Notice, Motion, and Affidavits of Hogenson, Anderson, & Rosenberg, Filed June 16, 1898, in Circuit Court, Cook County», on file at the Circuit Court Archives, Cook County, Chicago, Illinois.
24 «Bella Sorenson et al. vs. Yukon Mining & Trading Company et al., Copy of Decree», on file at the Circuit Court Archives, Cook County, Chicago, Illinois.
25 Chicago Tribune, April 11, 1900, p. 1.
26 Chicago Daily Journal, May 8, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 2; Record of Interments, August 1900, Forest Home Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.
27 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 7, 1908, p. 3.
28 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
1 Langlois, pp. 34–36.
2 Chicago Daily News, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
3 Indianapolis News, May 9, 1908, p. 4; Sylvia Shepherd, The Mistress of Murder Hill: The Serial Killings of Belle Gunness (Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks Library, 2001), p. 17.
4 Langlois, pp. 37–40.
5 Ibid., p. 37.
6 Lillian de la Torre, The Truth About Belle Gunness (New York: Fawcett/Gold Medal Books, 1955), p. 13.
7 See Duluth News-Tribune, May 13, 1908, p. 2, and Chicago Daily Journal, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
8 «Indiana’s Murder Farm», Harper’s Weekly, Vol. LII, No. 268 (May 30, 1908), p. 23.
9 Records of Interments, August 1902, Forest Home Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.
10 Albert Nicholson’s recollections were transcribed on July 28, 1951. The typescript is filed in the archives of the La Porte County Historical Society, as is the full transcript of the coroner’s inquest held on December 17, 1902, which contains the testimony of both Swan Nicholson and Jennie Gunness. See also de la Torre, pp. 41–45.
11 Fort Wayne Daily News, December 1, 1902, pp. 1 and 2, and December 4, 1902, p. 1. Also see La Porte Argus-Bulletin, December 16, 1902, p. 1, and December 17, 1902, p. 1.
12 Bowell’s postmortem report is contained in the transcript of the coroner’s inquest, December 17, 1902, filed in the archives of the La Porte County Historical Society.
13 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, December 19, 1902, p. 1.
14 Langlois, p. 108.
15 de la Torre, p. 45.
16 Ibid.
17 Coroner’s inquest, archives of the La Porte County Historical Society.
18 de la Torre, p. 45.
1 Langlois, pp. 56–57.
2 Duluth News-Tribune, May 13, 1908, p. 2.
3 Langlois, pp. 45–48.
4 Ibid., pp. 49–50.
5 Langlois, p. 58.
6 Ibid., pp. 60, 61–62, and 66–67. See also Stuart Holbrook, Murder Out Yonder: An Informal Study of Certain Classic Crimes in Back-Country America (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 127.
7 Shepherd, p. 69.
8 Decatur Herald, May 23, 1908, p. 1.
9 Paula K. Hinton, «‘Come Prepared to Stay Forever’: The Tale of a Murderess in Turn-of-the-Century America», diss. (Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 2001), p. 41.
10 Ibid.
11 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Unidentified Person, Gunness Farm, Henry Gurholt? Deposition of Witness Martin Gurholt, Exhibit ‘B’», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
12 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witnesses, Exhibit ‘C,’ Chris Christofferson, May 26, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
1 A facsimile of one of these ads is on display in the Belle Gunness exhibit at the La Porte County Historical Society.
2 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 8; Shepherd, p. 64; Hinton, p. 34.
3 Hinton, p. 46.
4 Richmond Times Dispatch, June 10, 1908, p. 1.
5 Hinton, p. 46; de la Torre, p. 55.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
7 Grand Forks Evening Times, May 15, 1908, p. 3. Moe’s last name is sometimes reported as «Moo».
8 de la Torre, p. 16; New York Tribune, May 10, 1908, p. 1; Shepherd, p. 53.
9 Otago Daily Times, November 30, 1908, p. 5; Hinton, p. 31; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
10 Shepherd, p. 52.
11 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 8; Langlois, pp. 77–78; Shepherd, pp. 51–52; Anon., The Mrs. Gunness Mystery! (Chicago: Thompson & Thomas, 1908), pp. 66–67.
1 de la Torre, p. 17.
2 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 18.
3 New York Sun, May 10, 1908, p. 2; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 14, 1908.
4 de la Torre, p. 18; Anon., The Mrs. Gunness Mystery! pp. 84–85; Troy Taylor, «Come Prepared to Stay Forever»: The Madness of Belle Gunness. Hell Hath No Fury, Book 5 (Decatur, IL: Whitechapel Press, 2013).
5 de la Torre, p. 19.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 18, 1908, p. 1.
7 Marion Daily Mirror, May 19, 1908, p. 2; Washington Herald, May 10, 1908, p. 3.
1 All contemporary newspaper articles on the case, as well as virtually all succeeding accounts, spell the name «Helgelein». However, on the Find-a-Grave website, there is a photograph of Andrew’s gravestone in which his last name is spelled «Helgelien». There is a note on the site stating: «The name Helgelien as spelled on the gravestone is confirmed by family members to be correct. An alternate spelling (e. g., Helgelein) seen elsewhere is not correct».
2 Asle Helgelien, Andrew’s brother, said that he had found eighty letters from Belle among his brother’s belongings. During Ray Lamphere’s trial, however, newspapers reported that the prosecution was in possession of seventy-five letters from Belle to Andrew. See La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 18, 1908, p. 1, and November 19, 1908, p. 3.
3 Ted Hartzell, «Belle Gunness’ Poison Pen», American History, Vol. 43, No. 2 (June 2008), p. 50.
4 Chicago Evening American, November 18, 1908, p. 3.
5 Indianapolis Star, May 7, 1908, p. 3; Chicago Daily Journal, May 8, 1908, p. 1. Some accounts say that Helgelien robbed and torched the post office not in Red Wing but in Norway, Minnesota.
6 My thanks to Katherine Ramsland for providing me with typed transcripts of Belle’s surviving letters to Helgelien.
7 Hartzell, p. 53.
1 de la Torre, p. 19.
2 Shepherd, p. 30.
3 de la Torre, p. 104.
4 Shepherd, p. 28; Altoona Morning Tribune, November 18, 1908, p. 1; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 14, 1908, p. 1.
5 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 1.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 17, 1908, p. 1.
2 Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 1. Some accounts spell her last name «Cone».
3 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 17, 1908, p. 1.
4 Compare, for example, La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1, and La Porte Weekly Herald, November 26, 1908, p. 1.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 29, 1908, p. 1, May 9, 1908, p. 1, and November 19, 1908, p. 1.
6 Transcripts of this and other letters between Asle Helgelien and Belle Gunness were provided to me by Dr. Katherine Ramsland.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 107. Belle’s original «Statement Alleging Insanity» is on file at the La Porte County Historical Society.
8 Josh Chaney, «Story About Belle Gunness», unpublished manuscript on file at the La Porte County Historical Society Museum; Hinton, p. 89; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
9 de la Torre, p. 21; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
10 de la Torre, p. 107.
11 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 13, 1908, p. 8.
1 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 16. The La Porte Argus-Bulletin of May 8, 1908, reports the teacher’s name as Jennie Garwood.
2 Chicago Inter Ocean, April 30, 1908, p. 12; de la Torre, p. 21. A transcript of Belle’s will is in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
3 Chaney, p. 27.
4 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 15.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 18, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 109.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 18, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 111.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 4, 1908, p. 1, and November 18, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, pp. 7 and 112; «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Joseph O. Maxson, April 29, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
2 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness William Clifford, April 29, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
3 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness William Humphrey, April 29, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
4 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Daniel Marion Hutson, April 29, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
5 de la Torre, p. 10.
6 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Joseph O. Maxson, April 29, 1908»; de la Torre, pp. 3 and 10.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 28, 1908, p. 1.
8 de la Torre, p. 10; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 28, 1908, p. 1.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 28, 1908, p. 1.
1 Thomas Dreier, «The School That Teaches Boys How to Live», The Business Philosopher, Vol. VI, No. 2 (February 1910), p. 75.
2 Carter H. Manny, «Gone Are the Days», unpublished memoir on file at La Porte Historical Society Museum; La Porte Weekly Herald, April 30, 1908, p. 1.
3 La Porte Weekly Herald, April 30, 1908, p. 1.
4 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness William Humphrey, April 29, 1908».
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 28, 1908, p. 1.
6 La Porte Weekly Herald, April 30, 1908, p. 1.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 29, 1908, p. 1; Indianapolis Star, April 30, 1908, p. 4.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 20, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, pp. 125‑26.
2 Chicago Daily Tribune, April 30, 1908, p. 5; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 20, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 126.
3 Leonard J. Moore, Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), p. 56.
4 Indianapolis Star, March 19, 1916, p. 4.
5 de la Torre, p. 23; Langlois, pp. 41–42.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 30, 1908, p. 1.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 30, 1908, p. 1; Fort Wayne News, April 29, 1908, p. 1; Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 29, 1908, p. 1.
8 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 30, 1908, p. 1.
9 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Daniel Marion Hutson, April 29, 1908».
10 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, April 30, 1908, p. 1; La Porte Weekly Herald, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
11 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 1, 1908, p. 5; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 1, 1908, p. 1.
1 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 7, 1908, p. 14.
2 Ibid.
3 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Dr. J. Lucius Gray, May 12, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
4 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 1, 1908, p. 1.
5 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 2, 1908, p. 3.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 1, 1908, p. 1.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 1, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Inter Ocean, May 2, 1908, p. 3.
8 Shepherd, pp. 9 and 10; Hinton, p. 28.
1 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Asle K. Helgelein, May 5, 1908», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum; Hinton, p. 29; Shepherd, pp. 11–12.
2 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Exhibit ‘A,’ May 5, 1908».
3 de la Torre, p. 32.
4 Ibid.
5 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Deposition of Witness Asle K. Helgelein, May 5, 1908».
6 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Exhibit ‘B,’ May 18, 1908».
7 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 6, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 31.
1 See Charles K. Mavity, The Bellville [sic] Tragedy: Story of the Trial and Conviction of Rev. W. E. Hinshaw for the Murder of His Wife (Indianapolis: Sentil Print Co., 1895).
2 Historian Paula Hinton notes that «newspapers as far away as Cuba and Germany carried the story. In fact, the Daily Herald had a Cuban newspaper with the story on display in its window». See Hinton, p. 58.
3 de la Torre, pp. 35–36.
4 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 5, 1908, pp. 1 and 3.
5 Chicago Tribune, May 6, 1908, p. 3; Chicago American, May 6, 1908, p. 30; de la Torre, pp. 32–33.
6 New York Times, May 8, 1908, p. 2; La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 1.
1 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 7, 1908, p. 3.
2 «Coroner’s Inquisition, Unidentified Adult, Gunness Farm, May 6, 1908, ‘Exhibit A’», on file in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum; Chicago Daily News, May 6, 1908, p. 1.
3 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 7, 1908, p. 3.
4 Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1908, p. 2.
5 Chicago Daily American, May 7, 1908, p. 1; Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 8, 1908, p. 1; San Francisco Call, May 12, 1908, p. 1; Pittsburgh Press, May 7, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Evening American, May 8, 1908, p. 3.
6 Chicago Examiner, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
7 Chicago Daily Journal, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
8 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 7, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Daily American, May 7, 1908, p. 2.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
10 Chicago Daily News, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
11 New York Times, May 6, 1908, p. 1.
12 Chicago Examiner, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
13 Chicago Daily Journal, May 6, 1908, p. 3; Chicago Examiner, May 7, 1908, p. 2.
14 Chicago Daily News, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
15 Arthur Alden Guild, Baby Farms in Chicago: An Investigation Made for the Juvenile Protection Agency (Chicago: The Juvenile Protection Agency, 1917).
16 Alison Rattle and Allison Vale, The Woman Who Murdered Babies for Money: The Story of Amelia Dyer (London: André Deutsch, 2011).
17 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
18 Chicago Examiner, May 7, 1908, p. 2.
1 Chicago American, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
2 Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 2; Los Angeles Herald, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
3 Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 2.
4 Shepherd, p. 39.
5 Ibid., p. 40; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 6, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
6 Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1908, p. 1. A friend of the Budsberg family, a hardware dealer named Edwin Chapin, accompanied Mathias and Oscar on the trip.
7 de la Torre, p. 32.
8 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
9 New York Times, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
10 Ibid.; La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 1.
11 Chicago Evening American, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
12 Chicago Daily Journal, May 7, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 5.
13 Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 5.
14 Los Angeles Herald, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
15 Pittsburgh Press, May 7, 1908, p. 1.
16 Los Angeles Herald, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
1 Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
2 See The Federal Reporter: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of Appeals and Circuit and District Courts of the United States, Vol. 177 (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1910), pp. 679–84.
3 Pamela Ilyse Epstein, Selling Love: The Commercialization of Intimacy in America 1860s–1900s (diss., New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 2010), pp. 127–28.
4 Clifton R. Wooldridge, Twenty Years a Detective in the Wickedest City in the World (Chicago, IL: Chicago Publishing Co., 1908), p. 119.
5 Chicago Tribune, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
6 Wooldridge, p. 132.
1 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 8, 1908, pp. 1 and 2; Chicago Daily Journal, May 9, 1908, pp. 1 and 3.
2 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
3 Chicago Daily News, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
4 Ibid.; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 8, 1908, p. 1.
5 Los Angeles Herald, May 10, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1908, p. 1.
6 Washington Herald, May 9, 1908, p. 3.
7 Washington Herald, May 13, 1908, p. 3.
8 Washington Herald, June 6, 1908, p. 3.
9 Washington Herald, May 22, 1908, p. 3.
10 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 2.
11 Paducah Evening Sun, May 15, 1908, p. 5; Washington Times, May 9, 1908, p. 2; Salt Lake Herald, May 12, 1908, p. 3; Washington Herald, May 22, 1908, p. 3; Hinton, pp. 47–52.
12 Hinton, p. 35; «Coroner’s Inquisition, Unidentified Person, Gunness Farm, Henry Gurholt? Deposition of Witness Martin Gurholt, Exhibit ‘B’».
13 New York Sun, May 12, 1908, p. 5; Hinton, p. 43.
14 Hinton, p. 36.
15 Richmond Times-Dispatch, June 10, 1908, p. 1.
16 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 8, 1908, p. 2.
17 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 3.
18 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 20, 1908, p. 1.
19 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 16, 1908, p. 4.
20 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1; Salt Lake Herald, May 12, 1908, p. 1.
21 Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1908, p. 3.
22 Ibid.
23 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 8, 1908, pp. 1 and 2.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908; Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1908, p. 3.
2 See, for example, Grand Forks Daily Herald, May 19, 1908, p. 1.
3 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 5, and May 11, 1908, p. 3.
4 Chicago Examiner, May 24, 1908, Sunday magazine, p. 6.
5 «A Symposium on Mrs. Belle Gunness», The Phrenological Journal and Science of Health Magazine, Vol. 121, Number 8 (August 1908), pp. 251–53.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 8, 1908, p. 7.
7 Harold Schechter, The Devil’s Gentleman: Privilege, Poison, and the Trial That Ushered in the Twentieth Century (New York: Random House/Ballantine Books, 2007), p. 139.
8 Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1908, p. 1.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 18, 1908, p. 1.
1 Dr. Walter S. Gaines, letter to Charles S. Mack, July 13, 1908, filed in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum. See also La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
2 See Langlois, p. 1.
3 A. I. Schutzer, «The Lady-Killer», American Heritage, Vol. 15, Issue 6 (October 1964), pp. 36–39 and 91–94.
4 Ibid., p. 37.
5 Chicago Daily Journal, May 8, 1908, p. 3.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 3; La Porte Weekly Herald, May 21, 1908, p. 5.
7 For an excellent account of the Bender case, see Robert H. Adleman, The Bloody Benders (New York: Stein and Day, 1970).
8 See, for example, the Chicago Daily Tribune, May 10, 1908, p. 2.
9 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 9, 1908, p. 8.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1; New York Times, May 10, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Inter Ocean, May 10, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Examiner, May 9, 1908, pp. 1 and 2.
2 New York Times, May 10, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Examiner, May 9, 1908, p. 2.
3 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 2.
4 Chicago Evening American, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
6 Ibid., p. 7.
7 Grand Forks Daily Herald, May 10, 1908, p. 3.
8 Columbus Enquirer Sun, May 12, 1908, p. 2.
9 Aberdeen Daily American, May 18, 1908, p. 1.
10 The Bellingham Herald, May 26, 1908, p. 1.
11 Duluth New Tribune, May 16, 1908, p. 3; Belleville New Democrat, June 1, 1908, p. 1; Lexington Herald, May 19, 1908, p. 1; Saskatchewan Sunday Tribune, June 14, 1908, p. 2; Columbus Enquirer Sun, June 10, 1908, p. 1.
12 Chicago Evening American, May 9, 1908, p. 1.
13 Hinton, p. 95.
14 Ibid., p. 94.
15 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 10, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1908, p. 1.
16 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 9, 1908, p. 1, and May 10, 1908, p. 1; Scranton Republican, May 10, 1908, p. 1.
17 Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1908, p. 2.
1 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
2 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 14.
3 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1; New York Times, May 11, 1908, p. 2.
4 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
6 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 3.
7 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
8 New York Times, May 11, 1908, p. 2.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1; La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 14; New York Times, May 11, 1908, p. 2.
10 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 13, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Inter Ocean, May 11, 1908, p. 1; Hinton, pp. 64 and 65.
11 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1908, p. 3.
12 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 21, 1908, p. 2.
13 See, for example, the advertisement for the Lyric Theater in the Concordia (Kansas) Daily Blade, November 23, 1908, p. 4.
1 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 21, 1908, p. 4.
2 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 11, 1908, p. 2.
3 Chicago Daily Journal, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
4 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 14, 1908, p. 8.
5 Salt Lake Herald, May 15, 1908, p. 3.
6 de la Torre, p. 51.
7 Chicago Daily Journal, May 13, 1908, p. 2.
8 La Porte Weekly Herald, May 14, 1909, p. 8.
9 Ibid.
10 New York Times, May 25, 1908, p. 3.
11 de la Torre, p. 52.
12 Anon., The Mrs. Gunness Mystery! A Thrilling Tale of Love, Duplicity & Crime. Being a recital of the strange story of the career of Mrs. Belle Gunness. It tells in detail everything regarding her career of crime; how she, by representing herself as a charming and rich widow, lured matrimonial victims to her farm, only to murder them in cold blood. Also containing accounts of other noted murder mysteries, including the Bender Case, the Holmes Castle Mystery, and others (Chicago: Thompson & Thomas, 1908), pp. 10–13.
13 Ibid., pp. 44–45.
14 Ibid., pp. 68–69.
15 Ibid., p. 81.
16 Ibid., p. 176.
1 Holbrook, p. 140; de la Torre, p. 48.
2 Chicago Daily Examiner, May 10, 1908, p. 1; La Porte Herald Weekly, May 21, 1908, p. 1. Accounts differ in the number of watches found in the ruins, with some newspapers putting the total at eleven.
3 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 11, 1908, p. 1.
4 Ibid., May 23, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Inter Ocean, May 28, 1908, p. 3.
5 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 16, 1908, p. 3; La Porte Weekly Herald, May 21, 1908, p. 4.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 13, 1908, p. 4.
7 Chicago Daily Examiner, May 20, 1908, p. 3; Chicago Inter Ocean, May 20, 1908, p. 2.
8 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 20, 1908, p. 6.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 19, 1908, p. 1.
10 Ibid., May 15, 1908, p. 1.
11 Ibid., May 21, 1908, p. 2.
12 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 23, 1908, p. 2; New York Times, May 23, 1908, p. 2. Appended to these six indictments was a seventh, charging Lamphere with assisting Belle Gunness in disposing of Helgelien’s body.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 21, 1908, p. 8.
2 Langlois, pp. 23 and 26–27.
3 de la Torre, pp. 61–62.
4 Shepherd, p. 126.
5 New York Times, May 30, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Inter Ocean, May 30, 1908, p. 3; Hinton, pp. 61–62; Shepherd, pp. 125–26.
6 Shepherd, pp. 125–26.
7 La Porte Weekly Herald, June 25, 1908, p. 4.
8 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 21, 1908, p. 1.
9 Detroit Free Press, July 10, 1908, p. 2; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, July 10, 1908, p. 1, and July 11, 1908, p. 1; Spanish Fork Press, July 16, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Inter Ocean, July 18, 1908; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, July 29, 1908, p. 1; Wichita Daily Eagle, October 9, 1908, p. 1.
1 Chicago Inter Ocean, November 8, 1908, p. 8. For unknown reasons, no transcript of Ray Lamphere’s trial exists. My account of the proceedings draws on the extensive coverage by the La Porte and Chicago newspapers.
2 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 12, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, pp. 65–66.
3 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 12, 1908, p. 7.
4 de la Torre, p. 63; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 12, 1908, p. 3; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 10, 1908, p. 1.
5 Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, March 9, 1905, p. 1; Cincinnati Enquirer, April 11, 1905, p. 1.
6 Fort Wayne News, January 22, 1906, p. 8; Argos Reflector, January 26, 1998, p. 1.
7 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 12, 1908, p. 3.
8 Ibid., November 13, 1908, p. 1.
9 Ibid., November 10, 1908, p. 1.
10 Chicago Evening American, November 10, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Examiner, November 10, 1908, p. 1.
11 Chicago Daily Journal, November 11, 1908, p. 3.
12 Shepherd, pp. 127–28; de la Torre, p. 50; Boston Daily Globe, June 1, 1908, p. 8.
13 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 1, 1908, p. 2.
14 Cincinnati Enquirer, June 2, 1908, p. 2; New York Times, June 3, 1908, p. 3.
15 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 10, 1908, p. 1.
16 Ibid., November 12, 1908, p. 1, and November 13, 1908, p. 1.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 13, 1908, p. 1.
2 de la Torre, p. 70.
3 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 12, 1908, p. 1.
4 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 13, 1908, p. 1; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 1.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 13, 1908, p. 3, and La Porte Daily Herald, November 13, 1908, p. 8.
2 Chicago Inter Ocean, November 8, 1908, p. 8.
3 de la Torre, p. 75.
4 Indianapolis Star, May 11, 1930, p. 1.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 10, 1908, p. 1.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 13, 1908, p. 3.
7 de la Torre, p. 79.
8 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, pp. 1 and 3; de la Torre, p. 79.
9 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 2.
10 Ibid.
11 de la Torre, p. 85.
12 Ibid., pp. 85–86.
13 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 13, 1908, p. 4.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 14, 1908, p. 2.
2 Daniels, p. 722.
3 Indianapolis Star, December 12, 1912, p. 2; January 20, 1913, p. 8; February 23, 1913, p. 16.
4 de la Torre, p. 86.
5 Ibid.; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 2.
6 Indianapolis Star, August 17, 1940, p. 14.
7 See, for example, Dental Digest, Vol. XI, No. 5 (May 1905), p. 520.
8 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 3; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, p. 3.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, p. 3.
1 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 3.
2 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, pp. 1 and 4.
3 de la Torre, p. 100; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, p. 8; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 5.
4 de la Torre, p. 93; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 3.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, p. 4; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 3.
6 de la Torre, p. 94.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, p. 4.
8 Ibid.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 16, 1908, p. 8.
10 Carroll (Iowa) Herald, May 13, 1908, p. 3.
11 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 17, 1908, p. 1.
12 Chicago Daily Journal, November 17, 1908, p. 2.
1 Washington Irving, «Rip Van Winkle», in Selected Writings of Washington Irving (New York: The Modern Library, 1984), p. 48.
2 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 5.
3 Evansville Press, May 12, 1908, p. 1; Pittsburgh Press, May 7, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, p. 101.
4 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 5.
5 Ibid.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 18, 1908, p. 1; La Porte Weekly Herald, November 19, 1908, p. 5; de la Torre, pp. 103–4.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 18, 1908, p. 1.
8 Ibid.; de la Torre, p. 114.
9 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 18, 1908, p. 1.
10 de la Torre, p. 116.
11 Ibid., p. 126.
12 Chicago Examiner, November 20, 1908, p. 4.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 20, 1908, p. 1.
2 Ibid.; Chicago Daily Journal, November 20, 1908, p. 2.
3 For a capsule biography of Ball, see Fern Eddy Schultz, «La Porte County’s first ‘native son», at http://www.heraldargus.com/community/columnists/fern_eddy_schultz/la-porte-county-s-first-native-son/article_fbe8c5f2–51b6–57eb-b1ca-009cdb20059f.html.
4 Shepherd, p. 178.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 21, 1908, p. 1; Alexandria Times-Tribune, November 21, 1908, p. 1.
6 de la Torre, pp. 134–36.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 21, 1908, p. 1.
8 The Daily Republican, November 21, 1908, p. 7.
9 Shepherd, p. 185.
10 Chicago Daily Examiner, November 21, 1908, p. 5.
1 Chicago Examiner, November 18, 1908, p. 6; Indianapolis News, November 21, 1908, p. 3.
2 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 20, 1908, p. 1.
3 La Porte Weekly Herald, November 26, 1908, p. 14.
4 Ibid., p. 15.
5 Ibid., p. 11.
6 Chicago Daily Tribune, November 23, 1908, p. 2.
7 Chicago Daily Journal, November 22, 1908, p. 2.
1 Chicago Examiner, November 22, 1908, p. 1; Chicago Inter Ocean, November 22, 1908, p. 11; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 23, 1908, p. 1.
2 Indianapolis Star, November 22, 1908, p. 5; de la Torre, p. 139.
3 Cincinnati Enquirer, November 24, 1908, p. 9.
4 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 23, 1908, 5; de la Torre, p. 144.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 23, 1908, p. 1; Shepherd, p. 187; de la Torre, p. 144.
1 Chicago Daily Tribune, January 28, 1923, p. 11.
2 Unity: Freedom, Fellowship and Character in Religion, Vol. XIV, No. 2 (September 16, 1884), p. ii.
3 See, for example, Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, June 13, 1895, p. 1.
4 See, for example, The American Law Register, Vol. 51, Philadelphia: Department of Law, University of Pennsylvania, 1903, pp. 465–66.
5 Robert Loerzel, Alchemy of Bones: Chicago’s Luetgert Case of 1897 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 126; John Buckingham, Bitter Nemesis: The Intimate History of Strychnine (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008), p. 193; Edward H. Smith, Famous Poison Mysteries (New York: The Dial Press, 1927), p. 183.
6 Louisville Courier-Journal, November 22, 1908, p. 1.
7 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 24, 1908, p. 1.
8 Wichita Daily Eagle, November 25, 1908, p. 1; Cincinnati Enquirer, November 25, 1908, p. 2; Shepherd, pp. 191–92; Chicago Examiner, November 25, 1908, p. 1.
9 Wilkes-Barre Record, November 25, 1908, p. 1.
10 Detroit Free Press, November 25, 1908, p. 2.
1 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 25, 1908, p. 1.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.; Chicago Daily Examiner, November 25, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Tribune, November 25, 1908, p. 1; de la Torre, pp. 149–51.
4 Marshall County Independent, January 25, 1901, p. 1; Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, January 27, 1902, p. 1; Waterloo Press, January 31, 1901, p. 2; Leader Courier, July 18, 1901, p. 1. Brill, charged with attempted murder, was allowed to plead guilty to assault and battery and got off with a $500 fine, plus costs.
5 de la Torre, pp. 152–53; La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 25, 1908, p. 1.
6 La Porte Argus-Bulletin. November 26, 1908, p. 1.
7 de la Torre, pp. 153–54; Shepherd, pp. 196–97.
8 La Porte Weekly Herald, December 3, 1908, p. 4; de la Torre, pp. 155–56; Shepherd, pp. 196–98.
9 Chicago Daily Tribune, November 26, 1908, p. 2; Chicago Inter Ocean, November 26, 1908, p. 4; Shepherd, pp. 199–200; de la Torre, pp. 156–57.
1 Chicago Inter Ocean, November 27, 1908, p. 1.
2 La Porte Weekly Herald, December 3, 1903, p. 1.
3 Chicago Inter Ocean, November 27, 1908, p. 2.
4 La Porte Weekly Herald, December 3, 1903, p. 1.
5 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, December 3, 1908, p. 1.
6 Raleigh Times, November 27, 1908, p. 1.
7 La Porte Weekly Herald, December 3, 1903, p. 8.
8 Chicago Daily Journal, November 27, 1908, p. 2.
9 The comments on the outcome were collected and published by the La Porte Weekly Herald, December 3, 1908, p. 8.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, November 28, 1908, p. 1.
13 Ibid.; Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, November 28, 1908, p. 1; Culver Citizen, December 10, 1908, p. 2.
1 St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunday Magazine, May 2, 1909, pp. 55–56.
2 Belvedere Daily Republican, October 7, 1909, p. 1; Indianapolis News, December 31, 1909, p. 2.
3 Dakota County Herald, October 8, 1908, p. 1.
4 Indianapolis News, December 31, 1909, p. 2.
5 See, for example, Warren Times Mirror, December 31, 1909, p. 1.
6 Shepherd, p. 211.
7 See Edwin A. Schell, Historical Sketch and Alumni Record of Iowa Wesleyan College (Mount Pleasant, IA: Mount Pleasant News-Journal, 1917), p. 38.
8 Shepherd, p. 32.
9 Indianapolis News, May 13, 1908, p. 8.
10 Ibid.; Evansville Press, May 13, 1908, p. 1; Shepherd, p. 104.
11 Shepherd, pp. 212‑13.
12 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 13, 1910, pp. 1 and 2.
13 Ibid.
14 Cincinnati Enquirer, January 14, 1910, p. 4.
15 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 13, 1910, p. 2; Houston Post, January 14, 1910, p. 4.
16 Cincinnati Enquirer, January 14, 1910, p. 4.
17 Chicago Daily Tribune, January 15, 1910, pp. 1 and 2.
18 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 16, 1910, p. 2.
19 Ibid., June 22, 1956, p. 17.
20 Ibid., January 16, 1910, p. 2.
21 Shepherd, p. 219; Indianapolis Star, January 16, 1910, p. 5.
22 Shepherd, p. 220.
23 Ibid., p. 219.
1 Brazil (Indiana) Daily Times, January 22, 1910, p. 6.
2 Indianapolis Star, March 7, 1910, p. 5.
3 Ibid.
4 Daily Republican, January 31, 1910, p. 3; Indianapolis News, February 16, 1910, p. 3.
5 Fort Wayne News, February 16, 1910, p. 9.
6 Indianapolis Star, June 23, 1910, p. 3; Culver Citizen, September 22, 1910, p. 6; Pullman Herald, July 8, 1910, p. 5; Indianapolis Star, August 16, 1910, p. 5.
7 Indianapolis News, February 16, 1910, p. 3.
8 An abbreviated version of Myers’s statement first appeared in 1912. See, for example, Indianapolis Star, December 18, 1912, p. 6. It was not until eighteen years later that the complete statement was published. See Indianapolis News, July 17, 1930, p. 17.
9 Fort Wayne News, December 21, 1912, p. 11.
10 Bismarck Tribune, December 24, 1912, p. 5; Calumet News, January 27, 1913, p. 3.
11 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, March 18, 1916, p. 1.
12 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 6, 1916, p. 8.
13 Atlanta Constitution, May 7, 1916, p. 14.
14 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, March 18, 1916, p. 1; Indianapolis Star, March 19, 1916, p. 4.
15 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 5, 1916, p. 1.
16 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 6, 1916, p. 1.
17 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 5, 1916, p. 1; Chicago Daily Tribune, May 6, 1916, p. 8.
18 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 5, 1916, p. 1.
19 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 6, 1916, p. 8.
20 La Porte Argus-Bulletin, May 8, 1916, p. 1.
21 Chicago Daily Tribune, May 6, 1916, p. 8.
1 Indianapolis Star, January 8, 1915, p. 11; Seymour Tribune, October 31, 1923, p. 6.
2 Capital Times, January 2, 1924, p. 2; Cincinnati Enquirer, July 3, 1924, p. 4.
3 Garrett Clipper, October 2, 1930, p. 5; Indianapolis Star, February 14, 1936, p. 11.
4 See Indiana Evening Gazette, September 26, 1928, p. 1. The perpetrator of the so-called Wineville Chicken Coop Murders turned out to be a twenty-two-year-old pedophile and Canadian immigrant named Gordon Stewart Northcott. For a good account of the case (which served as the basis of the 2008 Clint Eastwood – directed movie Changeling), see Anthony Flacco, The Road Out of Hell: Sanford Clark and the True Story of the Wineville Murders (New York: Diversion Books, 2009).
5 Indianapolis News, July 17, 1930, p. 17; La Porte Herald Argus, April 28, 1933, p. 1.
6 Los Angeles Times, February 21, 1931, p. 14. The elder Lindstrom’s full name was Carl August Lindstrom. Newspaper accounts, however, consistently refer to him as August Lindstrom.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Los Angeles Times, February 19, 1931, p. 23.
10 Los Angeles Times, February 21, 1931, p. 14.
11 Oakland Tribune, February 21, 1931, p. 2.
12 Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1931, p. 21; San Bernardino County Sun, February 22, 1931, p. 5.
13 Oakland Tribune, February 24, 1931, p. 25. Though he was known as «Charles», Esther Carlson’s husband, coincidentally or not, had the same first and middle name as her victim: Carl August.
14 Los Angeles Times, February 25, 1931, p. 16.
15 Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1931, p. 21; Prescott Evening Courier, February 25, 1931, p. 2.
16 Los Angeles Times, February 26, 1931, p. 26.
17 Los Angeles Times, March 6, 1931, p. 21.
18 Modesto News-Herald, March 7, 1931, p. 1; Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1931, p. 20, and March 27, 1931, p. 20.
19 Oakland Tribune, May 3, 1931, p. 3; San Matteo Times, May 2, 1931, p. 2.
20 San Matteo Times, May 2, 1931, p. 2; Albuquerque Journal, May 3, 1931, p. 1; Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1931, p. 16.
21 Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1931, p. 14.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 After deliberating for just under five hours, the jury found Erickson not guilty on May 13, 1931. See Modesto News-Herald, May 14, 1931, p. 1.
26 San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 1931, p. 14.
27 Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1931, p. 15. Yorkey’s letter to Worden is in the archives of the La Porte Historical Society Museum.
1 Indianapolis Star, January 4, 1943, p. 20.
2 Jensen’s findings were delivered in a lecture at the La Porte County Historical Society Museum in October 2014. His talk is available on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKa78XVyqJs&feature=youtube.
3 See Maria Konnikova, «Why We Need Answers», New Yorker, April 30, 2013, http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/why-we-need-answers.
4 Indianapolis Star, May 14, 2008, p. B6.
5 Chicago Inter Ocean, May 14, 1908, p. 1.
6 See La Porte Weekly Herald, May 28, 1908, p. 1.
7 Jones, p. 165.
8 La Porte Weekly Herald, December 3, 1908, p. 7.
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