Хотя, по данным недавних исследований, соотношение бактериальных и человеческих клеток, возможно, 1:1, микробиом остается колоссальным по важности фактором функционирования организма.

Karter, Justin. Percentage of Americans on Antidepressants Nearly Doubles // Mad in America. 2015. Nov. 6; https://www.madinamerica.com/2015/11/percentage-of-americans-on-antidepressants-nearly-doubles/

Здесь и далее номера страниц соответствуют печатному изданию книги.

Berkeley Wellness. Altruism: Doing Well by Doing Good // BerkeleyWellness. 2016. March 17; http://www.berkeleywellness.com/healthy-mind/mind-body/article/altruism-doing-well-doing-good

Этот пример подходит для многих других химических веществ мозга, таких как дофамин, ГАМК или норэпинефрин.

Sapolsky, Robert М. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. – New York: W H. Freeman and Company, 1998.

Dobbs, David. The Social Life of Genes // Pacific Standard. 2013. Sept. 3; https://psmag.com/the-social-life-of-genes-66f93f207143#.g8wydjit3

Sonnenburg, Justin and Erica Sonnenburg, Ph.D.s. The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood and Your Long-Term Health. – New York: Penguin Press. 2015.

Donohoe, D. R., Collins, L. B., Wali, A., Bigler, R., Sun, W., Bultman, S. J. The Warburg effect dictates the mechanism of butyrate-mediated histone acetylation and cell proliferation // Molecular Cell. 2012. Nov. 30. № 48(4): 612–626. – Epub. 2012. Oct. 11.

Bruce-Keller, A. J., et al. Obese-Type Microbiota Induce Neurobehavioral Changes in the Absence of Obesity // Biological Psychiatry. 2015. № 77: 607–615. – Epub. 2014. Jul. 18.

Jacobs School of Medicine and Biological Sciences. Lackner Investigates Whether Brain Changes Affect Gut Microbiome // University of Buffalo. 2015. Dec. 23; http://medicine.buffalo.edu/news_and_events/news.host.html/content/shared/smbs/ news/2015/12/lackner-ibs-cbt-microbiome-5316.detail.html

Kennedy, Paul J., John F. Cryan, Timothy G. Dinan, and Gerard Clarke. Irritable bowel syndrome: A microbiome-gut-brain axis disorder? // World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014. Oct. 21. № 20(39): 14105–14125; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4202342/#B183

Kranjac, Dinko, Ph.D. OCD and the Gut: Is There a Connection? // Psychiatry Advisor. 2016. May 17; http://www.psychiatryadvisor. com/apa-2016-coverage/ocd-and-the-gut-is-there-a-connection/ article/496849/

Brown, Valerie. Bacteria R Us // Spectre Footnotes. 2010. Oct. 18; https://spectregroup.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/bacterial-intelligence/

Там же.

Kennedy, Paul J., John F. Cryan, Timothy G. Dinan, and Gerard Clarke. Irritable bowel syndrome: A microbiome-gut-brain axis disorder? // World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014. Oct. 21. № 20(39): 14105–14125; Epub. 2014. Oct. 21: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202342/#B105

Reed, Allison. Gut Bacteria Linked to Cognitive Function // Nutrition News. 2015. July 17; http://www.naturalhealth365.com/gut-bacteria-brain-fog-1494.html

Distrutti E., O’Reilly, J. A., McDonald, C., Cipriani, S., Renga, B., Lynch, M. A., Fiorucci S. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP // PLoS One. 2014. Sep. 9. № 9(9); http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312734.php; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25202975

Desbonnet, L., Garrett, L., Clarke, G., Kiely, B., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G. Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression // Journal of Neuroscience. 2010. Nov. 10. № 170(4): 1179–1188; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696216 Neuroscience. – Epub. 2010. Aug. 6; Kohn, David. When Gut Bacteria Changes Brain Function // The Atlantic. 2015. June 24; http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/

Martin, C. The inflammatory cytokines: Molecular biomarkers for major depressive disorder // Biomarker in Med. 2015. № 9 (2): 169–180; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24524646; Khairova, R. A. et al. A potential role for proinflammatory cytokines in regulating synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder // International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009. № 12 (4): 561–578; https:// www.readbyqxmd.com/read/19224657/a-potential-role-for-proinflammatory-cytokines-in-regulating-synaptic-plasticity-in-major-depressive-disorder

Kristin Schmidt, Philip J. Cowen, Catherine J. Harmer, George Tzortzis, Steven Errington, and Philip W. J. Burnet. Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers // Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2015. № 232(10): 1793–1801; Epub. 2014. Dec. 3. doi: 10.1007/s00213–014–3810–0; https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410136/; Kohn, David. When Gut Bacteria Changes Brain Function // The Atlantic. 2015. June; http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/

Elaine Y. Hsiao, Sara W. McBride, Sophia Hsien, Gil Sharon, Embriette R. Hyde, Tyler McCue, Julian A. Codelli, Janet Chow, Sarah E. Reisman, Joseph F. Petrosino, Paul H. Patterson, and Sarkis K. Mazmanian. The microbiota modulates gut physiology and behavioral abnormalities associated with autism // Cell. 2013. Dec. 19. № 155(7): 1451–1463; Epub. 2013. Dec. 5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3897394/; Kohn, David. When Gut Bacteria Changes Brain Function // The Atlantic. 2015. June; http://www.theatlantic.com/ health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/

Study Opens Door to New Opportunities for Preventing and Treating Alzheimer’s Disease // Medical News Life Sciences. 2017. Feb. 11; http://www.news-medical.net/news/20170211/Study-opens-door-to-new-opportunities-for-preventing-and-treating-Alzheimers-disease.aspx

Martin J. Blaser & Stanley Falkow. What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota? // Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2009. Dec. 7: 887–894; (ember 2009) doi:10.1038/nrmicro2245; cited in Specter, Michael. Germs Are Us // The New Yorker. 2012. Oct. 22. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/22/germs-are-us

Tanya Yatsunenko, Federico E. Rey, Mark J. Manary, Indi Trehan, Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello, Monica Contreras, Magda Magris, Glida Hidalgo, Robert N. Baldassano, Andrey P. Anokhin, Andrew C. Heath, Barbara Warner, Jens Reeder, Justin Kuczynski, J. Gregory Caporaso, Catherine A. Lozupone, Christian Lauber, Jose Carlos Clemente, Dan Knights, Rob Knight & Jeffrey I. Gordon. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography // Nature. 2012. June 14. № 486: 222–227. – doi:10.1038/nature11053; Epub. 2012. May 9; http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7402/full/nature11053.html

Carlotta De Filippo, Duccio Cavalieri, Monica Di Paola, Matteo Ramazzotti, Jean Baptiste Poullet, Sebastien Massart, Silvia Collini, Giuseppe Pieraccini, and Paolo Lionetti. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa // PNAS, Vol. 107. № 33. 4691–14696, doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1005963107

Cotillard, A., et al. Dietary Intervention Impact on Gut Microbiome Gene Richness // Nature. 2013. № 500: 585–588.

Xu D, Gao J, Gillilland M, Wu X, Song I, Kao JY, Owyang C. Rifaximin alters intestinal bacteria and prevents stress-induced gut inflammation and visceral hyperalgesia in rats // Gastroenterology. 2014. № 146: 484–496.e4.

Kirsten Tillisch, Jennifer Labus, Lisa Kilpatrick, Zhiguo Jiang, Jean Stains, Bahar Ebrat, Denis Guyonnet, Sophie Legrain—Raspaud, Beatrice Trotin, Bruce Naliboff, and Emeran A. Mayer. Consumption of Fermented Milk Product with Probiotic Modulates Brain Activity // Gastroenterology. 2013. June. № 144 (7): 10.1053. – Epub. 2013. March 6.

Messaoudi M. et al. Assessment of Psychotropic-like Properties of a Probiotic Formulation (Lactobacillus Helveticus R0052 and Bifidiobacterium Longum R0175) in Rats and Human Subjects // British Journal of Nutrition. 2011. № 105 (5): 755–764; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974015

Massaoudi. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus Helveticus R0052 and Bifidiobacterium Longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers // Gut Microbes 2011. № 2 (4): 256–261; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983070

Newman, Tim. Gut Bacteria and the Brain: Are We Controlled by Microbes? // Medical News Today. 2016. Sep. 7; http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312734.php; Wang H., Lee IS, Braun C., Enck P. Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review // Journal of Gastroenterological Motility. 2016. Oct. 30. № 22 (4): 589–605; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27413138

Большая часть материала из этой главы адаптирована из моей электронной книги «Крепкая щитовидная железа – крепкое здоровье», которую я опубликовал через свой офис.

Sudo, N. et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic and pituitary adrenal system for stress response in mice // Journal of Physiology. 2004. № 558: 263–275; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388/full

Bercik, P. et al. The Intestinal Microbiota Affect Central Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor and Behavior in Mice // Gastroenterology. 2011. № 141 (2): 599–609; http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016–5085%2811%2900607-X/abstract

Gareau, M. G. et al. Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalizes corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation // Gut. 2007. № 56 (11): 1522–1528; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339238

Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2012. Oct. 13(10): 701–712; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968153; Stephen M. Collins Michael Surette & Premysl Bercik. The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain // Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2012. Nov. 10: 735–742; http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v10/n11/abs/nrmicro2876.html

Michał Kunc, Anna Gabrych, and Jacek M. Witkowski. Microbiome impact on metabolism and function of sex, thyroid, growth and parathyroid hormones // ACTABP. Vol. 63. 2016. № 2: 189–201; http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2015_1093; http://www.actabp.pl/pdf/2_2016/2015_1093.pdf

Kellman, Raphael, M. D. Dysbiosis and Thyroid Dysfunction. All Roads Lead To The Microbiome; http://hypothyroidmom.com/dysbiosis-and-thyroid-dysfunction-all-roads-lead-to-the-microbiome/

Franceschi F, Satta MA, Mentella MC, Penland R, Candelli M, Grillo RL, Leo D, Fini L, Nista EC, Cazzato IA, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis // Helicobacter. 2004. № 9: 369.

Dickerson, Sally S., Tara L. Gruenwald, Margaret E. Kemeny. When The Social Self is Threatened: Shame, Physiology, and Health // Journal of Personality. 2004. Oct. 28.

Inagaki, Tristen K. et al. The Neurobiology of Giving versus Receiving Support // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2016. 1 do1:10.1097; http://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Citation/2016/05000/ The_Neurobiology_of_Giving_Versus_Receiving.7.aspx

Miller, Andrew H. & Charles L. Raison. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target // Nature Reviews Immunology. 2016. № 16: 22–34; Epub. 2015. Dec. 29; http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v16/n1/full/nri.2015.5.html

Dickerson, Sally S., Shelly L. Gable, Michael R. Irwin, Najib Aziz, Margaret E. Kemeny. Social-Evaluative Threat and Proinflammatory Cytokine Regulation // Psychological Science. 2009. Oct. 1; http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2009.02437.x

Shaoyong, S. U. et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Blood Pressure Trajectories from Childhood to Young Adulthood: The Georgia Stress and Heart Study // Circulation. 2015. Apr. 9.

Shanta, R. Dube, Ph.d Mph. Cumulative Childhood Stress and Autoimmune Diseases in Adults // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2009. Feb. № 71 (2): 243–250.

Vincent J. Felitti, M. D. Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults // American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998. May. Vol 14 (4): 245–258.

Anda, R. F. et al. The Relationship of Adverse Childhood Experiences to a History of Premature Death of Family Members // BMC Public Health. 2009. № 9: 106.

Gregory E. Miller. Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms // Psychological Bulletin. 2011. Nov. № 137 (6): 959–997.

Barbara L. Frederickson, Karen M. Grewen, Kimberly A. Coffey, Sara B. Algoe, Ann M. Firestine, Jesusa M. G. Arevalo, Jeffrey Ma, and Steven W. Cole. A functional genomic perspective on human well-being // PNAS. Vol. 110. № 33: 13684–13689; http://www.pnas.org/content/110/33/13684.abstract

Smith, Emily Esfahani. Meaning Is Healthier than Happiness // The Atlantic. 2013. Aug. 1; http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/meaning-is-healthier-than-happiness/278250/

Anwar, Yasmin. Add nature, art, and religion to life’s best antiinflammatories // Berkeley News. 2015. Feb. 2.

Большая часть материала из этой главы адаптирована из моей электронной книги «Крепкая щитовидная железа – крепкое здоровье», которую я опубликовал через свой офис.

Есть и третий вариант заболевания – низкий ТТГ и низкий показатель свободного Т3 наряду с симптомами гипотиреоза. Тогда обычно ставят диагноз гипопитуитаризм, или недостаточность функции гипофиза. Обычно это результат сбоя в гипофизе или в соседней железе – гипоталамусе. Хотя данное нарушение явно влияет на щитовидную железу, это не заболевание щитовидной железы как таковое.

Лично я использую совершенно иной анализ – тест на устойчивость к гормону щитовидной железы. Однако этот подход применяю в основном лишь я и небольшая группа врачей. Если вы сможете найти кого-то, кто его использует, отлично. Если нет, то следуйте рекомендациям далее.