Книга: Она смеется, как мать
Назад: Глоссарий[1179]
Дальше: Благодарности

Библиография

ABC News. 2016. “She’s Her Own Twin.” August 15. (accessed October 28, 2016).
Abyzov, Alexej, Jessica Mariani, Dean Palejev, Ying Zhang, Michael Seamus Haney, Livia Tomasini, Anthony F. Ferrandino, and others. 2012. “Somatic Copy Number Mosaicism in Human Skin Revealed by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.” Nature 492: 438–42.
Academic Family Tree. FlyTree – The Academic Genealogy of Drosophila Genetics, (accessed May 10, 2017).
Ackerman, Michael J. 2015. “Genetic Purgatory and the Cardiac Channelopathies: Exposing the Variants of Uncertain/unknown Significance Issue.” Heart Rhythm: The Official Journal of the Heart Rhythm Society 12: 2325–31.
Ackroyd, Peter. 2014. Charlie Chaplin: A Brief Life. New York: Doubleday.
Adam, Rene C., and Elaine Fuchs. “The Yin and Yang of Chromatin Dynamics in Stem Cell Fate Selection.” Trends in Genetics 32: 89–100.
Adami, Christoph. 2015. “Information-Theoretic Considerations Concerning the Origin of Life.” Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 45: 309–17.
Adams, Mark В., ed. 2014. The Evolution of Theodosius Dobzhansky: Essays on His Life and Thought in Russia and America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Adashi, Eli Y., and I. Glenn Cohen. 2017 “Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy: Unmade in the USA.” JAMA 317: 574–75.
Adelson, Betty M. 2005. The Lives of Dwarfs: Their Journey from Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Adrio, Jose L., and Arnold L. Demain. 2006. “Genetic Improvement of Processes Yielding Microbial Products.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 30: 187–214.
Agius, E. 1990. “Germ-line Cells – Our Responsibilities for Future Generations.” In Our Responsibilities towards Future Generations. Edited by S. Busuttill and others. Valletta, Malta: Foundation for International Studies.
Akbari, Omar S., Hugo J. Bellen, Ethan Bier, Simon L. Bullock, Austin Burt, George M. Church, Kevin R. Cook, and others. 2015. “Safeguarding Gene Drive Experiments in the Laboratory.” Science 349: 972–79.
Alem, Sylvain, Clint J. Perry, Xingfu Zhu, Olli J. Loukola, Thomas Ingraham, Eirik Søvik, and Lars Chittka. 2016. “Associative Mechanisms Allow for Social Learning and Cultural Transmission of String Pulling in an Insect.” PLOS Biology 14: e100256.
Allen, Elizabeth Cooper. 1983. Mother, Can You Hear Me?: The Extraordinary True Story of an Adopted Daughter’s Reunion with Her Birth Mother After a Separation of Fifty Years. New York: Dodd, Mead.
Allen, Garland E. 2003. “Mendel and Modern Genetics: The Legacy for Today.” Endeavour 27: 63–68.
________. 2011. “Eugenics and Modern Biology: Critiques of Eugenics, 1910–1945.” Annals of Human Genetics 75: 314–25.
Allen, Jenny, Mason Weinrich, Will Hoppitt, and Luke Rendell. 2013. “Network-based Diffusion Analysis Reveals Cultural Transmission of Lobtail Feeding in Humpback Whales.” Science 340: 485–88.
Allis, C. David, and Thomas Jenuwein. 2016. “The Molecular Hallmarks of Epigenetic Control.” Nature Reviews Genetics 17: 487.
________, Marie-Laure Caparros, Thomas Jenuwein, and Danny Reinberg. 2015. Epigenetics. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Álvarez, Gonzalo, Francisco C. Ceballos, and Celsa Quinteiro. 2009. “The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty.” PLOS One 4: e5174.
________, Francisco C. Ceballos, and Tim M. Berra. 2015. “Darwin Was Right: Inbreeding Depression on Male Fertility in the Darwin Family.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 114: 474–83.
American Association for the Advancement of the Sciences. 1997. “Guidelines for Human Germ-Line Interventions Topic of AAAS Forum.” September 12. (accessed March 28, 2017).
Amundson, Ronald. 2007. The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of Evo-devo. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Anacker, Christoph, and René Hen. 2017. “Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognitive Flexibility – Linking Memory and Mood.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.45.
Anderson, D., Rupert E. Billingham, G. H. Lampkin, and Peter Brian Medawar. 1951. “The Use of Skin Grafting to Distinguish Between Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins in Cattle.” Heredity 5: 379–97.
Andersson, Claes. 2013. “Fidelity and the Emergence of Stable and Cumulative Sociotechnical Systems.” PaleoAnthropology 2013: 88–103.
Aplin, Lucy M., Ben C. Sheldon, and Julie Morand-Ferron. 2013. “Milk Bottles Revisited: Social Learning and Individual Variation in the Blue Tit, Cyanistes Caeruleus.” Animal Behaviour 85: 1225–32.
Arcabascio, Catherine. 2007. “Chimeras: Double the DNA – Double the Fun for Crime Scene Investigators, Prosecutors, and Defense Attorneys.” Akron Law Review 40: 435.
Archibald, John M. 2015. “Endosymbiosis and Eukaryotic Cell Evolution.” Current Biology 25: R911–21.
Aristotle. The History of Animals. Translated by DArcy Wentworth Thompson. MIT Internet Classics Archive. (accessed October 2, 2017).
________. On the Generation of Animals, Book I. Translated by Arthur Piatt. (accessed August 2, 2017).
Armistead, Wilson. 1848. A Tribute for the Negro: Being a Vindication of the Moral, Intellectual, and Religious Capabilities of the Coloured Portion of Mankind; with Particular Reference to the African Race. Manchester, UK: W. Irwin.
Armstrong, Elizabeth M., and Ernest L. Abel. 2000. “Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: The Origins of a Moral Panic.” Alcohol and Alcoholism 35: 276–82.
Asbury, Kathryn. 2015. “Can Genetics Research Benefit Educational Interventions for All?” Hastings Center Report 45, Suppl 1, S39S42.
________, and Robert Plomin. 2013. G Is for Genes: Vie Impact of Genetics on Education and Achievement. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
Asnicar, Francesco, Serena Manara, Moreno Zolfo, Duy Tin Truong, Matthias Scholz, Federica Armanini, Pamela Ferretti, and others. 2017. “Studying Vertical Microbiome Transmission from Mothers to Infants by Strain-Level Metagenomic Profiling.” mSystems 2: 00164–16. Associated Press. 1944. “Doctor Backs Chaplin.” New York Times, December 28, p. 24.
________. 1957. “Dr. Henry Goddard, Psychologist, Dies; Author of “The Kallikak Family’ Was 90.” New York Times, June 22, p. 15.
Astrue v. Capato, Ed. 2d 887 (2012).
Aulie, Richard P. 1961. “Caspar Friedrich Wolff and His Theoria Generationis,’ 1759.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 16: 124–44.
Aunger, Robert. 2006. “What’s the Matter with Memes?” In Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think. Edited by Alan Grafen and Mark Ridley. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baedke, Jan. 2013. “The Epigenetic Landscape in the Course of Time: Conrad Hal Waddington’s Methodological Impact on the Life Sciences.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biologicaland Biomedical Sciences 44 Pt B, 756–73.
Baker, David P., Paul J. Eslinger, Martin Benavides, Ellen Peters, Nathan F. Dieckmann, and Juan Leon. 2015. “The Cognitive Impact of the Education Revolution: A Possible Cause of the Flynn Effect on Population IQ.” Intelligence 49: 144–58.
Baker, Katharine K. 2004. “Bargaining or Biology – The History and Future of Paternity Law and Parental Status.” Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 14: 1. .
Bale, Tracy L. 2014. “Lifetime Stress Experience: Transgenerational Epigenetics and Germ Cell Programming.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 16: 297–305.
________. 2015. “Epigenetic and Transgenerational Reprogramming of Brain Development.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16: 332–44.
Ball, Philip. 2016. “Kathy Niakan: At the Forefront of Gene Editing in Embryos.” Lancet 387: 935.
Ball, Steven G., Debashish Bhattacharya, and Andreas P. M. Weber. 2016. “Pathogen to Powerhouse.” Science 351: 659–60.
Balmain, Allan. 2001. “Cancer Genetics: From Boveri and Mendel to Microarrays.” Nature Reviews Cancer 1: 77–82.
Balmer, Jennifer. 2014. “Smoking Mothers May Alter the DNA of Their Children.” Science, July 28. (accessed August 4, 2017).
Baltimore, David, Paul Berg, Michael Botchan, Dana Carroll, R. Alta Charo, George Church, Jacob E. Corn, and others. 2015. “Biotechnology: A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification.” Science 348: 36–38.
Barkan, Elazar. 1992. The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barnes, L. Diane. 2013. Frederick Douglass: Reformer and Statesman. New York: Routledge.
Baron, David. 2003. “DNA Tests Shed Light on ‘Hybrid Humans.’” National Public Radio, August 11. (accessed February 21, 2017).
Baross, John A., and William F. Martin. 2015. “The Ribofilm as a Concept for Life’s Origins.” Cell 162: 13–15.
Barritt, J. A., C. A. Brenner, H. E. Maker, and J. Cohen. 2001. “Mitochondria in Human Offspring Derived from Ooplasmic Transplantation.” Human Reproduction 16: 513–16.
Bartley, Mary M. 1992. “Darwin and Domestication: Studies on Inheritance.” Journal of the History of Biology 25: 307–33.
Bashford, Alison, and Philippa Levine, eds. 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bateson, William, and Edith Rebecca Saunders. 1902. “The Facts of Heredity in the Light of Mendel’s Discovery.” Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society 1: 125–60.
Bath, Sarah C., Colin D. Steer, Jean Golding, Pauline Emmett, and Margaret P. Rayman. 2013.” Effect of Inadequate Iodine Status in UK Pregnant Women on Cognitive Outcomes in Their Children: Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).” Lancet 382: 331–37.
Baudat, Frédéric, Yukiko Imai, and Bernard de Massy. 2013. “Meiotic Recombination in Mammals: Localization and Regulation.” Nature Reviews Genetics 14: 794–806.
Bauer, Lauren, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach. 2016. “The Long-term Impact of the Head Start Program.” The Hamilton Project of the Brookings Institution. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Bauer, Tobias, Saskia Trump, Naveed Ishaque, Loreen Thürmann, Lei Gu, Mario Bauer, Matthias Bieg, and others. 2016. “Environment-induced Epigenetic Reprogramming in Genomic Regulatory Elements in Smoking Mothers and Their Children.” Molecular Systems Biology 12: 861.
Beck, Tracey L. 1998. “My Life with PKU.” Article written for National PKU News, Spring. (accessed August 24, 2017).
Beeson, Emma Burbank. 1927. The Early Life & Letters of Luther Burbank, by His Sister Emma (Burbank) Beeson. San Francisco: Harr Wagner Publishing Company.
Begley, Sharon. 2015. “Dare We Edit the Human Race? Star Geneticists Wrestle with Their Power.” STAT, December 2.
Behar, Doron M., Mait Metspalu, Yael Baran, Naama M. Kopelman, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Ariella Gladstein, Shay Tzur, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, and Levon Yepiskoposyan. 2013. “No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews.” Human Biology 85: 859–900.
Beleza, Sandra, Antonio M. Santos, Brian McEvoy, Isabel Alves, Claudia Martinho, Emily Cameron, Mark D. Shriver, Esteban J. Parra, and lorge Rocha. 2013. “The Timing of Pigmentation Lightening in Europeans.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 24–35.
Belozerskaya, Marina. 2005. Luxury Arts of the Renaissance. London: Thames & Hudson.
Beltrame, Marcia Holsbach, Meagan A. Rubel, and Sarah A. Tishkoff. 2016. “Inferences of African Evolutionary History from Genomic Data.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 41: 159–66.
Bennett, Gordon M., and Nancy A. Moran. “Heritable Symbiosis: “The Advantages and Perils of an Evolutionary Rabbit Hole.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: 10169–76.
Benson, Fred. 1981. “Blood Tests Showing Nonpaternity-Conclusive or Rebuttable Evidence?: The Chaplin Case Revisited.” American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 2: 221–24.
Berg, Mary Anne, Jaime Guevara-Aguirre, Arlan L. Rosenbloom, Ron G. Rosenfeld, and Uta Francke. 1992. “Mutation Creating a New Splice Site in the Growth Hormone Receptor Genes of 37 Ecuadorean Patients with Laron Syndrome.” Human Mutation 1: 24–34.
Bergland, Richard M. 1965. “New Information Concerning the Irish Giant.” Journal of Neurosurgery 23: 265–69.
Bergman, Yehudit, and Howard Cedar. 2013. “DNA Methylation Dynamics in Health and Disease.” Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 20: 274–81.
Bergmann, Olaf, and Jonas Frisén. 2013. “Why Adults Need New Brain Cells.” Science 340: 695–96.
________, Jakob Liebl, Samuel Bernard, Kanar Alkass, Maggie S. Yeung, Peter Steier, Walter Kutschera, and others. 2012. “The Age of Olfactory Bulb Neurons in Humans.” Neuron 74: 634–39.
________, Kirsty L. Spalding, and Jonas Frisén. 2015. “Adult Neurogenesis in Humans.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7: a018994.
Bernstein, Joseph. 2016. “This Man Helped Build the Trump Meme Army – Now He Wants to Reform It.” BuzzFeed News, December 30.
Berra, Tim M., Gonzalo Álvarez, and Francisco C. Ceballos. 2010. “Was the Darwin / Wedgwood Dynasty Adversely Affected by Consanguinity?” Bioscience 60: 376–83.
Berry v. Chaplin, 74 Cal. App 2d 652 (1946).
Beutler, Ernest. 2001. “The Cline Affair.” Molecular Therapy 4: 396.
Bhardwaj, Ratan D., Maurice A. Curtis, Kirsty L. Spalding, Bruce A. Buchholz, David Fink, Thomas Björk-Eriksson, Claes Nordborg, and others. 2006. “Neocortical Neurogenesis in Humans Is Restricted to Development.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 12564–68.
Bianchi, D. W., G. K. Zickwolf, G. J. Weil, S. Sylvester, and M. A. DeMaria. 1996. “Male Fetal Progenitor Cells Persist in Maternal Blood for as Long as 27 Years Postpartum.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93: 705–08.
Bianchi, Diana W. 2007. “Robert E. Gross Lecture. Fetomaternal Cell Trafficking: A Story That Begins with Prenatal Diagnosis and May End with Stem Cell Therapy.” Journal of Pediatric Surgery 42: 12–18.
Bickel, H. 1996.”The First Treatment of Phenylketonuria.” European Journal of Pediatrics 155: S2S3.
Bicknell, Ross, Andrew Catanach, Melanie Hand, and Anna Koltunow. 2016. “Seeds of Doubt: Mendel’s Choice of Hieracium to Study Inheritance, a Case of Right Plant, Wrong Trait.” Theoretical and Applied Generics. l29: 2253–66.
Biesecker, Leslie. 2005. “Proteus Syndrome.” In Management of Genetic Syndromes. Edited by Suzanne B. Cassidy. New York: Wiley-Liss.
________. 2006. “The Challenges of Proteus Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management.” European Journal of Human Genetics 14: 1151–57.
Black, Sandra E., Paul J. Devereux, Petter Lundborg, and Kaveh Majlesi. 2015. “Poor Little Rich Kids? The Determinants of the Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, working paper 21409. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Blaine, Delabere. 1810. A Domestic Treatise on the Diseases of Horses and Dogs: So Conducted as to Enable Persons to Practise with Ease and Success on Their Own Animals. London: Printed for T. Boosey.
Blaser, Martin J., and Maria G. Domingucz-Bello. 2016. “The Human Microbiome before Birth.” Cell Host and Microbe 20: 558–60.
Blum, Matthias. 2016. “Inequality and Heights.” In The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology. Edited by John Komlos and Inas R. Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boddy, Amy M., Angelo Fortunate Melissa Wilson Sayres, and Athena Aktipis. 2015. “Fetal Microchimerism and Maternal Health: A Review and Evolutionary Analysis of Cooperation and Conflict beyond the Womb.” BioEssays 37: 1106–18.
Bohacek, Johannes, and Isabelle M. Mansuy. 2015. “Molecular Insights into Transgenerational Non-Genetic Inheritance of Acquired Behaviours.” Nature Reviews Genetics 16: 641–52.
Bohannon, John. 2013. “Why Are Some People So Smart? The Answer Could Spawn a Generation of Superbabies.” Wired, July 16.
Bonduriansky, Russell, and Troy Day. 2009. “Nongenetic Inheritance and Its Evolutionary Implications.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolultion, and Systematics 40: 103–25.
________. 2018. Not Only Genes: Nongenetic Inheritance in Evolution and Human Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bonner, J. Т., and W. J. Bell Jr. 1984. “’What Is Money For?’: An Interview with Edwin Grant Conklin.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 128: 79–84.
Boodman, Eric. 2017. “White Nationalists Are Flocking to Genetic Ancestry Tests. Some Don’t Like What They Find.” STAT, August 16. (accessed September 10, 2017).
Boomsma, Dorret, Andreas Busjahn, and Leena Peltonen. 2002. “Classical Twin Studies and Beyond.” Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 872–82.
Boone, Charles, and Brenda J. Andrews. 2015. “The Indispensable Genome.” Science 350: 1028–29.
Bordenstein, Seth R. 2015. “Rethinking Heritability of the Microbiome.” Science 349: 1172–73.
Bossinger, Gerd, and Antanas Spokevicius. 2011. “Plant Chimaeras and Mosaics.” In Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Boubakar, Leila, Julien Falk, Hugo Ducuing, Karine Thoinet, Florie Reynaud, Edmund Derrington, and Valerie Castellani. 2017. “Molecular Memory of Morphologies by Septins during Neuron Generation Allows Early Polarity Inheritance.” Neuron 95: 834–51.
Bouchard, Maryse F., Jonathan Chevrier, Kim G. Harley, Katherine Kogut, Michelle Vedar, Norma Calderon, Celina Trujillo, and others. 2011. “Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and IQ in 7-Year-Old Children.” Environmental Health Perspectives 119: 1189–95.
Bourrat, Pierrick, Qiaoying Lu, and Eva Jablonka. 2017. “Why the Missing Heritability Might Not Be in the DNA.” BioEssays. doi: 10.1002/bies.201700067.
Boveri. Theodor. 2008. “Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumours by Theodor Boveri.” Translated and annotated by Henry Harris. Journal of Cell Science 121, Suppl 1, 1–84.
Bowles, Samuel, Eric Alden Smith, and Monique Borgerhoff Mulder. 2010. “The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies.” Current Anthropology 51: 7–17.
Boyd, Robert. 2017. A Different Kind of Animal: How Culture Transformed Our Species. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Brandt, Guido, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Christina Roth, Kurt Werner Alt, and Wolfgang Haak. 2015. “Human Paleogenetics of Europe – The Known Known sand the Known Unknowns.” Journal of Human Evolution 79: 73–92.
Breton, Sophie, and Donald T. Stewart. 2015. “Atypical Mitochondrial Inheritance Patterns in Eukaryotes.” Genome 58: 423–31.
Bright, Monika, and Silvia Bulgheresi. 2010. “A Complex Journey: Transmission of Microbial Symbionts.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 8: 218–30.
Brinch, Christian N., and Taryn Ann Galloway. 2012. “Schooling in Adolescence Raises IQ Scores.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America109: 425–30.
Broad, William J. 2007. “Useful Mutants, Bred with Radiation.” New York Times, August 28, F1.
Brown, Kyle S., Curtis W. Marean, Andy I. R. Herries, Zenobia Jacobs, Chantal Tribolo, David Braun, David L. Roberts, Michael C. Meyer, and Jocelyn Bernatchez. 2009. “Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans.” Science 325: 859–62.
Browne, E. J. 2002. Charles Darwin: The Power of Place. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Browne, Hilary P., B. Anne Neville, Samuel C. Forster, and Trevor D. Lawley. 2017. ”Transmission of the Gut Microbiota: Spreading of Health.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 15: 531–43.
Browne, Janet. 2016. “Inspiration to Perspiration: Francis Galton’s Hereditary Genius in Victorian Context.” In Genealogies of Genius. Edited by Joyce E. Chaplin and Darrin M. McMahon. New York: Springer.
Browne-Barbour, Vanessa S. 2015. “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: Disestablishment of Paternity.” Akron Law Review 48: 263.
Browning, Sharon R., and Brian L. Browning. 2012. “Identity by Descent between Distant Relatives: Detection and Applications.” Annual Review of Genetics 46: 617–33.
Brucato, Nicolas, Pradiptajati Kusuma, Murray P. Cox, Denis Pierron, Gludhug A. Purnomo, Alexander Adelaar, Toomas Kivisild, Thierry Letellier, Herawati Sudoyo, and Krantjois-Xavier Ricaut. 2016. “Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post in Southeast Borneo.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 33: 2396–2400.
Bryc, Katarzyna, Eric Y. Durand, J. Michael Macpherson, David Reich, and Joanna L. Mountain. 2015. “The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States.” American Journal of Human Genetics 96: 37–53.
Buck, Carol. 1992. Introduction to The Child Who Never Grew. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: Woodbine House.
Buck, Pearl. 1950. The Child Who Never Grew. New York: J. Day.
Buckingham, Margaret E., and Sigolene M. Meilhac. ”Tracing Cells for Tracking Cell Lineage and Clonal Behavior.” Developmental Cell 21: 394–409.
Budget Hearing – Food and Drug Administration | Committee on Appropriations, U. S. House of Representatives. March 27, 2014. (accessed March 29, 2017).
Bull, James J., and Harmit S. Malik. 2017. “The Gene Drive Bubble: New Realities.” PLOS Genetics 13: el006850.
Bulmer, M. G. 2003. Francis Gallon: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Burbank, Luther. 1904. “Some Fundamental Principles of Plant Breeding.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant Breeding and Hybridization. New York: Horticultural Society of New York.
________. 1906. The Training of the Human Plant. New York: Century Co.
________. 1939. Partner of Nature. New York: Appleton-Century Co.
________, and Wilbur Hall. 1927. The Harvest of the Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Burkhardt, Richard W. 2013. “Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters.” Genetics 194: 793–805.
Burleigh, Michael. 2001. The Third Reich: A New History. New York: Hill and Wang.
Burman, Jeremy Trevelyan. 2012. “The Misunderstanding of Memes: Biography of an Unscientific Object, 1976–1999.” Perspectives on Science 20: 75–104.
Burnham, George Pickering. 1855. The History of the Hen Fever: A Humorous Record. New York: James French.
Burt, Austin, and Robert Trivers. 2006. Genes in Conflict: The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Burt, Cyril. 1909. “Experimental Tests of General Intelligence.” British Journal of Psychology 3: 94–177.
Bushman, Diane M., and Jerold Chun. 2013. “The Genomically Mosaic Brain: Aneuploidy and More in Neural Diversity and Disease.” Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 24: 357–69.
Busslinger, Meinrad, and Alexander Tarakhovsky. 2014. “Epigenetic Control of Immunity.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6: a019307.
Bygren, Lars O., Pettcr Tinghög, John Carstensen, Sören Edvinsson, Gunnar Kaati, Marcus E., Pembrey, and Michael Sjöström. 2014. “Change in Paternal Grandmothers’ Early Food Supply Influenced Cardiovascular Mortality of the Female Grandchildren.” BMC Genetics15: 12.
Byrne, Richard W., and Lisa G. Rapaport. 2011. “What Are We Learning from Teaching?” Animal Behaviour 82: 1207–11.
Calvin, Catherine M., G. David Batty, Geoff Der, Caroline E. Brett, Adele Taylor, Alison Pattie, Iva Čukić, and Ian J. Deary. 2017. “Childhood Intelligence in Relation to Major Causes of Death in 68 Year Follow-up: Prospective Population Study.” BMJ 357: j2708.
Campbell, Ian M., Bo Yuan, Caroline Robberecht, Rolph Pfundt, Przemyslaw Szafranski. Meriel E. McEntagart, Sandesh CS Nagamani, Ayelet Erez, Magdalena Bartnik, Barbara Wisniowiecka-Kowalnik, and others. 2014. “Parental Somatic Mosaicism Is Underrecognized and Influences Recurrence Risk of Genomic Disorders.” American Journal of Human Genetics 95: 173–82.
Campbell, Ian M., Chad A. Shaw, Pawel Stankiewsicz, and James R. Lupski. 2015. “Somatic Mosaicism: Implications for Disease and Transmission Genetics.” Trends in Genetics 31: 382–92.
Capel, Blanche, and Doug Coveney. 2004. “Frank Lillie’s Freemartin: Illuminating the Pathway to 21st Century Reproductive Endocrinology.” Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A, Comparative Experimental Biology 301: 853–56.
Carlson, Elof Axel. 1981. Genes, Radiation, and Society: The Life and Work of H. J. Muller. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
________. 2009. Hermann Joseph Muller, 1890–1967. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
Carsten, Janet. 1995. “The Substance of Kinship and the Heat of the Hearth: Feeding, Personhood, and Relatedness Among Malays in Pulau Langkawi.” Amencan Ethnologist 22: 223–41.
Cary, S. C, and S. J. Giovannoni. 1993. “Transovarial Inheritance of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Clams Inhabiting Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90: 5695–99.
“Case of Carol Ann, The.” 1945. Life. January 8, p. 30.
Casselton, L. A. 2002. “Mate Recognition in Fungi.” Heredity 88: 142–47.
Castles, Elaine E. 2012. Inventing Intelligence: How America Came to Worship IQ. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Cathcart, Michael. 2013. Starvation in a Land of Plenty: Will’s Diary of the Fateful Burke and Wills Expedition. Canberra: National Library of Australia.
Cavazzana-Calvo, Marina, Emmanuel Payen, Olivier Negre, Gary Wang, Kathleen Hehir, Floriane Fusil, Julian Down, and others. 2010. “Transfusion Independence and HMGA2 Activation after Gene Therapy of Human B-Thalassaemia.” Nature 467: 318–22.
Cellini, Luigina. 2014. “Helicobacter pylori: A Chameleon-like Approach to Life.” World Journal of Gastroenterology 20: 5575–82.
Centerwall, Siegried A., and Willard R. Centerwall. 2000. “The Discovery of Phenylketonuria: The Story of a Young Couple, Two Retarded Children, and a Scientist.” Pediatrics 105: 89–103.
Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics.” Short Biography of F. A. Janssens.” KU Leuven, Belgium. (accessed August 4, 2017).
Cesarini, David, and Peter M. Visscher. 2017. “Genetics and Educational Attainment.” Science of Learning 2: 4.
Chabris, Christopher F., Benjamin M. Hebert, Daniel J. Benjamin, Jonathan Beauchamp, David Cesarini, Matthijs van der Loos, Magnus Johannesson, and others. 2012. “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives.” Psychological Science 23: 1314–23.
Chahal, Harvinder S., Karen Stals, Martina Unterländer, David J. Balding, Mark G. Thomas, Ajith V. Kumar, G. Michael Besser, A. Brew Atkinson, Patrick J. Morrison, and Trevor A. Howlett. 2011. “AIP Mutation in Pituitary Adenomas in the 18th Century and Today.” New England Journal of Medicine 364: 43–50.
Chan, William F. N., Cécile Gurnot, Thomas J. Montine, Joshua A. Sonnen, Katherine A. Guthrie, and J. Lee Nelson. 2012. “Male Microchimerism in the Human Female Brain.” PLOS One 7: e45592.
Chang, Joseph. 1999. “Recent Common Ancestors of All Present-Day Individuals.” Advances in Applied Probability 31: 1002–26.
Chemke, J., S. Rappaport, and R. Etrog. 1983. “Aberrant Melanoblast Migration Associated with Trisomy 18 Mosaicism.” Journal of Medical Genetics 20: 135–37.
Chen, Brian H., Riccardo E. Marioni, Elena Colicino, Marjolein J. Peters, Cavin K. Ward-Caviness, Pei-Chien Tsai, Nicholas S. Roetker, Allan C. Just, Ellen W. Demerath, and Weihua Guan. 2016. “DNA Methylation-Based Measures of Biological Age: Meta-Analysis Predicting Time to Death.” DNA 8: 9.
Chen, Qi, Wei Yan, and Enkui Duan. 2016. “Epigenetic Inheritance of Acquired Traits Through Sperm RNAs and Sperm RNA Modifications.” Nature Reviews Genetics 17: 733–43.
Chen, Serena H., Claudia Pascale, Maria Jackson, Mary Ann Szvctecz, and Jacques Cohen. 2016.”A Limited Survey-based Uncontrolled Follow-up Study of Children Born After Ooplasmic Transplantation in a Single Centre.” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 33: 737–44.
Chetty, Raj, David Grusky, Maximilian Hell, Nathaniel Hendren, Robert Manduca, and Jimmy Narang. 2017. “The Fading American Dream: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940.” Science 356: 398–406.
Cheung, Benjamin Y., Ilan Dar-Nimrod, and Karen Gonsalkorale. 2014. “Am I My Genes? Perceived Genetic Etiology, Intrapersonal Processes, and Health.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8: 626–37.
Christie, Joshua R., Timothy M. Schaerf, and Madeleine Beekman. 2015. “Selection Against Heteroplasmy Explains the Evolution of Uniparental Inheritance of Mitochondria.” PLOS Genetics ll: el005112.
Chudek, Maciej, Michael Muthukrishna, and Joseph Henrich. 2015. “Cultural Evolution.” In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. 2nd ed. Edited by David M. Buss. Hoboken, N J: Wiley.
Churchill, Frederick B. 1987. “From Heredity Theory to Vererbung: The Transmission Problem, 1850–1915.” Isis 78: 337–64.
________. 2015. August Weismann: Development, Heredity, and Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Clampett, Frederick W. 1970. Luther Burbank “Our Beloved Infidel”: His Religion of Humanity. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Clarkson, Chris, Zenobia Jacobs, Ben Marwick, Richard Fullagar, Lynley Wallis, Mike Smith, Richard G. Roberts, and others. 2017. “Human Occupation of Northern Australia by 65,000 Years Ago.” Nature 547: 306–10.
Claussnitzer, Melina, Simon N. Dankel, Kyoung-Han Kim, Gerald Quon, Wouter Meuleman, Christine Haugen, Viktoria Glunk, and others. 2015. “FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans.” New England Journal of Medicine 373: 895–907.
Clement, Anthony C. 1979. “Edwin Grant Conklin.” American Zoologist 19: 1255–59.
Cobb, Matthew. 2006. “Heredity Before Genetics: A History.” Nature Reviews Genetics 7: 953–58.
________. 2012. “An Amazing 10 Years: The Discovery of Egg and Sperm in the 17th Century.” Reproduction in Domestic Animals 47, Suppl 4, 2–6.
Coble, Michael D., Odile M. Loreille, Mark J. Wadhams, Suni M. Edson, Kerry Maynard, Carna E. Meyer, Harald Niederstätter, and others. 2009. “Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis.” PLOS One 4: e4838.
Cockerell, Theodore Dru Alison. 1917. “Somatic Mutations in Sunflowers.” Journal of Heredity 8: 467–70.
Coen, Enrico. 1999. The Art of Genes: How Organisms Make Themselves. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, Adam. 2016. Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck. New York: Penguin Press.
Cohen, Jacques, and Henry Malter. 2016. “The First Clinical Nuclear Transplantation in China: New Information about a Case Reported to ASRM in 2003.” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 33: 433–35.
________, Richard Scott, Tim Schimmel, Jacob Levron, and Steen Willadsen. 1997. “Birth of Infant After Transfer of Anucleate Donor Oocyte Cytoplasm into Recipient Eggs.” Lancet 350: 186–87.
Cold Spring Harbor Lab. 2013. “CSHL Associate Professor Zach Lippman at the Secret Science Club, Brooklyn, NY, July 16, 2013.” YouTube video, August 2. (accessed May 13, 2017).
Collins, Francis S. 2015. “Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos.” NIH Director, April 28. (accessed August 24, 2017).
________, Lowell Weiss, and Hudson Kathy. 2001. “Heredity and Humanity.” New Republic, June 25. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Colman, Andrew M. 2016. “Race Differences in IQ: Hans Eysenck’s Contribution to the Debate in the Light of Subsequent Research.” Personality and Individual Differences 103: 182–89.
Columbus, Christopher. “Santangel Letter.” Early Modern Spain website of King’s College London, (accessed July 23, 2017).
Comfort, Nathaniel C. 2012. The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Conklin, Edwin Grant. 1968. “Early Days at Woods Hole.” American Scientist 56: 112–20.
Conley, Dalton, Emily Rauscher, Christopher Dawes, Patrik К. E. Magnusson, and Mark L. Siegal. 2013. “Heritability and the Equal Environments Assumption: Evidence from Multiple Samples of Misclassified Twins.” Behavior Genetics 43: 415–26.
Conn, Peter. 1996. Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Connor, Steve. 2015. “’Three-Parent Babies’: Britain Votes in Favour of Law Change.” Independent, February 3.
Coop, Graham. 2013a. “How Much of Your Genome Do You Inherit from a Particular Grandparent?” Gcbias blog, October 20. (accessed) July 27, 2017).
________. 2013b. “How Much of Your Genome Do You Inherit from a Particular Ancestor?” Gcbias blog, November 4. (accessed July 27, 2017).
________. 2013c. “How Many Genomic Blocks Do You Share with a Cousin?” Gcbias blog, December 2. (accessed July 27, 2017).
________, Xiaoquan Wen, Carole Ober, Jonathan K. Pritchard, and Molly Przeworski. 2008.”High-Resolution Mapping of Crossovers Reveals Extensive Variation in Fine-Scale Recombination Patterns Among Humans.” Science 319: 1395–98.
Cooper, Colin. 2015. Intelligence and Human Abilities: Structure, Origins and Applications. New York: Routledge.
Cooper, David N. 2011. “Lionizing Lyonization 50 Years On.” Human Genetics 130: 167–68.
Cooper, Richard S. 2013. “Race in Biological and Biomedical Research.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 3: a008573.
Cossetti, Cristina, Luana Lugini, Letizia Astrologo, Isabella Saggio, Stefano Fais, and Corrado Spadafora. 2014. “Soma-to-Germline Transmission of RNA in Mice Xenografted with Human Tumour Cells: Possible Transport by Exosomes.” PLOS One 9: el01629.
Cowans, Jon. 2003. Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cowdry, E. V. 1953. “Historical Background of Research on Mitochondria.” Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 1: 183–87.
Coy, Peter. 2017. “The Big Reason Whites Are Richer than Blacks in America.” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, February 8.
Craig, Lee. 2016. “Antebellum Puzzle: The Decline in Heights at the Onset of Modern Economic Growth.” In The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology. Edited by John Komlos and lnas R. Kelly. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cravens, Hamilton. 1993. Before Head Start: The Iowa Station & America’s Children. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Crawford, Nicholas G., Derek E. Kelly, Matthew E. B. Hansen, Marcia H. Beltrame, Shaohua Fan, Shanna L. Bowman, Ethan Jewett, and others. 2017. “Loci Associated with Skin Pigmentation Identified in African Populations.” Science doi: 10.1126/science.aan8433.
“Crime of Scientific Zeal, The.” 1981. New York Times, June 5, editorial.
Cubas, P., C. Vincent, and E. Coen. 1999. “An Epigenetic Mutation Responsible for Natural Variation in Floral Symmetry.” Nature 401: 157–61.
Curtis, Benjamin. 2013. The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty. London: Bloomsbury.
Cutter, Calvin. 1850. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine: Designed for Colleges, Academies, and Families; with One Hundred and Fifty Engravings. Boston: Benjamin B. Mussey.
Cyranoski, David. 2017. “China’s Embrace of Embryo Selection Raises Thorny Questions.” Nature 548: 272.
Dacks, Joel В., Mark C. Field, Roger Buick, Laura Eme, Simonetta Gribaldo, Andrew J. Roger, Céline Brochier-Armanet, and Damien P. Devos. 2016. “The Changing View of Eukaryogenesis – Fossils, Cells, Lineages and How They All Come Together.” Journal of Cell Science 129: 3695–3703.
da Graca, J. V., E. S. Louzada, and J. W. Sauls. 2004. “The Origins of Red Pigmented Grapefruits and the Development of New Varieties.” Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture 1: 369–74.
Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Holger Strulik. 2016. “Physiology and Development: Why the West Is Taller than the Rest.” Economic Journal 126, no. 598, 1–32.
Danaei, Goodarz, Kathryn G. Andrews, Christopher R. Sudfeld, Günther Fink, Dana Charles McCoy, Evan Peet, Ayesha Sania, Mary C. Smith Fawzi, Majid Ezzati, and Wafaie W. Fawzi. 2016. “Risk Factors for Childhood Stunting in 137 Developing Countries: A Comparative Risk Assessment Analysis at Global, Regional, and Country Levels.” PLOS Medicine 13: e1002164.
Dannemann, Michael, Aida M. Andrés, and Janet Kelso. 2016. “Introgression of Neandertal-and Denisovan-like Haplotypes Contributes to Adaptive Variation in Human Toll-like Receptors.” American Journal of Human Genetics 98: 22–33.
Dare, Helen. 1905. “Luther Burbank: The Wizard of Horticulture.” San Francisco Sunday Call, June 25.
Dar-Nimrod, Ilan, and Steven J. Heine. 2011. “Genetic Essentialism: On the Deceptive Determinism of DNA.” Psychological Bulletin 137: 800–18.
________, Ilan, Benjamin Y. Cheung, Matthew B. Ruby, and Steven J. Heine. 2014. “Can Merely Learning about Obesity Genes Affect Eating Behavior?” Appetite 81: 269–76.
Darwin, Charles. 1839. Questions About the Breeding of Animals. London: Stewart and Murray. (accessed July 23, 2017).
________. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray.
________. 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. London: John Murray.
________. 1871. “Pangenesis.” Nature 3: 502–03.
Daubin, Vincent, and Gergely J. Szöllosi. 2016. “Horizontal Gene Transfer and the History of Life.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology.doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018036.
Davenport, Charles B. 1899. Statistical Methods, with Special Reference to Biological Variation. New York: Wiley.
________. 1908. Inheritance in Canaries. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
________. 1911. Heredity in Relation to Eugenics. New York: H. Holt.
________. 1917. “The Effects of Race Intermingling.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 56: 364–68.
Davenport, Gertrude C, and Charles B. Davenport. 1910. “Heredity of Skin Pigmentation in Man.” American Naturalist 44: 641–72.
Davidson, R. G., H. M. Nitowsky, and B. Childs. 1963. “Demonstration of Two Populations of Cellsin the Human Female Heterozygous for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Variants.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 50: 481–85.
Davies, G., A. Tenesa, A. Payton, J. Yang, S. E. Harris, D. Liewald, X. Ke, and others. 2011. ”Genome-Wide Association Studies Establish That Human Intelligence Is Highly Heritable and Polygenic.” Molecular Psychiatry 16: 996–1005.
Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
________. 2016. The Selfish Gene. 40th Anniversary Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Day, Troy, and Russell Bonduriansky. 2011. “A Unified Approach to the Evolutionary Consequences of Genetic and Nongenetic Inheritance.” American Naturalist 178: E18–36.
Dean, Lewis G., Gill L. Vale, Kevin N. Laland, Emma Flynn, and Rachel L. Kendal. 2014. ”Human Cumulative Culture: A Comparative Perspective.” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 89: 284–301.
________, Rachel L. Kendal, Steven J. Schapiro, Bernard Thierry, and Kevin N. Laland. 2012.”Identification of the Social and Cognitive Processes Underlying Human Cumulative Culture.” Science 335: 1114–18.
Deary, Ian J. 2012.”Looking for ‘System Integrity’ in Cognitive Epidemiology.” Gerontology 58: 545–53.
________, and Lawrence J. Whalley. 2009. A Lifetime of Intelligence: Follow-up Studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
deBoer, Fredrik. 2017. “Disentangling Race from Intelligence and Genetics.” Blog, April 10.
(accessed September 11, 2017).
Deichmann, Ute. 2010. “Gemmules and Elements: On Darwin’s and Mendel’s Concepts and Methods in Heredity.” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 41: 85–112.
________. 2016. “Why Epigenetics Is Not a Vindication of Lamarckism – and Why That Matters.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 57: 80–82.
DeLong, G. Robert. “A Career in Child Neurology: Explorations at the Frontiers.” Journal of Child Neurology 25: 1051–62.
Dennis, Carina. 2003. “Special Section on Human Genetics: The Rough Guide to the Genome.” Nature 425: 758–59.
Department of Health, UK. 2014. “Mitochondrial Donation: Government Response to the Consultation on Draft Regulations to Permit the Use of New Treatment Techniques to Prevent the Transmission of a Serious Mitochondrial Disease from Mother to Child.” London: Public Health Directorate / Health Science and Bioethics Division.
“Derbyshire Sisters Rose and Daisy Picked as Embryos to Beat Killer Disease.” 2014. Derby Telegraph, May 15.
Der Sarkissian, Clio, Morten E. Allentoft, Maria C. Ávila-Arcos, Ross Barnett, Paula F. Campos, Enrico Cappellini, Luca Ermini, and others. 2015. “Ancient Genomics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society В370: 1660, 2013038. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0387.
Desai, R. G., and W. P. Creger. 1963. “Maternofetal Passage of Leukocytes and Platelets in Man.” Blood 21: 665–73.
________, E. McCutcheon, B. Little, and S. G. Driscoll. 1966. “Fetomaternal Passage of Leukocytesand Platelets in Erythroblastosis Fetalis.” Blood 27: 858–62.
Devanapally, Sindhuja, Snusha Ravikumar, and Antony M. Jose. 2015. “Double-Stranded RNA Made in C. Elegans Neurons Can Enter the Germline and Cause Transgenerational Gene Silencing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: 2133–38.
D’Gama, Alissa M., Ying Geng, Javier A. Couto, Beth Martin, Evan A. Boyle, Christopher M. LaCoursiere, Amer Hossain, and others. 2015. “Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway Mutations Cause Hemimegalencephaly and Focal Cortical Dysplasia.” Annals of Neurology 77: 720–25.
Dhimolea, Eugen, Viktoria Denes, Monika Lakk, Sana Al-Bazzaz, Sonya Aziz-Zaman, Monika Pilichowska, and Peter Geek. 2013. “High Male Chimerism in the Female Breast Shows Quantitative Links with Cancer.” International Journal of Cancer 133: 835–42.
Dias, Brian G., and Kerry J. Ressler. 2014. “Parental Olfactory Experience Influences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Generations.” Nature Neuroscience 17: 89–96.
Didion, John P., Andrew P. Morgan, Liran Yadgary, Timothy A. Bell, Rachel C. McMullan, Lydia Ortiz de Solorzano, Janice Britton-Davidian, and others. 2016. “R2d2 Drives Selfish Sweeps in the House Mouse.” Molecular Biology and Evolution. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw036.
Dietel, Manfred. 2014. “Boveri at 100: The Life and Times of Theodor Boveri.” Journal of Pathology 234: 135–37.
Dillingham, William P. 1911. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Washington. DC: US Government Printing Office.
Disney, R. H. 2008. “Natural History of the Scuttle Fly, Megaselia scalaris.” Annual Review of Entomology 53: 39–60.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 1941. “The Race Concept in Biology.” Scientific Monthly 52: 161–65.
Doll, Edgar. 2012. “Deborah Kallikak, 1889–1978: A Memorial.” Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50: 30–32.
Donnelly, Kevin P. 1983. “The Probability That Related Individuals Share Some Section of Genome Identical by Descent.” Theoretical Population Biology 23: 34–63.
Dorr, Gregory Michael. 2008. Segregation’s Science: Eugenics and Society in Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
Doudna, Jennifer A. 2015. “Genome-Editing Revolution: My Whirlwind Year with CRISPR.” Nature 528: 469.
________, and Emmanuelle Charpentier. 2014. “The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.” Science 346: 1258096.
________, and Samuel H. Sternberg. 2017. A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Douglass, Frederick. 1848. The North Star, September 15.
________. 1855. My Bondage and My Freedom. New York: Auburn.
“Dr. Henry F. Osborn Dies in His Study.” 1935. New York Times, November 7, p. 23.
Dreyer, Peter, and W. L. Howard. 1993. A Gardener Touched with Genius: The Life of Luther Burbank. Santa Rosa: L. Burbank Home and Gardens.
Dröscher, Ariane. 2014. “Images of Cell Trees, Cell Lines, and Cell Fates: The Legacy of Ernst Haeckel and August Weismann in Stem Cell Research.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 36: 157–86.
Du Bois, W. E. B. 1906. The Health and Physique of the Negro American. Atlanta: Atlanta University Press.
Duncan, Andrew W., Amy E. Hanlon Newell, Leslie Smith, Elizabeth M. Wilson, Susan B. Olson, Matthew J. Thayer, Stephen C. Strom, and Markus Grompe. 2012. “Frequent Aneuploidy Among Normal Human Hepatocytes.” Gastroenterology 142: 25–28.
Dunham-Snary, Kimberly J., and Scott W. Ballinger. 2015. “Mitochondrial-Nuclear DNA Mismatch Matters.” Science 349: 1449–50.
Dunlap, Knight. 1940. “Antidotes for Superstitions Concerning Human Heredity.” Scientific Monthly 51: 221–25.
Dunsford, I., С. C. Bowley. A. M. Hutchison, J. S. Thompson, R. Sanger, and R. R. Race. 1953. “A Human Blood-Group Chimera.” British Medical Journal 2: 81.
Du Plessis, Paul J., Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori, eds. 2016. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dusheck, Jenny. 2016. “Girl’s Deadly Arrhythmia Linked to Mosaic of Mutant Cells.” Stanford Medicine News Center, September 26.
Duster, Troy. 2015. “A Post-Genomic Surprise. The Molecular Reinscription of Race in Science, Law and Medicine.” British Journal of Sociology 66: 1–27.
“Dwarf Alberta Spruce.” Boston: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, .
Eames, Ninetta. 1896. “California’s Great Plant Specialist: Luther Burbank, the Wizard of Horticulture.” San Francisco Call, March 8.
Eaton, Sally A., Navind Jayasooriah, Michael E. Buckland, David Ik Martin, Jennifer E. Cropley, and Catherine M. Suter. 2015. “Roll Over Weismann: Extracellular Vesicles in the Transgenerational Transmission of Environmental Effects.” Epigenomics. doi: 10.2217/epi.15.58.
Edwards, Matthew D., Anna Symbor-Nagrabska, Lindsey Dollard, David K. Gifford, and Gerald R. Fink. 2014. ”Interactions between Chromosomal and Nonchromosomal Elements Reveal Missing Heritability.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111: 7719–22.
Edwards, R. G., P. C. Steptoe, and J. M. Purdy. 1970. “Fertilization and Cleavage in Vitro of Preovulator Human Oocytes.” Nature 227: 1307–09.
Egan, Michael F., Terry E. Goldberg, Bhaskar S. Kolachana, Joseph H. Callicott, Chiara M. Mazzanti, Richard E. Straub, David Goldman, and Daniel R. Weinberger. 2001. “Effect of COMT Vall08/158 Met Genotype on Frontal Lobe Function and Risk for Schizophrenia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 6917–22.
Egeland, Janice A., Daniela S. Gerhard, David L. Pauls. James N. Sussex, Kenneth K. Kidd, Cleona R. Alien, Abram M. Hostetter, and David E. Housman. 1987. “Bipolar Affective Disorders Linked to DNA Markers on Chromosome 11.” Nature 325: 783–89.
Ehrlich, Paul, and Marcus Feldman. 2003. “Genes and Cultures: What Creates Our Behavioral Phenome?” Current Anthropology 44: 87–101.
Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Benjamin Isaac, and Joseph Ziegler, eds. 2010. The Origins of Racism in the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, Erie C. 2015. “Ecology in an Anthropogenic Biosphere.” Ecological Monographs 85: 287–331.
________. 2017. “Nature for the People.” Breakthrough Journal no. 7, Summer, (accessed September 16, 2017).
Ellison, Jay W., Jill A. Rosenfeld, and Lisa G. Shaffer. 2013. “Genetic Basis of Intellectual Disability.” Annual Review of Medicine 64: 441–50.
Endersby, Jim. 2009. A Guinea Pig’s History of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Engelstad, Kristin, Miriam Sklerov, Joshua Kriger, Alexandra Sanford, Johnston Grier, Daniel Ash, Dieter Egli, and others. 2016. “Attitudes toward Prevention of MtDNA-Related Diseases through Oocyte Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy.” Human Reproduction 31: 1058–65.
Epstein, David. 2013. “How an 1836 Famine Altered the Genes of Children Born Decades Later.” io9, August 26. (accessed July 24, 2017).
Eror, Aleks. 2013. “China Is Engineering Genius Babies.” Vice, March 15.
Esvelt, Kevin M„Andrea L. Smidler, Flaminia Catteruccia, and George M. Church. 2014.”Concerning RNA-Guided Gene Drives for the Alteration of Wild Populations.” eLife 3: el601964.
Evans, Janice P., and Douglas N. Robinson. 2011. “The Spatial and Mechanical Challenges of Female Meiosis.” Molecular Reproduction and Development 78: 769–77.
Even, Dan. 2011. “Dead Woman’s Ova Harvested After Court Okays Family Request.” Haaretz, August 8.
Evrony, Gilad D. 2016.”One Brain, Many Genomes.” Science 354: 557–58.
Fairfax Cryobank. “Donor Search.” (accessed August 24, 2017).
Falconer, Bruce. 2012. “We Are Family – Ancestry.com Can Prove It.” SFGate, September 21. (accessed August 6, 2017).
Falick Michaeli, Tal, Yehudit Bergman, and Yuval Gielchinsky. 2015. “Rejuvenating Effect of Pregnancy on the Mother.” Fertility and Sterility 103: 1125–28.
Falk, Raphael. 2014. “A Century of Mendelism: On Johannsen’s Genotype Conception.” International Journal of Epidemiology 43: 1002–07.
Fancher, Raymond E. 1987. The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy. New York: W. W. Norton.
Felsenfeld, Gary. 2014. “The Evolution of Epigenetics.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 57: 132–48.
Feyrer, James, Dimitra Politi, and David N. Weil. 2013. “The Cognitive Effects of Micronutrient Deficiency.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, working paper19233. .
“Find Your Inner Neanderthal.” 2011. 23andMe blog, December 15. (accessed July 25, 2017).
Finger, Stanley, and Shawn E. Christ. 2004. “Pearl S. Buck and Phenylketonuria (PKU).” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 13: 44–57.
Fischbach, Ruth L., and John D. Loike. 2014. “Maternal-Fetal Cell Transfer in Surrogacy: Ties That Bind.” American Journal of Bioethics 14: 35–36.
Fisher, Elizabeth M. C, and Jo Peters. 2015. “Mary Frances Lyon (1925-2014).” Cell 160: 577–78.
Fisher, James, and Robert A. Hinde. 1949. “The Opening of Milk Bottles by Birds.” British Birds 42: 57.
Fishman, Lila, and John H. Willis. 2005. “A Novel Meiotic Drive Locus Almost Completely Distorts Segregation in Mimulus (Monkey flower) Hybrids.” Genetics 169: 347–53.
Flannery, Kent V., and Joyce Marcus. 2012. The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Flores-Sarnat, Laura, Harvey B. Sarnat, Guillermo Davila-Gutierrez, and Antonio Álvarez. 2003. “Hemimegalencephaly: Part 2. Neuropathology Suggests a Disorder of Cellular Lineage.” Journal of Child Neurology 18: 776–85.
Flynn, James Robert. 2009. What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ford, Edmund Brisco. 1977. “Theodosius Grigorievich Dábzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 23: 59–89.
Fordham, Alfred J. 1967. “Dwarf Conifers from Witches’ – Brooms.” Arnoldia 27: 29–50.
Forsberg, Lars A., David Gisselsson, and Jan P. Dumanski. 2016. “Mosaicism in Health and Disease – Clones Picking Up Speed.” Nature Reviews Genetics 18: 128–42.
Fosse, Roar, Jay Joseph, and Ken Richardson. 2015. “A Critical Assessment of the Equal-Environment Assumption of the Twin Method for Schizophrenia.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 6: 62.
Foster, Gavin L., Dana L. Royer, and Daniel J. Lunt. 2017. “Future Climate Forcing Potentially without Precedent in the Last 420 Million Years.” Nature Communications 8.doi: 10.1038/ncomms14845.
Foster, Kevin R., Jonas Schluter, Katharine Z. Coyte, and Seth Rakoff-Nahoum. 2017. “The Evolution of the Host Microbiome as an Ecosystem on a Leash.” Nature 548: 43–51.
Francis, Gregory. 2014. “Too Much Success for Recent Groundbreaking Epigenetic Experiments.” Genetics 198: 449–51.
Frank, Steven A. 2014. “Somatic Mosaicism and Disease.” Current Biology 24: R577–81.
Franklin, Sarah. 2013. Biological Relatives IVF. Stem Cells, and the Future of Kinship. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Freed, Donald, Eric L. Stevens, and Jonathan Pevsner. 2014. “Somatic Mosaicism in the Human Genome.” Genes 5: 1064–94.
Frederickson, George. 2002. Racism: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Friedrich, Otto. 2014. City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s. New York: Harper Perennial.
Friese, Kurt Michael. 2010. A Cook’s Journey: Slow Food in the Heartland. Ice Cube Books. Fu, Qiaomei, Alissa Mittnik, Philip L. F. Johnson, Kirsten Bos, Martina Lari, Ruth Bollongino, Chengkai Sun, and others. 2013. “A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes.” Current Biology 23: 553–59.
Fu, Qiaomei, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwangler, and others. 2016. “The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe.” Nature 534: 200–05.
Funkhouser, Lisa J., and Seth R. Bordenstein. 2013. “Mom Knows Best: The Universality of Maternal Microbial Transmission.” PLOS Biology 11:e1001631.
Gajecka, Marzena. 2016. “Unrevealed Mosaicism in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era.” Molecular Genetics and Genomics 291: 513–30.
Galant, Debra. 1998. “The Egg Men.” New York Times, March 1.
Gallagher, Andrew. 2013. “Stature, Body Mass, and Brain Size: A Two-Million-Year Odyssey.” Economics and Human Biology 11: 551–62.
Galton, Francis. 1865. “Hereditary Talent and Character.” Macmillan’s Magazine 12: 157–66.
________. 1869. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences. London: Macmillan.
________. 1870. “Experiments in Pangenesis, by Breeding from Rabbits of a Pure Variety, into Whose Circulation Blood Taken from Other Varieties Had Previously Been Largely Transfused.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 19: 393–410.
________. 1883. Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. London: Macmillan.
________. 1889. Natural Inheritance. London: Macmillan.
________. 1909. Memories of My Life. London: Methuen.
Galupa, Rafael, and Edith Heard. 2015. “X–Chromosome Inactivation: New Insights into Cis and Trans Regulation.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 31: 57–66.
Gannett, Lisa. 2013. “Theodosius Dobzhansky and the Genetic Race Concept.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44: 250–61.
Gantz, Valentino M., and Ethan Bier. 2015. “The Mutagenic Chain Reaction: A Method for Converting Heterozygous to Homozygous Mutations.” Science 348: 442–44.
Gantz, Valentino M., Nijole Jasinskiene, Olga Tatarenkova, Aniko Fazekas, Vanessa M. Macias, Ethan Bier, and Anthony A. James. 2015. “Highly Efficient Cas9-mediated Gene Drive for Population Modification of the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles stephensi.” Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: E6736E6743.
Gapp, Katharina, Ali Jawaid, Peter Sarkies, Johannes Bohacek, Pawel Pelczar, Julien Prados, Laurent Farinelli, Eric Miska, and Isabelle M. Mansuy. 2014. “Implication of Sperm RNAs in Transgenerational Inheritance of the Effects of Early Trauma in Mice.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17: 667–69.
Gapp. Katharina, Saray Soldado-Magraner, Maria Alvarez-Sánchez, Johannes Bohacek, Gregoire Vernaz, Huan Shu, Tamara B. Franklin, David Wolfer, and Isabelle M. Mansuy.2014. “Early Life Stress in Fathers Improves Behavioural Flexibility in Their Offspring.” Nature Communications 5: 5466.
Gärdenfors, Peter, and Anders Högberg. 2017. “The Archaeology of Teaching and the Evolution of Homo docens.” Current Anthropology 58: 188–208.
Garrett, Henry E. 1955. General Psychology. New York: American Book Co.
________. 1961. “The Equalilarian Dogma.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 4: 480–84.
Gartler, Stanley M. 2015. “Mary Lyon’s X–Inactivation Studies in the Mouse Laid the Foundation for the Field of Mammalian Dosage Compensation.” Journal of Genetics 94: 563–65.
Gartler, Stanley M., Sorrell H. Waxman, and Eloise Giblett. 1962. “An XX/XY Human Hermaphrodite Resulting from Double Fertilization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 48: 332–35.
Gatewood, Willard B. 1990. Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880–1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Geison, G. L. 1969. “Darwin and Heredity: The Evolution of His Hypothesis of Pangenesis.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 24: 375–411.
Gelman, Susan A. 2003. The Essential Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Genetics and Medicine Historical Network.” Interview with Dr. Mary Lyon.” Interviewed by Peter Harper. Recorded October 11, 2004. (accessed August 24, 2017).
Génin, Emmanuelle, and Francoise Clerget-Darpoux. 2015. “The Missing Heritability Paradigm: A Dramatic Resurgence of the GIGO Syndrome in Genetics.” Human Heredity79: 1–4.
Gershenson, S. 1928. “A New Sex-Ratio Abnormality in Drosophila obscura.” Genetics 13: 488–507.
Geserick, Gunther, and Ingo Wirth. 2012. “Genetic Kinship Investigation from Blood Groups to DNA Markers.” Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 39: 163–75.
Gibbons, Ann. 2006. The First Human: The Race to Discover Our Earliest Ancestors. New York: Doubleday.
Gibbs, W. Wayt. 2014. “Biomarkers and Ageing: The Clock-Watcher.” Nature 508: 168.
Giese, Lucretia Hoover. 2001. “A Rare Crossing: Frida Kahlo and Luther Burbank.” American Art 15: 52–73.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2014. “A Holobiont Birth Narrative: The Epigenetic Transmission of the HumanMicrobiome.”Frontiers in Genetics 5: 282.
Gill, Peter, Pavel L. Ivanov, Colin Kimpton, Romelle Piercy, Nicola Benson, Gillian Tully, Ian Evett, Erika Hagelberg, and Kevin Sullivan. 1994. “Identification of the Remains of the Romanov Family by DNA Analysis.” Nature Genetics 6: 130–35.
Gillham, Nicholas W. 2001. A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gitschier, Jane. 2010. “The Gift of Observation: An Interview with Mary Lyon.” PLOS Genetics 6: el000813.
Glass, Bentley. 1980. “The Strange Encounter of Luther Burbank and George Harrison Shull.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 124: 133–53.
Gliboff, Sander. 2013. “The Many Sides of Gregor Mendel.” In Outsider Scientists: Routes to Innovation in Biology. Edited by Oren Harman and Michael R. Dietrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goddard, Henry H. 1908. “A Group of Feeble-Minded Children with Special Regard to Their Number Concepts.” Supplement to the Training School 2: 1–16.
________. 1910a. “Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness.” American Breeders Magazine 1: 165–78.
________. 1910b. “The Institution for Mentally Defective Children: An Unusual Opportunity for Scientific Research.” Training School 7: 275–78.
________. 1910c. “A Measuring Scale for Intelligence.” Training School 6: 146–55.
________. 1911a. ‘”The Elimination of Feeble-Mindedness.” American Academy of Political and Social Science 37: 261–72.
________. 1911b. “A Revision of the Binet Scale.” Training School 8: 56–62.
________. 1911c. “Two Thousand Normal Children Tested by the Binet Scale.” Training School 1: 310–12.
________. 1912. The Kallikak Family. A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness. New York: Macmillan.
________. 1914. Feeble-Mindedness: Its Causes and Consequences. New York: Macmillan.
________. 1916. “The Menace of Mental Deficiency from the Standpoint of Heredity.” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 175: 269–71.
________. 1917. “Mental Tests and the Immigrant.” Journal of Delinquency 2: 243–77.
________. 1920. Human Efficiency and Levels of Intelligence: Lectures Delivered at Princeton University April 7, 8, 10, 11, 1919. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
________. 1931. “Anniversary Address.” In Twenty-Five Years: The Vineland Laboratory 1906–1931. Edited by Edgard A. Doll. Vineland: Smith Printing House.
________. 1942.’”In Defense of the Kallikak Study.” Science 95: 574–76.
Goldstein, Sam, Dana Princiotta, and Jack A. Naglieri, eds. 2015. Handbook of Intelligence: Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts. New York: Springer.
Goodell, Margaret A., Hoang Nguyen, and Noah Shroyer. 2015. “Somatic Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Diversity in the Blood, Skin and Intestinal Stem Cell Compartments.”Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 16: 5299–5330.
Goodrich, Julia K., Emily R. Davenport, Michelle Beaumont, Matthew A. Jackson, Rob Knight, Carole Ober, Tim D. Spector, Jordana T. Bell, Andrew G. Clark, and Ruth E. Ley. 2016.” Genetic Determinants of the Gut Microbiome in UK Twins.” Cell Host & Microbe 19: 731–43.
________, Jillian L. Waters, Angela C. Poole, Jessica L. Sutter, Omry Koren, Ran Blekhman, Michelle Beaumont, and others. 2014. “Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome.” Cell 159: 789–99.
Goodspeed, Weston Arthur. 1907. History of the Goodspeed Family, Profusely Illustrated: Being a Genealogical and Narrative Record Extending from 1380 to 1906, and Embracing Material Concerning the Family Collected during Eighteen Years of Research, Together with Maps, Plats, Charts, Etc. Chicago: W. A. Goodspeed.
Goolam, Mubeen. 2016. “Heterogeneity in Oct4 and Sox2 Targets Biases Cell Fate in 4-CeIIMouse Embryos.” Cell 165: 61–74.
Gosney, E. S., and Paul Popenoe. 1929. Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909–1929. New York: Macmillan.
Grant, Madison. 1916. The Passing of the Great Race: Or, the Racial Basis of European History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Grasgruber, P., J. Cacek, T. Kalina, and M. Sebera. 2014. “The Role of Nutrition and Genetics as Key Determinants of the Positive Height Trend.” Economics and Human Biology 15: 81–100.
Gray, Michael W. 2012. “Mitochondrial Evolution.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4: a011403.
Greally, John. 2015. “Over-Interpreted Epigenetics Study of the Week.” “Epgntxeinstein” blog, August 23. (accessed July 26, 2017).
Greely, Henry T. 2016. The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Greenfieldboyce, Nell. 2017. “Fate of Irish Giant’s Bones Rekindles Debate over Rights After Death.” NPR All Things Considered, March 13.
Griesemer, James R. 2005. “The Informational Gene and the Substantial Body: On the Generalization of Evolutionary Theory by Abstraction.” In Idealization XII: Correcting the Model. Idealization and Abstraction in the Sciences. Edited by Martin R. Jones and Nancy Cartwright. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Griffith, Malachi, Christopher A. Miller, Obi L. Griffith, Kilannin Krysiak, Zachary L., Skidmore, Avinash Ramu, Jason R. Walker, and others. 2015. “Optimizing Cancer Genome Sequencing and Analysis.” Cell Systems 1: 210–23.
Grognet, Pierre, Hervé Lalucque, Fabienne Malagnac, and Philippe Silar. 2014. “Genes That Bias Mendelian Segregation.” PLOS Genetics 10: el004387.
Grudnik, Jennifer L., and John H. Kranzler. 2001. “Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Intelligence and Inspection Time.” Intelligence 29: 523–35.
Grüneberg, Hans. 1967. “Sex-linked Genes in Man and the Lyon Hypothesis.” Annals of Human Genetics 30: 239–57.
Guevara-Aguirre, Jaime, Priya Balasubramanian, Marco Guevara-Aguirre, Min Wei, Federica Madia, Chia-Wei Cheng, David Hwang, and others. 2011. “Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency Is Associated with a Major Reduction in Pro-Aging Signaling, Cancer, and Diabetes in Humans.” Science Translational Medicine 3: 70ra13.
Gull, Keith. 2010. “Boveri and Cancer: Prescient Views of Molecular Mechanisms.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society 64: 185–87.
Guo, Fan, Liying Yan, Hongshan Guo, Lin Li, Boqiang Hu, Yangyu Zhao, Jun Yong, and others. 2015. “The Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Landscapes of Human Primordial Germ Cells.” Cell 161: 1437–52.
Gustafsson, A. 1979. “Linnaeus’ Peloria: The History of a Monster.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 54: 241–48.
Guyot, A., and С. C. Felton. 1852. The Earth and Man: Or, Physical Geography in Its Relation to the History of Mankind. London: J. W. Parker and Son.
Hadhazy, Adam. 2015. “Will Humans Keep Getting Taller?” BBC Future. May 14.
Haggard, Howard Wilcox, and E. M. Jellinek. 1942. Alcohol Explored. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company.
Haidle, Miriam N., Nicholas J. Conard, and Michael Bolus, eds. 2016. The Nature of Culture: Based on an Interdisciplinary Symposium “The Nature of Culture,” Tubingen, Germany. Dordecht: Springer.
Haier, Richard J. 2017. The Neuroscience of Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Haig, David. 2016. “Intracellular Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Tragedy of the Cytoplasmic Commons.” BioEssays 38. doi: 10.1002/bies.201600003.
Hains, James H., Gary R. Carter, Scott D. Kraus, Charles A. Mayo, and Howard E. Winn. 1982.”Feeding Behavior of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the Western North Atlantic.” Fishery Bulletin 80: 259–68.
Haley, Alex. 1972. “My Furthest-Back Person – The African.” New York Times Magazine, July 16.
Hall, Stephen S. 2006. Size Matters: How Height Affects the Health, Happiness, and Success of Boys – and the Men They Become. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hamilton, Garry. 2015. “The Hidden Risks for ‘Three-Person’ Babies.” Nature 525: 444.
Hammer, Michael F., Doron M. Behar, Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Brian Hallmark, Tamar Erez, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Saharon Rosset, and Karl Skorecki. 2009.”Extended Y Chromosome Haplotypes Resolve Multiple and Unique Lineages of the Jewish Priesthood.”Human Genetics 126: 707–17.
________, Karl Skorecki, Sara Selig, Shraga Blazer, Bruce Rappaport, Robert Bradman, Neil Bradman, P. J. Waburton, and Monic Ismajlowicz. 1997. “Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests.” Nature 385: 3.
Hamzelou, Jessica. 2016. “World’s First Baby Born with New ‘3 Parent’ Technique.” New Scientist, September 27.
Handyside, A. H., E. H. Kontogianni, K. Hardy, and R. M. L. Winston. 1990. “Pregnancies from Biopsied Human Preimplantation Embryos Sexed by Y-Specific DNA Amplification.” Nature 344: 768–70.
Haneda, Yata, and Frederick I. Tsuji. 1971. “Light Production in the Luminous Fishes Photoblepharon and Anomalops from the Banda Islands.” Science 173: 143–45.
Happle. Rudolf. 2002. “New Aspects of Cutaneous Mosaicism.” Journal of Dermatology 29: 681–92.
Harding, Сагу O. 2017.”Gene and Cell Therapy for Inborn Errors of Metabolism.” In Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Edited by G. Hoffmann. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Harper, Peter S. 1992. “Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain.” Journal of Medical Genetics 29: 440.
________. 2008. A Short History of Medical Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
________. 2011. “Mary Lyon and the Hypothesis of Random X Chromosome Inactivation.” Human Genetics 130: 169–74.
Harris, Harry. 1974. “Lionel Sharpies Penrose (1898-1972)” Journal of Medical Genetics 11: 1–24.
Harris, Henry. 1999. The Birth of the Cell. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Harris, Kelley, and Rasmus Nielsen. 2016. “The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression.” Genetics 203: 881–91.
Harris, Theodore F. 1969. Pearl S. Buck: A Biograpahy. New York: John Day.
Harrison, Ross G. 1937. “Embryology and Its Relations.” Science 85: 369–74.
Hart, Sara A. 2016. “Precision Education Initiative: Moving Toward Personalized Education.” Mind, Brain, and Education 10: 209–11.
Hatfield, A. 2015.”Delineating Cancer Evolution with Single-Cell Sequencing.” Science Translational Medicine 7: 296fs29.
Hatton, T. J. 2014. “How Have Europeans Grown So Tall?” Oxford Economic Papers 66: 349–72.
Haworth, С. M. A., M. J. Wright, M. Luciano, N. G. Martin, E. J. C. de Gcus, С. E. M. van Beijsterveldt, M. Bartels, and others. 2010. “The Heritability of General Cognitive Ability Increases Linearly from Childhood to Young Adulthood.” Molecular Psychiatry 15: 1112–20.
Hayashi, Katsuhiko, Sugako Ogushi, Kazuki Kurimoto, So Shimamoto, Hiroshi Ohta, and Mitinori Saitou. 2012. “Offspring from Oocytes Derived from in Vitro Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells in Mice.” Science 338: 971–97.
Haygood, M. G., В. M. Tebo, and К. H. Nealson. 1984. “Luminous Bacteria of a Monocentrid Fish (Monocentris japonicus) and Two Anomalopid Fishes (Photoblepharon palpebratus and Kryptophanaron alfredi): Population Sizes and Growth within the Light Organs, and Ratesof Release into the Seawater.” Marine Biology 78: 249–54.
Hayman, John, Gonzalo Alvarez, Francisco C. Ceballos, and Tim M. Berra. 2017. “The Illnessesof Charles Darwin and His Children: A Lesson in Consanguinity.” Biological journal of the Linnean Society 121, no. 2. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw04l.
Haynes, Stephen R. 2007. Noah’s Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heard, Edith, and Robert A. Martienssen. 2014. “Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Myths and Mechanisms.” Cell 157: 95–109.
Hearnshaw, L. S. 1979. Cyril Burt, Psychologist. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Heim, Sverre. 2014. “Boveri at 100: Boveri, Chromosomes and Cancer.” Journal of Pathology 234: 138–41.
Hellenthal, Garrett, George B. J. Busby, Gavin Band, James F. Wilson, Cristian Capelli, Daniel Falush, and Simon Myers. 2014. “A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History.” Science 343: 747–51.
Hendriks, Saskia, Eline A. F. Dancet, Ans M. M. van Pelt, Geert Hamer, and Sjoerd Rcpping.2015. “Artificial Gametes: A Systematic Review of Biological Progress towards Clinical Application.” Human Reproduction Update 21: 285–96.
Hendry, Tory A., Jeffrey R. de Wet, and Paul V. Dunlap. 2014. “Genomic Signatures of Obligate Host Dependence in the Luminous Bacterial Symbiont of a Vertebrate.” Environmental Microbiology 16: 2611–22.
________, Jeffrey R. de Wet, Katherine E. Dougan, and Paul V. Dunlap. 2016. “Genome Evolution in the Obligate but Environmentally Active Luminous Symbionts of Flashlight Fish.” Genome Biology and Evolution 8: 2203–13.
Henig, Robin Marantz. 2004. Pandora’s Baby: How the First Test Tube Babies Sparked the Reproductive Revolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Henikoff, Steven, and John M. Greally.”Epigenetics, Cellular Memory and Gene Regulation.” Current Biology 26: R644–R648.
Henn, Brenna M., Laura R. Botigue, Carlos D. Bustamante, Andrew G. Clark, and Simon Gravel. 2015. “Estimating the Mutation Load in Human Genomes.” Nature Reviews Genetics 16: 333–43.
Henrich, Joseph. 2016. The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Herzenberg, L. A., D. W. Bianchi, J. Schröder, H. M. Cann, and G. M. Iverson. 1979. “Fetal Cells in the Blood of Pregnant Women: Detection and Enrichment by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76: 1453–55.
Hewlett, Barry S., and Casey J. Roulette. 2016. “Teaching in Hunter-Gatherer Infancy.” Royal Society Open Science 3: 150403.
Heyes, Cecilia. 2016. “Born Pupils? Natural Pedagogy and Cultural Pedagogy.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 11: 280–95.
Hikabe, Orie, Nobuhiko Hamazaki, Go Nagamatsu, Yayoi Obata, Yuji Hirao, Norio Hamada, So Shimamoto, and others. 2016. “Reconstitution in Vitro of the Entire Cycle of the Mouse Female Germ Line.” Nature 539: 299–303.
Hill, Helen F., and Henry H. Goddard. 1911. “Delinquent Girls Tested by the Binet Scale.” Training School 8: 50–55.
Hill, Kim R., Brian M. Wood, Jacopo Baggio, A. Magdalena Hurtado, and Robert T. Boyd. 2014.”Hunter-Gatherer Inter-Band Interaction Rates: Implications for Cumulative Culture.” PLOS One 9: el02806.
Hippocrates. On Airs, Waters, and Places. Translated by Francis Adams. MIT Internet Classics Archive. (accessed August 29, 2016).
Hirschfeld, Ludwik, and Hanka Hirschfeld. 1919. “Serological Differences Between the Blood of Different Races: The Result of Researches on the Macedonian Front.” Lancet 194: 675–79.
Hirschhorn, Joel N., Cecilia M. Lindgren, Mark J. Daly, Andrew Kirby, Stephen F. Schaffner, Noel P. Burtt, David Altshuler, Alex Parker, John D. Rioux, and Jill Platko. 2001. ”Genomewide Linkage Analysis of Stature in Multiple Populations Reveals Several Regionswith Evidence of Linkage to Adult Height.” American Journal of Human Genetics 69: 106–16.
Hirschhorn, Kurt, Wayne H. Decker, and Herbert L. Cooper. 1960. “Human Intersex with Chromosome Mosaicism of Type XY/XO: Report of a Case.” New England Journal of Medicine 263: 1044–48.
Hirszfeld, Ludwik, and Hanna Hirszfeldowa. 1918. “Essai D'Application des Méthodes Sérologiques au Problème des Races.” L'Anthropologie 29: 505–37.
Hjelm, Brooke E., Brandi Rollins, Firoza Mamdani, Julie C. Lauterborn, George Kirov, Gary Lynch, Christine M. Gall, Adolfo Sequeira, and Marquis P. Vawter. 2015. “Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction within the Complex Genetic Etiology of Schizophrenia.” Molecular Neuropsychiatry 1: 201–19.
Hodge, Gerald P. 1977. “A Medical History of the Spanish Habsburgs: As Traced in Portraits.” JAMA 238: 1169–74.
Hodge, Kathie T, with Bradford Condon. 2010. “A Fungus Walks into a Singles Bar.” “Cornell Mushroom Blog,” June 2. (accessed July 25, 2017).
Holt, I. J., A. E. Harding, and J. A. Morgan-Hughes. 1988. “Deletions of Muscle Mitochondrial DNA in Patients with Mitochondrial Myopathies.” Nature 331: 717–19.
Hooper, Paul L., Michael Gurven, Jeffrey Winking, and Hillard S. Kaplan. 2015. “Inclusive Fitness and Differential Productivity across the Life Course Determine Intergenerational Transfers in a Small-Scale Human Society.” Proceedings of the Royal Society В282: 20142808.
Horvath, Steve. 2013. “DNA Methylation Age of Human Tissues and Cell Types.” Genome Biology 14: R115.
________, and Andrew J. Levine. 2015. “HIV-1 Infection Accelerates Age according to the Epigenetic Clock.” Journal of Infectious Diseases. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv277.
Hotchkiss, R. D. 1965. “Portents for a Genetic Engineering.” Journal of Heredity 56: 197–202.
Howell, Michael, and Peter Ford. 2010. The True History of the Elephant Man: The Definitive Account of the Tragic and Extraordinary Life of Joseph Carey Merrick. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
“How One Sin Perpetuates Itself.” 1916. Evening Star, March 12.
Hsu, Stephen. 2016. “Super-Intelligent Humans Are Coming.” Nautilus, March 3. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Huang, Lam Opal, Aurélie Labbe, and Claire Infante-Rivard. 2013. “Transmission Ratio Distortion: Review of Concept and Implications for Genetic Association Studies.” Human Genetics 132: 245–63.
Hubby, J. L., and R. C. Lewontin. 1966. “A Molecular Approach to the Study of Geniс Heterozygosity in Natural Populations. I. The Number of Alleles at Different Loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura.” Genetics 54: 577–94.
Hübler, Olaf. 2016. “Height and Wages.” In The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology. Edited by John Komlos and Inas R. Kelly and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huerta-Sánchez, Emilia, and Fergal P. Casey. 2015. “Archaic Inheritance: Supporting High-Altitude Life in Tibet.” Journal of Applied Physiology 119: 1129–34.
________, Xin Jin, Asan, Zhuoma Bianba, Benjamin M. Peter, Nicolas Vinckenbosch, Yu Liang, and others. 2014. “Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans Caused by Introgression of Denisovan-Like DNA.” Nature 512: 194–97.
Hughes, Langston. 1940. The Big Sea: An Autobiography. New York: Knopf.
Hughes, Virginia. 2014. “Epigenetics: The Sins of the Father.” Nature 507: 22.
Hunley, Keith L., Graciela S. Cabana, and Jeffrey C. Long. 2016. “The Apportionment of Human Diversity Revisited.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22899.
Hunter, John. 1779. “Account of the Free Martin. By Mr. John Hunter, FRS.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 69: 279–93.
Hunter, Marjorie. 1961. “President Lauds Two Poster Girls.” New York Times, November 14.
Hunter, Neil. 2015. “Meiotic Recombination: The Essence of Heredity.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7: a016618.
Hurst, Gregory D. 2017. “Extended Genomes: Symbiosis and Evolution.” Interface Focus 7: 5, 20170001
Hurst, Laurence D. 1993. “Evolutionary Genetics: Drunken Walk of the Diploid.” Nature 365: 206–07.
“I. Q. Control.” 1938. Time, November 7.
Imamura, Masanori, Orie Hikabe, Zachary Yu-Ching Lin, and Hideyuki Okano. 2014.”Generation of Germ Cells in Vitro in the Era of Induced Pluripotcnt Stem Cells.” Molecular Reproduction and Development 81: 2–19.
Isaacs, Alison Т., Fengwu Li, Nijole Jasinskiene, Xiaoguang Chen, Xavier Nirmala, Osvaldo Marinotti, Joseph M. Vinetz, and Anthony A. James. 2011. “Engineered Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum Development in Transgenic Anopheles stephensi.” PLOS Pathology 7: e1002017.
Isoda, Takeshi, Anthony M. Ford, Daisuke Tomizawa, Frederik W. van Delft, David Gonzalez de Castro, Norkio Mitsuiki, Joannah Score, and others. 2009. “Immunologically Silent Cancer Clone Transmission from Mother to Offspring.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 17882–85.
Jablonski, Nina G., and George Chaplin. 2017. “The Colours of Humanity: The Evolution of Pigmentation in the Human Lineage.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society В372: 1724.
Jackson, John P. 2005. Science for Segregation: Race, Law and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education. New York: New York University Press.
Jacob, François. 1993. The Logic of Life: A History of Heredity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
James, William. 1868. “Review of ’Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.’” North American Review 107: 362–68.
Janick, Jules. 2015. “Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist, Horticulturist, and Legend.” Hort Science 50: 153–56.
Janssens, F. A. 2012. “The Chiasmatype Theory: A New Interpretation of the Maturation Divisions, 1909.” Genetics 191: 319–46.
Jeanty, Cerine, S. Christopher Derderian, and Tippi C. Mackenzie. 2014. “Maternal-Fetal Cellular Trafficking: Clinical Implications and Consequences.” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 26: 377–82.
Jégu, Teddy, Eric Aeby, and Jeannie T. Lee. 2017. “The X Chromosome in Space.” Nature Reviews Genetics 18. doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.17.
Jensen, Arthur R. 1967. “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” Speech given before the California Advisory Council of Educational Research. San Diego, California.
Johnson, Christopher H. 2013. Blood & Kinship: Matter for Metaphor from Ancient Rome to the Present. New York: Berghahn Books.
Johnson, Ronald C, Gerald E. McClearn, Sylvia Yuen, Craig T. Nagoshi, Frank M. Ahern, and Robert E. Cole. 1985. “Galton’s Data a Century Later.” American Psychologist 40: 875.
Johnson, Scott C. 2014. “The New Theory That Could Explain Crime and Violence in America.” Matter, February 17. (accessed July 27, 2017).
Johnston, Ian. 2016. “Scientists Break 13-Year Silence to Insist “Three-Parent Baby’ Technique Is Safe.” Independent, August 11.
Jonkman, Marcel F., Hans Scheffer, Rein Stulp, Hendri H. Pas, Miranda Nijcnhuis, Klaas Heeres, Katsushi Owaribe, Leena Pulkkinen, and louni Uitto. 1997. “Revertant Mosaicismin Epidermolysis Bullosa Caused by Mitotic Gene Conversion.” Cell 88: 543–51.
Jordan, David Starr, and Vernon Lyman Kellogg. 1909. The Scientific Aspects of Luther Burbank’s Work. New York: A. M. Robertson.
Jordan. Harvey Ernest. 1913. “The Biological Status and Social Worth of the Mulatto.” Popular Science Monthly, June.
Jordan, John W., Eyre Whalley, Mary Fisher, Richd. Quinton, Thos. Holme, B. F., Anne Farrow, Hannah Walker, M. Foulger, and Mary Folger, and P. F. 1899.”Franklin as a Genealogist.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 23: 1–22.
Jordan, Winthrop D. 2014. “Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States.” Journal of Critical Mixed Race Studies 1: 98–132.
Joyce, Gerald F. 2012. “Bit by Bit: The Darwinian Basis of Life.” PLOS Biology 10: e1001323.
Ju, Young Seok, Inigo Martincorena, Moritz Gerstung, Mia Petljak, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Raheleh Rahbari, David C. Wedge, and others. 2017. “Somatic Mutations Reveal Asymmetric Cellular Dynamics in the Early Human Embryo.” Nature 543: 714–18.
Juengst, Eric Т., Jennifer R. Fishman, Michelle L. McGowan, and Richard A. Settersten. 2014. ”Serving Epigenetics Before Its Time.” Trends in Genetics 30: 427–29.
Juric, Ivan, Simon Aeschbacher, and Graham Coop. 2016. “The Strength of Selection Against Neanderthal Introgression.” PLOS Genetics 12: e1006340.
Kakourou, Georgia, Christina Vrettou, Maria Moutafi, and Joanne Traeger-Synodinos. 2017. ”Pre-Implantation HLA Matching: The Production of a Saviour Child.” Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.05.008.
Kalantry, Sundeep, and Jacob L. Mueller. 2015. “Mary Lyon: A Tribute.” American Journal of Human Genetics 97: 507–11.
Kamin, Leon J., and Arthur S. Goldberger. 2002. “Twin Studies in Behavioral Research: A Skeptical View.” Theoretical Population Biology 61: 83–95.
Karp, Robert J., Qutub H. Qazi, Karen A. Moller, Wendy A. Angelo, and Jeffrey M. Davis. 1995. ”Fetal Alcohol Syndrome at the Turn of the 20th Century: An Unexpected Explanation of the Kallikak Family.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 149: 45–48.
Kaufman, Alan S., Xiaobin Zhou, Matthew R. Reynolds, Nadeen L. Kaufman, Garo P. Green, and Lawrence G. Weiss. 2014. “The Possible Societal Impact of the Decrease in U. S. Blood Lead Levels on Adult IQ.” Environmental Research 132: 413–20.
Kaufman, Jay S. 2014. “Commentary: Race: Ritual, Regression, and Reality.” Epidemiology 25: 485–87.
Kaufman, Seymour. 2004. Overcoming a Bad Gene: The Story of the Discovery and Successful Treatment of Phenylketonuria, a Genetic Disease That Causes Mental Retardation. Bloomington, IN: Author House.
Keevak, Michael. 2001. Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Keith, Arthur. 1911. “An Inquiry into the Nature of the Skeletal Changes in Acromegaly.” Lancet 177: 993–1002.
Kelleher, Erin S. 2016. “Reexamining the P-Element Invasion of Drosophila melanogaster Through the Lens of PiRNA Silencing.” Genetics 203: 1513–31.
Kelsoe, John R., Edward I. Ginns, Janice A. Egeland, Daniela S. Gerhard. Alisa M. Goldstein, Sherri J. Bale, David L. Pauls, Robert T. Long, Kenneth K. Kidd, Giovanni Conte, and others. 1989. “Re-evaluation of the Linkage Relationship between Chromosome 11p Lociand the Gene for Bipolar Affective Disorder in the Old Order Amish.” Nature 342: 248.
Kendi, Ibram X. 2016. Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. New York: Nation Books.
Kevles, Daniel J. 1995. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Khosrotchrani, Kiarash, and Diana W. Bianchi. 2005. “Multi-Lineage Potential of Fetal Cells in Maternal Tissue: A Legacy in Reverse.” Journal of Cell Science 118: 1559–63.
Khush, Gurdev S. 1995. “Breaking the Yield Frontier of Rice.” GeoJournal 35: 329–32.
Kim, Somi, and Bong-Kiun Kaang. 2017. “Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Remodeling in Learning and Memory.” Experimental & Molecular Medicine 49: e281.
Kingsbury, Noel. 2011. Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge. 1905. Chronicles of London. London: Clarendon Press.
Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane. 1991. “The Genesis of the Family Tree.” I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 4: 105–29.
Klein, Robert J., Caroline Zeiss, Emily Y. Chew, Jen-Yue Tsai, Richard S. Sacklcr, Chad Haynes, Alice K. Henning, and others. 2005. “Complement Factor H Polymorphism in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Science 308: 385–89.
Knight, Thomas Andrew. 1799. “An Account of Some Experiments on the Fecundation of Vegetables. In a Letter from Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. To the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. P. R. S.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 89: 195–204.
Knoblich, Juergen A. 2008. “Mechanisms of Asymmetric Stem Cell Division.” Cell 132: 583–97.
Knowler, W. C., R. C. Williams. D. J. Pettitt, and A. G. Steinberg. 1988. “Gm3: 5, 13, 14 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Association in American Indians with Genetic Admixture.” American Journal of Human Genetics 43: 520–26.
Koltunow, Anna M. G., Susan D. Johnson, and Takashi Okada. 2011. “Apomixis in Hawkweed: Mendel’s Experimental Nemesis.” Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 1699–707.
Kondrashov, Alexey S. 2017. Crumbling Genome: The Impact of Deleterious Mutations on Humans. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.
Koonin, Eugene V., and Yuri I. Wolf. 2009. “Is Evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?” Biology Direct 4: 42.
Kornrich, Sabino. 2016. “Inequalities in Parental Spending on Young Children.” AERA Open 2: 1–12.
Koszul, Romain, Matthew Meselson, Karine Van Doninck, lean Vandenhaute, and Denise Zickler. 2012. “The Centenary of Janssens’s Chiasmatype Theory.” Genetics 191: 309–17.
Kouzak, Samara Silva, Marcela Sena Teixeira Mendes, and Izelda Maria Carvalho Costa. 2013.”Cutaneous Mosaicisms: Concepts, Patterns and Classifications.” Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 88: 507–17.
Kretzschmar, Kai, and Fiona M. Watt. 2012. “Lineage Tracing.” Cell 148: 33–45.
Kűhl, Stefan. 2002. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kumar, Akash, Allison Ryan, Jacob O. Kitzman, Nina Wemmer, Matthew W. Snyder, Styrmir Sigurjonsson, Choli Lee, and others. 2015. “Whole Genome Prediction for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.” Genome Medicine 7: 35.
Kun, Ádám, András Szilágyi, Balázs Könnyű, Gergely Boza, István Zachar, and Eörs Szathmáry. 2015. “The Dynamics of the RNA World: Insights and Challenges.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1341: 75–95.
Kuzma, Jennifer, and Lindsey Rawls. 2016. “Engineering the Wild: Gene Drives and Intergenerational Equity.” Jurimetrics 56: 279–96.
Kwiatkowski. D. P., G. Busby, G. Band, K. Rockett, C. Spencer, Q. S. Le, M. Jallow, E. Bougama, V. Mangana, and L. Amengo-Etego. 2016. “Admixture into and Within Sub-Saharan Africa.” eLife 5: e15266.
Lai-Cheong, Joey E., John A. McGrath, and Jouni Uitto. 2011. “Revertant Mosaicism in Skin: Natural Gene Therapy.” Trends in Molecular Medicine 17: 140–48.
Lakritz, Naomi. 1998. “What About the Babies Science Cooks Up in the Lab?” Calgary Herald. June 16, p. B1.
Laland, Kevin N. 2017. Darwin’s Unfinished Symphony: How Culture Made the Human Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lam, May P. S., and Bernard M. Y. Cheung. 2012. “The Pharmacogenetics of the Response to Warfarin in Chinese.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 73: 340–47.
Lämke, Jörn, and Isabel Bäurle. 2017. “Epigenetic and Chromatin-based Mechanisms in Environmental Stress Adaptation and Stress Memory in Plants.” Genome Biology 18: 124.
Lander, E. S., and N. J. Schork. 1994. “Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits.” Science 265: 2037–48.
Landolt, A. M., and M. Zachmann. 1980. “The Irish Giant: New Observations Concerning the Nature of His Ailment.” Lancet 315: 1311–12.
Langdon-Davies, John. 1963. Carlos: The King Who Would Not Die. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Lapaire, O., W. Holzgreve. J. C. Oosterwijk, R. Brinkhaus, and D. W. Bianchi. 2007. “Georg Schmorl on Trophoblasts in the Maternal Circulation.” Placenta 28: 1–5.
Laughlin, Harry H. 1920. “Biological Aspects of Immigration.” In Hearings Before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Sixty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, April 16–17.
Lavery, Stuart, Dima Abdo, Mara Kotrotsou, Geoff Trew, Michalis Konstantinidis, and Dagan Wells. 2013. “Successful Live Birth Following Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Phenylketonuria in Day 3 Embryos by Specific Mutation Analysis and Elective Single Embryo Transfer.” JIMD Reports 7: 49–54.
Lawrence, Cera R. 2008. “Preformationism in the Enlightenment.” Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Senior editor Erica O’Neil. (accessed August 24, 2017).
Laxova, Renata. 1998. “Lionel Sharpies Penrose, 1898–1972: A Personal Memoir in Celebration of the Centenary of His Birth.” Genetics 150: 1333–40.
Lazaridis, Iosif, Dani Nadel, Gary Rollefson, Deborah C. Merrett, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, and others. 2016. “Genomic Insights into the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East.” Nature 536, no. 7617. doi: 10.1038/naturel9310.
________, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, Gabriel Renaud, Swapan Mallick, Karola Kirsanow, Peter H. Sudmant, and others. 2014. “Ancient Human Genomes Suggest Three Ancestral Populations for Present-Day Europeans.” Nature 513: 409–13.
Lazebnik, Y., and G. E. Parris. 2015. “Comment On: ‘Guidelines for the Use of Cell Lines in Biomedical Research’: Human-to-Human Cancer Transmission as a Laboratory Safety Concern.” British Journal of Cancer 112: 1976–77.
Lederer, Susan E. 2013. “Bloodlines: Blood Types, Identity, and Association in Twentieth-Century America.” In Blood Will Out: Essays on Liquid Transfers and Flows. Edited by Janet Carsten. London: John Wiley and Sons.
Ledford, Heidi. 2016. “CRISPR: Gene Editing Is Just the Beginning.” Nature 531: 156.
Lein, Ed, and Mike Hawrylycz. 2014. “The Genetic Geography of the Brain.” Scientific American 310: 70–77.
Lenormand, Thomas, Jan Engelstädter, Susan E. Johnston, Erik Wijnker, and Christoph R. Haag. 2016. “Evolutionary Mysteries in Meiosis.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/050831.
Leontiou, Chrysanthia A., Maria Gueorguiev, Jacqueline van der Spuy, Richard Quinton, Francesca Lolli, Sevda Hassan, Harvinder S. Chahal, and others. 2008. “The Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Interacting Protein Gene in Familial and Sporadic Pituitary Adenomas.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93: 2390–2401.
Leroi, Armand Marie. 2003. Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body. New York: Viking Penguin.
________. 2014. The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science. New York: Viking Penguin.
Lester, Camilla H., Niels Frimodt-Møller, Thomas Lund Sorensen, Dominique L. Monnet, and Anette M. Hammerum. 2006. “In Vivo Transfer of the vanA Resistance Gene from an Enterococcus faecium Isolate of Animal Origin to an E.faecium Isolate of Human Origin in the Intestines of Human Volunteers.” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 596–99.
Lewis, Ronald L. 1974. “Slavery on Chesapeake Iron Plantations Before the American Revolution.” Journal of Negro History 59: 242–54.
Lewis, Simon L., and Mark A. Maslin. 2015. “Defining the Anthropocene.” Nature 519: 171–80.
Lewontin, Richard C. 1970. “Race and Intelligence.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 26: 2–8.
________. 1972. “The Apportionment of Human Diversity.” Evolutionary Biology 6: 381–98.
Li, Mu, and Creswell J. Eastman. 2012. “The Changing Epidemiology of Iodine Deficiency.” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 8: 434–40.
Liang, Puping, Yanwen Xu, Xiya Zhang, Chenhui Ding, Rui Huang, Zhen Zhang, and others. 2015. “CRISPR/Cas9Mediated Gene Editing in Human Tripronuclear Zygotes.” Protein & Cell 6: 363–72.
Librado, Pablo, Antoine Fages, Charleen Gaunitz, Michela Leonardi, Stefanie Wagner, Naveed Khan, Kristian Hanghøj, and others. 2016. “The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horses.” Genetics 204: 423–34.
________, Cristina Gamba, Charleen Gaunitz, Clio Der Sarkissian, Mélanie Pruvost, Anders Albrechtsen, Antoine Fages, Naveed Khan, Mikkel Schubert, and Vidhya Jagannathan.2017. “Ancient Genomic Changes Associated with Domestication of the Horse.” Science 356: 442–45.
Lifton, Robert Jay. 2000. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.
Ligon, Azra H., Steven D. P. Moore, Melissa A. Parisi, Matthew E. Mealiffe, David J. Harris, Heather L. Ferguson, Bradley J. Quade, and Cynthia C. Morton. 2005. “Constitutional Rearrangement of the Architectural Factor HMGA2: A Novel Human Phenotype including Overgrowth and Lipomas.” American Journal of Human Genetics 76: 340–48.
Lim, Jana P., and Anne Brunet. 2013. “Bridging the Transgenerational Gap with Epigenetic Memory.” Trends in Genetics 29: 176–86.
Lindholm, Anna K., Kelly A. Dyer, Renée C. Firman, Lila Fishman, Wolfgang Forstmeier, Luke Holman, Hanna Johannesson, and others. 2016. “The Ecology and Evolutionary Dynamics of Meiotic Drive.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31, no. 4. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.001.
Lindhurst, Marjorie J., Julie C. Sapp, Jamie K. Teer, Jennifer J. Johnston, Erin M. Finn, Kathryn Peters, Joyce Turner, Jennifer L. Cannons, David Bick, and Laurel Blakemore. 2011. “A Mosaic Activating Mutation in AKT1 Associated with the Proteus Syndrome.” New England Journal of Medicine 365: 611–19.
________, Miranda R. Yourick, Yi Yu, Ronald E. Savage, Dora Ferrari, and Leslie G. Biesecker. 2015. “Repression of АКТ Signaling by ARQ 092 in Cells and Tissues from Patients with Proteus Syndrome.” Scientific Reports 5. doi: 10.1038/srepl7162.
Linnarsson, Sten. 2015. “A Tree of the Human Brain.” Science 350: 37.
Lippman, Walter. 1922. “The Mental Age of Americans.” New Republic, October 25.
Liu, Yang, Liangliang Zhang, Shuhua Xu, Landian Hu, Laurence D. Hurst, and Xiangyin Kong. 2013. “Identification of Two Maternal Transmission Ratio Distortion Loci in Pedigrees of the Framingham Heart Study.” Scientific Reports 3. doi: 10.1038/srep02147.
Locey, Kenneth J., and Jay T. Lennon. 2016. “Scaling Laws Predict Global Microbial Diversity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 5970–75.
Lodato, Michael A., Mollie B. Woodworth, Semin Lee, Gilad D. Evrony, Bhaven K. Mehta, Amir Karger, Soohyun Lee, and others. 2015. “Somatic Mutation in Single Human Neurons Tracks Developmental and Transcriptional History.” Science 350: 94–98.
Loike, John D., and Ruth L. Fischbach. 2013. “New Ethical Horizons in Gestational Surrogacy.” Journal of Fertilization: In Vitro-IVF-Worldwide 1: 2. doi: 10.4172/jfiv.l000109.
Long, Edward. 1774. The History of Jamaica: Or, General Survey of the Ancient and Modern State of That Island. London: T. Lowndes.
López-Beltrán, Carlos. 1995. “Les maladies héréditaires: 18th Century Disputes in France.” Revue d’histoire des sciences 48: 307–50.
________. 2004. “In the Cradle of Heredity: French Physicians and L’Hérédité Naturelle in the Early 19th Century.” Journal of the History of Biology 37: 39–72.
Louvish, Simon. 2010. Chaplin: The Tramps Odyssey. London: Faber.
Lucotte, G., and F. Diéterlen. 2014. “Frequencies of M34, the Ultimate Genetic Marker of the Terminal Differenciation of Napoléon the First’s Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Elblblcl in Europe, Northern Africa and the Near East.” International Journal of Anthropology 29: 27–41.
Lucotte, Gérard. 2011. “Haplotype of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First.” Journal of Molecular Biology Research 1: 12–19.
Lupski, James R. 2013. “Genome Mosaicism – One Human, Multiple Genomes.” Science 341: 358–59.
Lycett, Stephen J., Kerstin Schillinger, Metin I. Eren, Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel, and Alex Mesoudi. 2016. “Factors Affecting Acheulean Handaxe Variation: Experimental Insights, Microevolutionary Processes, and Macroevolutionary Outcomes.” Quaternary International 411B: 386–401.
Lynch, Michael. 2016. “Mutation and Human Exceptionalism: Our Future Genetic Load.” Genetics 202: 869–75.
Lyon, Mary F. 1961. Gene Action in the X–Chromosome of the Mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190: 372–73.
Lyons, Derek E., Andrew G. Young, and Frank C. Keil. 2007. “The Hidden Structure of Overimitation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 19751–56.
Ma, Hong, Nuria Marti-Gutierrez, Sang-Wook Park, Jun Wu, Yeonmi Lee, Keiichiro Suzuki, Amy Koski, and others. 2017. “Correction of a Pathogenic Gene Mutation in Human Embryos.” Nature 548: 413–19.
Macdonald, David A., and Nancy N. McAdams. 2001. The Woolverton Family, 1693–1850 and Beyond: Woolverton and Wolverton Descendants of Charles Woolverton, New Jersey Immigrant. Albuquerque: Penobscot Press.
Mackintosh, N. J. 1995. Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maddox, Brenda. 2002. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. New York: Harper Collins.
Madrigal, Alexis. 2012. “The Perfect Milk Machine: How Big Data Transformed the Dairy Industry.” Atlantic, May 1. (accessed July 30, 2017).
Maher, Brendan. 2008. “Personal Genomes: The Case of the Missing Heritability.” Nature 456: 18–21.
Mahmood, Uzma, and Keelin O’Donoghue. 2014. “Microchimeric Fetal Cells Play a Role in Maternal Wound Healing After Pregnancy.” Chimerism 5: 40–52.
Maienschein, Jane. 1978. “Cell Lineage, Ancestral Reminiscence, and the Biogenetic Law.” Journal of the History of Biology 11: 129–58.
Malan, Valerie, R. Gesny, N. Morichon-Delvallez, M. C. Aubry, A. Benachi, D. Sanlaville, C. Turleau, J. P. Bonnefont, C. Fekete-Nihoul, and M. Vekemans. 2007. “Prenatal Diagnosis and Normal Outcome of a 46, XX/46, XY Chimera: A Case Report.” Human Reproduction 22: 1037–41.
Mandel, Roi. 2014. “Auschwitz Prisoner No. A7733 Finally Finds His Family.” Ynet News, September 11. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Maples, Brian K., Simon Gravel, Eimcar E. Kenny, and Carlos D. Bustamante. 2013. “RFMix: A Discriminative Modeling Approach for Rapid and Robust Local-Ancestry Inference.” American Journal of Human Genetics 93: 278–88.
Marchione, Marilynn. 2016. “Three-Parent Kids Grew Up OK.” NBC News, October 27. (accessed August 5, 2017).
Marciniak, Stephanie, and George H. Perry. 2017. “Harnessing Ancient Genomes to Study the History of Human Adaptation.” Nature Reviews Genetics 18: 659–74.
Marcotrigiano, Michael. 1997. “Chimeras and Variegation: Patterns of Deceit.” HortScience 32: 773–84.
Maron, Barry J., John R. Lesser, Nelson B. Schiller, Kevin M. Harris, Colleen Brown, and Heidi L. Rehm. 2009. “Implications of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Transmitted bv Sperm Donation.” JAMA 302: 1681–84.
Marouli, Eirini, Mariaelisa Graff, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Ken Sin Lo, Andrew R. Wood, Troels R. Kjaer, Rebecca S. Fine, and others. 2017. “Rare and Low-Frequency Coding Variants Alter Human Adult Height.” Nature 542: 186–90.
Marre, Julia, Edward C. Traver, and Antony M. Jose. 2016. “Extracellular RNA Is Transported from One Generation to the Next in Caenorhabditis elegans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 12496–501.
Martin, Aryn. 2007a. “The Chimera of Liberal Individualism: How Cells Became Selves in Human Clinical Genetics,” Osiris 22: 205–22.
________. 2007b. “’Incongruous Juxtapositions’: ‘The Chimaera and Mrs McK.” Endeavour 31: 99–103.
________. 2010. “Microchimerism in the Mother (land): Blurring the Borders of Body and Nation.” Body & Society 16: 23–50.
________. 2015. “Ray Owen and the History of Naturally Acquired Chimerism.” Chimerism 6: 2–7.
Martin, William Aloysius G. M. Tielens, Marek Mentel, Sriram G. Garg, and Sven B. Gould. 2017. “The Physiology of Phagocytosis in the Context of Mitochondrial Origin.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 81. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00008–17.
________, Sinje Neukirchen, Verena Zimorski, Sven B. Gould, and Filipa L. Sousa. 2016.”Energy for Two: New Archaeal Lineages and the Origin of Mitochondria.” BioEssays 38: 850–56.
Martínez, María Elena. 2011. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Martiniano, Rui, Lara M. Cassidy, Ros O’Maolduin, Russell McLaughlin, Nuno M. Silva, Licinio Manco, Daniel Fidalgo, and others. 2017. “Ihe Population Genomics of Archaeological Transition in West Iberia.” bioRxiv. doi: I0.1101/134254.
Maryland State Archives. 2007. A Guide to the History of Slavery in Maryland. .
Mather, K., and T. Dobzhansky. 1939. “Morphological Differences Between the ‘Races’ of Drosophila pscudoobscura.” American Naturalist 73: 5–25.
Mathias, Rasika Ann, Margaret A. Taub, Christopher R. Gignoux, Wenqing Fu, Shaila Musharoff, Timothy D. O’Connor, Candelaria Vergara, and others. 2016. “A Continuum of Admixture in the Western Hemisphere Revealed by the African Diaspora Genome.” Nature Communications 7: 12522.
Mathieson, Iain, losif Lazaridis, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Bastien Llamas, Joseph Pickrell, Harald Meller, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, Johannes Krause, and David Anthony. 2015. “Genome-Wide Patterns of Selection in 230 Ancient Eurasians.” Nature 528: 499–503.
________, Songül Alpaslan Roodenberg, Cosimo Posth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Inigo Olalde, and others. 2017. “The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/135616.
Mattson, Sarah N., Nicole Crocker, and Tanya T. Nguyen. 2011. “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Neuropsychological and Behavioral Features.” Neuropsychology Review 21: 81–101.
Mauritsen, Thorsten, and Robert Pincus. 2017. “Committed Warming Inferred from Observations.” Nature Climate Change. doi: 10.1038/nclimate3357.
Maybury-Lewis, David. 1960. “Parallel Descent and the Apinaye Anomaly.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 16: 191–216.
Mazumdar, Pauline M. H. 1992. Eugenics, Human Genetics, and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain. London: Routledge.
Mazzarello, Paolo. 1999. “A Unifying Concept: The History of Cell Theory.” Nature Cell Biology 1: E13E15.
McCutcheon, John P. 2016. “From Microbiology to Cell Biology: When an Intracellular Bacterium Becomes Part of Its Host Cell.” Current Opinion in Cell Biology 41: 132–36.
McDonald, Michael I., Daniel P. Rice, and Michael M. Desai. 2016. “Sex Speeds Adaptation by Altering the Dynamics of Molecular Evolution.” Nature 531: 233–36.
McGough, Ian John, and Jean-Paul Vincent. 2016. “Exosomes in Developmental Signalling.” Development 143: 2482–93.
McGue, Matt, and Irving I. Gottesman. 2015. “Classical and Molecular Genetic Research on General Cognitive Ability.” Hastings Center Report 45, Suppl 1, S25S31.
McGuire, Michelle K., and Mark A. McGuire. 2017. “Got Bacteria? The Astounding, Yet Not-So-Surprising, Microbiome of Human Milk.” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 44: 63–68.
McKim, W. Duncan. 1899. Heredity and Human Progress. New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
McKusick, Victor A. 1985. “Marcella O’Grady Boveri (1865-1950) and the Chromosome Theory of Cancer.” Journal of Medical Genetics 22: 431–40.
Medawar, Peter. 1957. The Uniqueness of the Individual. London: Methuen.
Meijer, Gerrit A. 2005. “Chromosomes and Cancer, Boveri Revisited.” Analytical Cellular Pathology 27: 273–75.
“Mendelism Up to Date.” 1916. Journal of Heredity 7: 17–23.
Mercado, Luis, and David F. Musto. 1961. “The William Osier Medal Essay.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 35: 346.
Mesoudi, Alex. 2016. “Cultural Evolution: Integrating Psychology, Evolution and Culture.” Current Opinion in Psychology 7: 17–22.
________, and Kenichi Aoki, eds. 2015. Learning Strategies and Cultural Evolution During the Paleolithic. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. New York: Springer.
Messner, Donna A. 2012. “On the Scent: The Discovery of PKU.” Distillations, Spring. Chemical Heritage Foundation, (accessed September 11, 2017).
Metzger, Michael J., Carol Reinisch, lames Sherry, and Stephen P. Goff. 2015. “Horizontal Transmission of Clonal Cancer Cells Causes Leukemia in Soft-Shell Clams.” Cell 161: 255–63.
Meyer, Wynn K., Barbara Arbeithuber, Carole Ober, Thomas Ebner. Irene Tiemann-Boege, Richard R. Hudson, and Molly Przeworski. 2012. “Evaluating the Evidence for Transmission Distortion in Human Pedigrees.” Genetics 191: 215–32.
Meyer-Rochow, V. B. 1976. “Some Observations on Spawning and Fecundity in the Luminescent Fish Photoblepharon palpebralus.” Marine Biology 37: 325–28.
Mézard, Christine, Marina Tagliaro Jahns, and Mathilde Grelon. 2015. “Where to Cross? New Insights into the Location of Meiotic Crossovers.” Trends in Genetics 31: 393–401.
Mikanowski, Jacob. 2012. “Dr. Hirszfeld’s War: Tropical Medicine and the Invention of Sero-Anthropology on the Macedonian Front.” Social History of Medicine 25: 103–21.
Mills, Elizabeth Shown, and Gary B. Mills. 1984. “The Genealogist’s Assessment of Alex Haley’s Roots.” National Genealogical Society Quarterly 72: 35–49.
Mills, Gary В., and Elizabeth Shown Mills. 1981. “Roots and the New ‘Faction’: A Legitimate Tool for Clio?” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 89: 3–26.
Mills, John. 1776. A Treatise on Cattle. Dublin: Whitestone, Potts.
Milo, Ron, and Rob Phillips. 2015. Cell Biology by the Numbers. New York: Garland Science.
Mirzaghaderi, Ghader, and Elvira Horandl. 2016. “The Evolution of Meiotic Sex and Its Alternatives.” Proceedings of the Royal Society В283: 1838.
Mitchell, Kevin. 2016. Twitter post. September 7, 3:07 a.m. (accessed August 6, 2017).
Moeller, Andrew H., Alejandro Caro-Quinlero, Deus Mjungu, Alexander V. Georgiev, Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, Martin N. Muller, Anne E. Pusey, Martine Peeters, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Howard Ochman. 2016. “Cospeciation of Gut Microbiota with Hominids.” Science 353: 380–82.
de Montaigne, Michel. 1999. The Autobiography of Michel de Montaigne. Edited by Marvin Lowenthal. Boston: David R. Godine, Publisher.
Montialoux, Claire. 2016. “Revisiting the Impact of Head Start.” Institute for Research on Laborand Employment, University of California, Berkeley, (accessed August 24, 2017).
Moodley, Yoshan, Bodo Linz, Robert P. Bond, Martin Nieuwoudl, Himla Soodyall, Carina M. Schlebusch, Steffi Bernhoft, James Hale, Sebastian Suerbaum, and Lawrence Mugisha. 2012. “Age of the Association Between Helicobacter pylori and Man.” PLOS Pathogens 8: e1002693.
Moore, David Scott. 2015. The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moreno, Inmaculada, Jose Manuel Miguez-Forjan, and Carlos Simón. 2015. “Artificial Gametes from Stem Cells.” Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 42: 33–44.
Morgan, Francesca. 2010a. “Lineage as Capital: Genealogy in Antebellum New England.” New England Quarterly 83: 250–82.
________. 2010b. “A Noble Pursuit? Bourgeois America’s Uses of Lineage.” In The American Bourgeoisie: Distinction and Identity in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Julia Rosenbaumand Sven Beckert. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt. 1915. The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. New York: H. Holt.
________. 1925. Evolution and Genetics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Moris, Naomi, Cristina Pina, and Alfonso Martinez Arias. 2016. “Transition States and Cell Fate Decisions in Epigenetic Landscapes.” Nature Reviews Genetics 17: 693–703.
Morotomi, Masami, Fumiko Nagai, and Yohei Watanabe. 2012. “Description of Christensenella minuta Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., Isolated from Human Faeces, Which Forms a Distinct Branchin the Order Clostridiales, and Proposal of Christensenellaceae Fam. Nov.” International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62: 144–49.
Morreale de Escobar, G., Maria Jesús Obregón, and F. Escobar del Rey. 2004. “Role of Thyroid Hormone During Early Brain Development.” European Journal of Endocrinology 151, Suppl 3, U25U37.
Morris, Thomas D. 2004. Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.
Moses, A. Dirk, and Dan Stone. 2010. “Eugenics and Genocide.” In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mroz, Jacqueline. 2012. “In Choosing a Sperm Donor, a Roll of the Genetic Dice.” New York Times, May 14.
Muehlenbachs, Atis, Julu Bhatnagar, Carlos A. Agudelo, Alicia Hidron, Mark L. Eberhard, Blaine A. Mathison, Michael A. Frace, and others. 2015. “Malignant Transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a Human Host.” New England Journal of Medicine 373: 1845–52.
Muinzer, Thomas Louis. 2014. “Bones of Contention: The Medico-Legal Issues Relating to Charles Byrne, “The Irish Giant.’” Queen’s Political Review 2: 155–66.
Mulchinock, Karen. N. D. “Breaking Our Family’s Curse.” Chat magazine, pp. 30–31.
Muller, Hermann J. 1933. “The Dominance of Economics over Eugenics.” Scientific Monthly 37: 40–47.
________. 1949. “Progress and Prospects in Human Genetics.” American Journal of Human Genetics 1: 1–18.
________. 1950. “Our Load of Mutations.” American Journal of Human Genetics 2: 111–76.
________. 1961a. “Human Evolution by Voluntary Choice of Germ Plasm.” Science 134: 643–49.
________. 1961b. “Should We Weaken or Strengthen Our Genetic Heritage?” Daedalus 90: 432–50.
Müller, Amanda Cecilie, Marianne Antonius Jakobsen, Torben Barington, Allan Arthur Vaag, Louise Groth Grunnet, Sjurdur Frodi Olsen, and Mads Kamper-Jorgensen. 2016.”Microchimerism of Male Origin in a Cohort of Danish Girls.” Chimerism 6: 1–7.
Müller-Wille, Staffan. 2010. “Cell Theory, Specificity, and Reproduction, 1837–1870.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 41: 225–31.
________, and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. 2012. A Cultural History of Heredity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
________, eds. 2007. Heredity Produced: At the Crossroads of Biology, Politics, and Culture, 1500–1870. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Murchison. Elizabeth P. 2016. “Cancer in the Wilderness.” Cell 166: 264–68.
________, Cesar Tovar, Arthur Hsu, Hannah S. Bender, Pouya Kheradpour, Clare A. Rebbeck, David Obendorf, Carly Conlan, Melanie Bahlo, and Catherine A. Blizzard. 2010. “The Tasmanian Devil Transcriptome Reveals Schwann Cell Origins ot a Clonally Transmissible Cancer.” Science 327: 84–87.
________. Ole B. Schulz-Trieglaff, Zemin King, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Markus J. Bauer, Beiyuan Fu, Matthew Hims, and others. 2012. “Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Tasmanian Devil and Its Transmissible Cancer.” Cell 148: 780–91.
Murgia, Claudio, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Su Yeon Kim, Ariberto Fassati, and Robin A. Weiss. 2006. “Clonal Origin and Evolution of a Transmissible Cancer.” Cell 126: 477–87.
Musgrave, Stephanie, David Morgan, Elizabeth Lonsdorf, Roger Mundry, and Crickette Sanz. 2016. “Tool Transfers Are a Form of Teaching Among Chimpanzees.” Scientific Reports 6: 34783.
Muthukrishna, Michael, Ben W. Shulman, Vlad Vasilescu, and Joseph Henrich. 2014. ”Sociality Influences Cultural Complexity.” Proceedings of the Royal Society В281: 1774, 20132511.
Myerson, Abraham. 1925. The Inheritance of Mental Diseases. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company.
National Academy of Sciences. 2016. Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23405.
National Academy of Sciences. 2017. Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24623.
National Human Genome Research Institute. 2000. “Remarks Made by the President, Prime Minister Tony Blair of England (via satellite), Dr. Francis Collins, Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, and Dr. Craig Venter, President and Chief Scientific Officer, Celera Genomics Corporation, on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome Project.” (accessed September 10, 2017).
National Institutes of Health. 2017. “Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC).” (accessed July 31, 2017).
National Institutes of Health, Human Gene Therapy Subcommittee. 1990. “The Revised ‘Pointsto Consider’ Document.” Human Gene Therapy 1: 93–103.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. 2016. “A Century of Trends in Adult Human Height.” eLife 5: el34l0.
________. 2017. “Height: Ranking for People Born from 1896 to 1996.” (accessed August 12, 2017).
Neimark, Jill. 2016. “The Mitochondrial Minefield of Three-Parent Babies.” Undark, December 23. (accessedSeptember 11, 2017).
Nelson, J. Lee, Daniel E. Furst, Sean Maloney, Ted Gooley, Paul C. Evans, Anajane Smith, Michael A. Bean, Carole Ober, and Diana W. Bianchi. 1998. “Microchimerism and HLA-Compatible Relationships of Pregnancy in Scleroderma.” Lancet 351: 559–62.
New England Consortium of Metabolic Programs. 2010. “Discovery of the Diet for PKU by Dr. Horst Bickel.” YouTube video, January 11. (accessed August 24, 2017).
Newnan, Horatio H., Frank N. Freeman, and Karl John Holzinger. 1937. Twins: A Study of Heredity and Environment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
“New Way to Detect a Dread Disease.” 1962. Life, January 19, p. 45.
Nielsen, Mark, liana Mushin, Keyan Tomaselli, and Andrew Whiten. 2014. “Where Culture Takes Hold: ‘Overimitation’ and Its Flexible Deployment in Western, Aboriginal, and Bushmen Children.” Child Development 85: 2169–84.
Nielsen, Rasmus, Joshua M. Akey, Mattias Jakobsson, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Sarah Tishkoff, and Eske Willerslev. 2017. “Tracing the Peopling of the World Through Genomics.” Nature 541: 302–10.
Nightingale, Katherine. 2015. “Remembering Mary Lyon and Her Impact on Mouse Genetics.” Insight, February 3. (accessed August 3, 2017).
Niklas, Karl J., Edward D. Cobb, and Ulrich Kutschera. 2014. “Did Meiosis Evolve Before Sex and the Evolution of Eukaryotic Life Cycles?” BioEssays 36: 1091–1101.
Nilsson, Eric E., and Michael K. Skinner. 2015. “Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Reproductive Disease.” Biology of Reproduction 93: 145.
Nisbett, Richard E. 2013. “Schooling Makes You Smarter: What Teachers Need to Know About IQ.” American Educator 37: 10.
________, Joshua Aronson, Clancy Blair, William Dickens, James Flynn, Diane F. Halpern, and Eric Turkheimer. 2012. “Group Differences in IQ Are Best Understood as Environmental in Origin.” American Psychologist 67: 503–04.
Nobilc, Philip. 1993. “Uncovering Roots.” Village Voice, February 23, pp. 31–38.
Noble, Charleston, Jason Olejarz, Kevin M. Esvell, George M. Church, and Martin A. Nowak.2017. “Evolutionary Dynamics of CRISPR Gene Drives.” Science Advances 3: 1601964.
Noguera-Solano, Ricardo, and Rosaura Ruiz-Gutiérrez. 2009. “Darwin and Inheritance: The Influence of Prosper Lucas.” Journal of the History of Biology 42: 685–714.
Nolte, Ilja M., Peter J. van der Most, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Paul I W de Bakker, H. Marike Boezen, Marcel Bruinenberg, Lude Franke, and others. 2017. “Missing Heritability: Is the Gap Closing? An Analysis of 32 Complex Traits in the Lifelines Cohort Study.” European Journal of Human Genetics 25. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.50.
Norrell, Robert J. 2015. Alex Haley and the Books That Changed a Nation. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Novembre, John. 2016. “Pritchard, Stephens, and Donnelly on Population Structure.” Genetics 204: 391–93.
Nowell P., and D. Hungcrford. 1960. “Chromosome Studies on Normal and Leukemic Human Leukocytes.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 25: 85–109.
O’Donnell, Karen J., Murdon Abdul Rakeman. Dou Zhi-Hong, Cao Xue-Yi, Zeng Yong Mei, Nancy DeLong, Gerald Brenner. Ma Tai, Wang Dong, and G. Robert DeLong. 2002. “Effects of Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy on Child Growth and Development at School Age.” Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 44: 76–81.
Oetting, William S., Marc S. Greenblatt, Anthony J. Brookes, Rachel Karchin, and Sean D. Mooney. 2015. “Germline and Somatic Mosaicism: The 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Human Genome Variation Society.” Human Mutation 36: 390–93.
Oggins, Robin S. 2004. Vie Kings and Their Hawks: Falconry in Medieval England. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Okroi, Mathias, and Leo J. McCarthy. 2010. “The Original Blood Group Pioneers: The Hirszfelds.” Transfusion Medicine Reviews 24: 244–46.
Okuno, Ayako, Ко Hirano, Kenji Asano, Wakana Takase, Reiko Masuda, Yoichi Morinaka, Miyako Ueguchi-Tanaka, Hidemi Kitano, and Makoto Matsuoka. 2014. “New Approach to Increasing Rice Lodging Resistance and Biomass Yield through the Use of High Gibbcrell in Producing Varieties.” PLOS One 9: e86870.
Olalde, Inigo, Morten E. Allentoft, Federico Sánchez-Quinto, Gabriel Santpere, Charleston W. K. Chiang, Michael DeGiorgio, Javier Prado-Martinez, and others. 2014. “Derived Immune and Ancestral Pigmentation Alleles in a 7.000 Year-Old Mesolithic European.” Nature 507: 225–28.
Olalde, Inigo, Selina Brace, Morten E. Allentoft, Ian Armit, Kristian Kristiansen, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, and others. 2017. “The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/135962.
Olson, S. 2015. “International Summit on Human Gene Editing: A Global Discussion.” National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. doi: 10.17226/21913.
Order of the Crown of Charlemagne in the United States of America website. (accessed August 12, 2017).
Orel, Vitězslav. 1973. “The Scientific Milieu in Brno During the Era of Mendel’s Research.” Journal of Heredity 64: 314–18.
Orgel, L. E. 1997. “Preventive Mitochondrial Replacement.” Chemistry & Biology 4: 167–68.
Osberg, Richard. 1986. “The Jesse Tree in the 1432 London Entry of Henry VI: Messianic Kingship and the Rule of Justice.” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 16: 213–32.
Osborn, Henry Fairfield. 1915. Men of the Old Stone Age: Their Environment, Life and Art. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
________. 1926. “The Evolution of Human Races.” Natural History 26: 3–13.
Osmon, David C., and Rebecca Jackson. 2002. “Inspection Time and IQ: Fluid or Perceptual Aspects of Intelligence?” Intelligence 30: 119–27.
Ostrander, Elaine A., Brian W. Davis, and Gary K. Ostrander. 2016. “Transmissible Tumors: Breaking the Cancer Paradigm.” Trends in Genetics 32: 1–15.
Ovid. 2008. Metamorphoses. Edited by E. J. Kenney. Translated by A. D. Melville. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Owen, H. Collinson. 1919. Salonica and After: Vie Sideshow That Ended the War. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Owen, Ray D. 1959. “Facts for a Friendly Frankenstein.” Engineering and Science 22: 16–20.
________. 1983. Interview. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives. (accessed July 27, 2017).
Pǟǟbo, Svante. 1985. “Molecular Cloning of Ancient Egyptian Mummy DNA.” Nature 314: 644–45.
________. 2014. Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes. New York: Basic Books.
Pagden, Anthony. 1982. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Page, Clarence. 1993. “Alex Haley’s Facts Can Be Doubted, But Not His Truths.” Chicago Tribune, March 10.
Paine, Thomas. 1995. “Common Sense.” In Paine: Collected Writings. Edited by Eric Foner. New York: Library of America.
Palladino, Paolo. 1994. “Wizards and Devotees: On the Mendelian Theory of Inheritance and the Professionalization of Agricultural Science in Great Britain and the United States,1880–1930.” History of Science 32: 409–44.
Pandora, Katherine. 2001. “Knowledge Held in Common: Tales of Luther Burbank and Science in the American Vernacular.” Isis 92: 484–516.
Panofsky, Aaron. 2014. Misbehaving Science: Controversy and the Development of BehaviorGenetics.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
________. 2015. “What Does Behavioral Genetics Offer for Improving Education?” Hastings Center Report 45, Suppl 1, S43S49.
Papazyan, Romeo, Yuxiang Zhang, and Mitchell A. Lazar. 2016. “Genetic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of Mammalian Circadian Transcription.” Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 23: 1045–52.
Parker, Geoffrey. 2014. Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Pasmooij, Anna M. G., Marcel F. Jonkman, and Jouni Uitto. 2012. “Revertant Mosaicism in Heritable Skin Diseases – Mechanisms of Natural Gene Therapy.” Discovery Medicine 14: 167–79.
Patin, Ktienne, Marie Lopez, Rebecca Grollemund, Paul Verdu, Christine Harmant, Hélène Quach, Guillaume Laval, and others. 2017. “Dispersals and Genetic Adaptation of Bantu-Speaking Populations in Africa and North America.” Science 356: 543–46.
Paul, Annie Murphy. 2010. Origins: How the Nine Months before Birth Shape the Rest of Our Lives. New York: Free Press.
Paul, Diane B., and Jeffrey P. Brosco. 2013. The PKU Paradox: A Short History of a Genetic Disease. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pauly, Philip J. 1996. “How Did the Effects of Alcohol on Reproduction Become Scientifically Uninteresting?” Journal of the History of Biology 29: 1–28.
Pawson, Henry Cecil. 1957. Robert Bakewell: Pioneer Livestock Breeder. London: Lockwood.
Payer, Bernhard. 2016. “Developmental Regulation of X–Chromosome Inactivation.” Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 56: 88–99.
Payne, Brendan, and Patrick F. Chinnery. 2015. “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging: Much Progress but Many Unresolved Questions.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1847: 1347–53.
Peacock, Zachary S., Katherine P. Klein, John B. Mulliken, and Leonard B. Kaban. 2014. “The Habsburg Jaw-Re-examined.” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 164: 2263–69.
Pearson, Karl. 1895. “Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity, and Panmixia.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 59: 69–71.
________. 1930. The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
________, and Alice Lee. 1904. “On the Laws of Inheritance in Man.” Biometrika 3: 131–90.
Peiffer, Jason A., Maria C. Romay, Michael A. Gore, Sherry A. Flint-Garcia, Zhiwu Zhang, MarkJ. Millard, Candice A. C. Gardner, and others. 2014. “The Genetic Architecture of Maize Height.” Genetics 196: 1337–56.
Pendergrast, W. J., В. K. Milmore, and S. C. Marcus. 1961. ‘”Thyroid Cancer and Thyrotoxicosis in the United States: Their Relation to Endemic Goiter.” Journal of Chronic Diseases13: 22–38.
Penrose, Lionel S. 1933. Mental Defect. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
________. 1935. “Two Cases of Phenylpyruvic Amentia.” Lancet 225: 23–24.
________. 1946. “Phenylketonuria: A Problem in Eugenics.” Lancet 247: 949–53.
Peters, Brock A„Bahram G. Kermani, Oleg Alferov, Misha R. Agarwal, Mark A. McElwain, Natali Gulbahce, Daniel M. Hayden, and others. 2015. “Detection and Phasing of Single Base de Novo Mutations in Biopsies from Human in Vitro Fertilized Embryos by Advanced Whole-Genome Sequencing.” Genome Research 25: 426–34.
Picard, Martin, Douglas C. Wallace, and Yan Burelle. 2016. “The Rise of Mitochondria in Medicine.” Mitochondrion 30: 105–16.
Pickrell, Joseph K., and David Reich. 2014. “Toward a New History and Geography of Human Genes Informed by Ancient DNA.” Trends in Genetics 30: 377–89.
Pierce, Benjamin A. 2014. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Pinhasi, Ron, Daniel Fernandes, Kendra Sirak, Mario Novak, Sarah Connell, Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Fokke Gerritsen, and others. 2015. “Optimal Ancient DNA Yields from the Inner Ear Part of the Human Petrous Bone.” PLOS One 10: 6e0129102.
Pinsker, Joe. 2015. “America Is Even Less Socially Mobile Than Economists Thought.” Atlantic, July 23. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Plomin, R., and J. Crabbe. 2000. “DNA.” Psychological Bulletin 126: 806–28.
Plomin, Robert, Joanna K. J. Kennedy, and Ian W. Craig. 2006. “The Quest for Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Intelligence.” Intelligence 34: 513–26.
Poczai, Péter, Neil Bell, and Jaakko Hyvönen. 2014. “Imre Festetics and the Sheep Breeders’ Society of Moravia: Mendel’s Forgotten ‘Research Network.’” PLOS Biology 12: 1el001772.
Poduri, Annapurna, Gilad D. Evrony, Xuyu Cai, and Christopher A. Walsh. 2013. “Somatic Mutation, Genomic Variation, and Neurological Disease.” Science 341: 6141, 1237758.
________, Gilad D. Evrony, Xuyu Cai, Princess Christina Elhosary, Rameen Beroukhim, Maria K. Lehtinen, L. Benjamin Hills, and others. 2012. “Somatic Activation of AKT3 Causes Hemispheric Developmental Brain Malformations.” Neuron 74: 41–48.
Polderman, Tinea J. C., Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, and Danielle Posthuma. 2015. “Meta-Analysis of the Heritability of Human Traits Based on Fifty Years of Twin Studies.” Nature Genetics 47: 702–09.
Poliakov, Léon. 1974. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe. New York: Basic Books.
Politi, Yoav, Liron Gal, Yossi Kalifa, Liat Ravid, Zvulun Elazar, and Eli Arama. 2014. “Paternal Mitochondrial Destruction after Fertilization Is Mediated by a Common Endocytic and Autophagic Pathway in Drosophila.” Developmental Cell 29: 305–20.
Pollan, Michael. 2001. The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World. New York: Random House.
Porter, Theodore. 2018. The Unknown History of Human Heredity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Porteus, Stanley. 1937. Primitive Intelligence and Environment. New York: Macmillan.
Posth, Cosimo, Christoph Wifiing, Keiko Kitagawa, Luca Pagani, Laura van Holstein, Fernando Racimo, Kurt Wehrberger, and others. 2017. “Deeply Divergent Archaic Mitochondrial Genome Provides Lower Time Boundary for African Gene Flow into Neanderthals.” Nature Communications 8, doi: 10.1038/ncomms16046.
Poznik, G. David, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, Thomas F. Willems, Andrea Massaia, Melissa A. Wilson Sayres, Qasim Ayub, and others. 2016. “Punctuated Bursts in Human Male Demography Inferred from 1,244 Worldwide Y-Chromosome Sequences.” Nature Genetics 48: 593–99.
Pratt, Catherine. 2007. Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words That Come from Spanish. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Pratt. H. P., and A. L. Muggleton-Harris. 1988. “Cycling Cytoplasmic Factors That Promote Mitosis in the Cultured 2Cell Mouse Embryo.” Development 104: 115–20.
Prescott, William Hickling. 1858. History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co.
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1982. Splicing Life: A Report on the Social and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering with Human Beings. Washington, DC: President’s Commission.
Pressman, Abe, Celia Blanco, and Irene A. Chen. 2015. “The RNA World as a Model System to Study the Origin of Life.” Current Biology 25: R953R963.
Price, Alkes L., Chris C. A. Spencer, and Peter Donnelly. 2015. “Progress and Promise in Understanding the Genetic Basis of Common Diseases,” Proceedings of the Royal Society В282: 1821. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1684.
Prichard, James Cowles. 1826. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. London: Johnand Arthur Arch.
Priest, James Rush. Charles Gawad, Kristopher M. Kahlig, Joseph K. Yu, Thomas O’Hara, Patrick M. Boyle, Sridharan Rajamani, and others. 2016. “Early Somatic Mosaicism Is a Rare Cause of Long-QT Syndrome.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of theUnited States of America 113. doi: 10.1073/pnas.l607187113.
Pritchard, Jonathan K. 2017. “An Expanded View of Complex Traits: From Polygenic to Omnigenic.” Cell 169. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.038.
________, Matthew Stephens, and Peter Donnelly. 2000. “Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data.” Genetics 155: 945–59.
________, Matthew Stephens, Noah A. Rosenberg, and Peter Donnelly. 2000. “Association Mappingin Structured Populations.” American Journal of Human Genetics 67: 170–81.
Proctor, Robert N. 1988. Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Provencal, Nadine, and Elisabeth B. Binder. 2015. “The Effects of Early Life Stress on the Epigenome: From the Womb to Adulthood and Even Before.” Experimental Neurology 268: 10–20.
Prowse, Thomas A. A., Phillip Cassey, Joshua V. Ross, Chandran Pfitzner, Talia A. Wittmann, and Paul Thomas. 2017. “Dodging Silver Bullets: Good CRISPR Gene-Drive Design Is Critical for Eradicating Exotic Vertebrates.” Proceedings of the Royal Society В284. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0799.
Pye, Ruth J., David Pemberton, Cesar Tovar, Jose M. C. Tubio, Karen A. Dun, Samantha Fox, Jocelyn Darby, and others. 2015. “A Second Transmissible Cancer in Tasmanian Devils.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113. doi: 10.1073/pnas.l519691113.
Pyne, Stephen Joseph, and William Cronon. 1998. Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Radian, Serban, Yoan Diekmann, Plamena Gabrovska, Brendan Holland, Lisa Bradley, Helen Wallace, Karen Stals, and others. 2016. “Increased Population Risk of AIP-Related Acromegaly and Gigantism in Ireland.” Human Mutation 38. doi: 10.1002/humu.23121.
Ralph, Peter, and Graham Coop. 2013. “The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry Across Europe.” PLOS Biology 11(5): el001555.
Raper, Kenneth B. 1946. “The Development of Improved Penicillin-Producing Molds.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 48: 41–56.
Rasmann, Sergio, Martin De Vos, Clare L. Casteel, Uonglan Tian, Rayko Halitschke, Joel Y. Sun, Anurag A. Agrawal, Gary W. Felton, and Georg lander. 2012. “Herbivory in the Previous Generation Primes Plants for Enhanced Insect Resistance.” Plant Physiology 158: 854–63.
Rastan, Sohaila. 2015a. “Mary F. Lyon (1925-2014)” Nature 518: 36.
________. 2015b. “Obituary: Mary F Lyon (1925-2014)” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 30: 6, 566–67.
Rayman, Margaret P., and Sarah C. Bath. 2015. “The New Emergence of Iodine Deficiency in the UK: Consequences for Child Neurodevelopment.” Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 52: 705–08.
Reardon, Sara. 2015. “US Congress Moves to Block Human-Embryo Editing.” Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17858.
________. 2016. ‘”Three-parent Baby’ Claim Raises Hopes – and Ethical Concerns.” Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20698.
________. 2017. “Genetic Details of Controversial ‘Three-Parent Baby’ Revealed.” Nature 544: 17–18.
Rechavi, Oded, and Itamar Lev. 2017. “Principles of Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in Caenorhabditis elegans.” Current Biology. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.043.
Regal, Brian. 2002. Henry Fairfield Osborn: Race, and the Search for the Origins of Man. Burlington: Ashgate.
Regalado, Antonio, and Karby Legget. 2003. “A Global Journal Report: Fertility Breakthrough Raises Questions About Link to Cloning.” Wall Street Journal, October 13.
Regev, Aviv, Sarah Teichmann, Eric S. Lander, Ido Amit, Christophe Benoist, Ewan Birney, Bernd Bodenmiller, and others. 2017. “The Human Cell Atlas.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/121202.
Reich, David, Richard E. Green, Martin Kircher, Johannes Krause, Nick Patterson, Eric Y. Durand, Bence Viola, and others. 2010. “Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia.” Nature 468: 1053–60.
Reid, James В., and John J. Ross. 2011. “Mendel’s Genes: Toward a Full Molecular Characterization.” Genetics 189: 3–10.
Reilly, Philip R. 1991. The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
________. 2015. “Eugenics and Involuntary Sterilization: 1907–2015.” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 16: 351–68.
Rende, Richard D., Robert Plomin, and Steven G. Vandenberg. 1990. “Who Discovered the Twin Method?” Behavior Genetics 20: 277–85.
Richards, Martin. 2008. “Artificial Insemination and Eugenics: Celibate Motherhood, Eutelegenesis and Germinal Choice.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 39: 211–21.
Richards, W. A. 1980. “The Import of Firearms into West Africa in the Eighteenth Century.” Journal of African History 21: 43–59.
Ried, Thomas. 2009. “Homage to Theodor Boveri (1862-1915): Boveri’s Theory of Cancer as a Disease of the Chromosomes, and the Landscape of Genomic Imbalances in Human Carcinomas.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 50: 593–601.
Rietveld, Cornelius A., Tonu Esko, Gail Davies, Tune H. Pers, and others. 2014. “Common Genetic Variants Associated with Cognitive Performance Identified Using the Proxy-Phenotype Method.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111: 13790–94.
________, Sarah E. Medland, Jaime Derringer, Jian Yang, Tonu Esko, Nicolas W. Martin, Harm-Jan Westra, and others. 2013. “GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment.” Science 340: 1467–71.
Rijnink, Emilic С Marlies E. Penning, Ron Wolterbeek, Suzanne Wilhelmus, Malu Zandbergen, Sjoerd G. van Duinen, Joke Schutte, Jan A. Bruijn, and Ingeborg M. Bajema. 2015. “Tissue Microchimerism Is Increased During Pregnancy: A Human Autopsy Study.” Molecular Human Reproduction 21, no. 11. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gav047.
Rindermann, Heiner, and Stefan Pichelmann. 2015. “Future Cognitive Ability: US IQ Prediction Until 2060 Based on NAEP.” PLOS One 10: e0138412.
Riquet, Florentine, Alexis Simon, and Nicolas Bierne. 2017. “Weird Genotypes? Don’t Discard Them, Transmissible Cancer Could Be an Explanation.” Evolutionary Applications 10: 140–45.
Risch, Neil, and Kathleen Merikangras. 1996. “The Future of Genetic Studies of Complex Human Diseases.” Science 273: 1516–17.
Ritchie, Stuart. 2015. Intelligence: All That Matters. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Roberts, Dorothy. 2015. “Can Research on the Genetics of Intelligence Be ‘Socially Neutral’?” Hastings Center Report 45, Suppl 1, S50S53.
Robinson, Michael F. 2016. The Lost White Tribe: Explorers. Scientists, and the Theory That Changed a Continent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Robson. K. J., T. Chandra, R. T. MacGillivray, and S. L. Woo. 1982. “Polysome Immunoprecipitation of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase MRNA from Rat Liver and Cloning of Its CDNA.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79: 4701–05.
Rodgers, Ali В., and Tracy L. Bale. 2015. “Germ Cell Origins of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Risk: The Transgenerational Impact of Parental Stress Experience.” Biological Psychiatry 78: 307–14.
________, Christopher P. Morgan, N. Adrian Leu, and Tracy L. Bale. 2015. “Transgenerational Epigenetic Programming Via Sperm MicroRNA Recapitulates Effects of Paternal Stress.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1508347112.
Roebroeks. Wil, and Marie Soressi. 2016. “Neandertals Revised.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 6372–79.
Roewer, Lutz. 2013. “DNA Fingerprinting in Forensics: Past, Present, Future.” Investigative Genetics 4, no. 1. doi: I0.1186/20412223422.
Roger, Andrew J., Sergio A. Munoz-Gomez, and Ryoma Kamikawa. 2017. “The Origin and Diversification of Mitochondria.” Current Biology 27: R1177R1192.
Rogers, Lois. 1998. “Baby Created from Two Mothers Raises Hopes for Childless.” Sunday Times, June 14.
“Roots Revisited.” 2016. 23andMe blog, May 30. (accessed August 3, 2017).
Rose, Steven. 1972. “Environmental Effects on Brain and Behaviour.” In Race, Culture and Intelligence. Edited by Ken Richardson, David Spears, and Martin Richards. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
Rose, Todd. 2015. The End of Average: How We Succeed in a World That Values Sameness. New York: HarperOne.
Rose, Willie Lee. 1976. “An American Family.” New York Review of Books, November 11.
Rosenberg, Eugene, and Ilana Zilber-Rosenberg. 2016. “Microbes Drive Evolution of Animals and Plants: The Hologenome Concept.” mBio 7: e01395–15.
Rosenberg, Noah A- and Michael D. Edge. In press. “Genetic Clusters and the Race Debates: A Perspective from Population Genetics.” In Genetic Clusters and the Race Debates: A Perspective from Population Genetics. Edited by Quayshawn N. Spencer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
________, Jonathan K. Pritchard, James L. Weber, Howard M. Cann, Kenneth K. Kidd, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, and Marcus W. Feldman. 2002. “Genetic Structure of Human Populations.” Science 298: 2381–85.
Rosenbloom, Arlan L., Jaime Guevara-Aguirre, Ron G. Rosenfeld, and Paul J. Fielder. 1990. “The Little Women of Loja – Growth Hormone-Receptor Deficiency in an Inbred Population of Southern Ecuador.” New England Journal of Medicine 323: 1367–74.
Ross, Cody Т., Peter J. Richerson, and Deborah S. Rogers. 2014. “Mechanisms of Cultural Change and the Transition to Sustainability.” In Global Environmental Change. Edited by Bill Freedman. Springer Netherlands.
Rowley-Conwy, Peter, and Robert Layton. 2011. “Foraging and Farming as Niche Construction: Stable and Unstable Adaptations.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society В 366: 849–62.
Rubin, Beatrix P. 2009. “Changing Brains: The Emergence of the Field of Adult Neurogenesis.” BioSocieties 4: 407–24.
Russell Sage Foundation. 2016. “What We Know About Economic Inequality and Social Mobility in the United States.” Blog, July 12. (accessed September 11, 2017).
Rutledge, Samuel D., and Daniela Cimini. 2016. “Consequences of Aneuploidy in Sickness and in Health.” Current Opinion in Cell Biology 40: 41–46.
Sabree, Zakee L., Srinivas Kambhampati, and Nancy A. Moran. 2009. “Nitrogen Recycling and Nutritional Provisioning by Blattabacterium, the Cockroach Endosymbiont.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 19521–26.
Sahoo, Susmita, and Douglas W. Losordo. 2014. “Exosomes and Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction.” Circulation Research 114: 333–44.
Sankararaman, Sriram, Swapan Mallick, Michael Dannemann, Kay Prüfer, Janet Kelso, Svante Pääbo, Nick Patterson, and David Reich. 2014. ‘”The Genomic Landscape of Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans.” Nature 507: 354–57.
Sankararaman, Sriram, Swapan Mallick, Nick Patterson, and David Reich. 2016. “The Combined Landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans.” Current Biology 26: 1241–47.
Sawyer, Susanna, Gabriel Renaud, Bence Viola, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Marie-Theres Gansauge, Michael V. Shunkov, Anatoly P. Derevianko, Kay Prüfer, Janet Kelso, and Svante Pääbo. 2015. “Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences from Two Denisovan Individuals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: 15696–700.
Schaefer, Sabine, and Joseph H. Nadeau. 2015. “The Genetics of Epigenetic Inheritance: Modes, Molecules, and Mechanisms.” Quarterly Review of Biology 90: 381–415.
Scheinfeld, Amram. 1944. “The Kallikaks after Thirty Years.” Journal of Heredity 35: 259–64.
Schlebusch, Carina M., Helena Malmström, Torsten Günther, Per Sjödin, Alexandra Coutinho, Hanna Edlund, Arielle R. Munters, and others. 2017. “Ancient Genomes from Southern Africa Pushes Modern Human Divergence Beyond 260,000 Years Ago.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/145409.
Schmerler, Samuel, and Gary M. Wessel. 2011. “Polar Bodies – More a Lack of Understanding Than a Lack of Respect.” Molecular Reproduction and Development 78: 3–8.
Schulman, J. D., and H. J. Stern. 2015. “Low Utilization of Prenatal and Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis in Huntington Disease – Risk Discounting in Preventive Genetics.” Clinical Genetics 88: 220–23.
Schwank, Gerald, Bon-Kyoung Koo, Valentina Sasselli, Johanna F. Dekkers, Inha Heo, Turan Demircan, Nobuo Sasaki, and others. 2013. “Functional Repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in Intestinal Stem Cell Organoids of Cystic Fibrosis Patients.” Cell Stem Cell 13: 653–58.
Schwann, Theodor. 1847. Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants. London: Sydenham Society.
Schwartz, James. 2008. In Pursuit of the Gene: From Darwin to DNA. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Science News Staff. 1997. “Extra Licking Makes for Relaxed Rats.” Science, September 11.
Scudellari, Megan. 2016. “How IPS Cells Changed the World.” Nature 534: 310–12. doi: 10.1038/534310a.
Secord, James A. 1981. “Nature’s Fancy: Charles Darwin and the Breeding of Pigeons.” Isis 72: 162–86.
Segers, Seppe, Heidi Mertes, Guido de Wert, Wybo Dondorp, and Guido Pennings. 2017. “Balancing Ethical Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Derived Gametes.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 45. doi: 10.1007/sl043901717939.
Semrau, Stefan, and Alexander van Oudenaarden. 2015. “Studying Lineage Decision-Making in Vitro: Emerging Concepts and Novel Tools.” Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 31: 317–45.
Sender, Ron, Shai Fuchs, and Ron Milo. 2016. “Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body.” PLOS Biology 14: 8, el002533.
Shabad, L. M., and V. I. Ponomarkov. 1976. “Mstislav Novinsky, Pioneer of Tumour Transplantation.” Cancer Letters 2: 1–3.
Shapiro, E. Donald, Stewart Reifler, and Claudia L. Psome. 1992. “The DNA Paternity Test: Legislating the Future Paternity Action.” Journal of Law and Health 7: 1–47.
Sharpley, Mark S., Christine Marciniak. Kristin Eckel-Mahan, Meagan McManus, Marco Crimi, Katrina Waymire, Chun Shi Lin, and others. 2012. “Heteroplasmy of Mouse MtDNA Is Genetically Unstable and Results in Altered Behavior and Cognition.” Cell 151: 333–43.
Shennan, Stephen. 2011. “Property and Wealth Inequality as Cultural Niche Construction.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society В 366: 918–26.
Shimkin, Michael B. 1955. “M. A. Novinsky: A Note on the History of Transplantation of Tumors.” Cancer 8: 653–55.
Shirley, Matthew D., Hao Tang, Carol J. Gallione. Joseph D. Baugher, Laurence P. Frelin, Bernard Cohen, Paula E. North, Douglas A. Marchuk. Anne M. Comi, and Jonathan Pevsner. 2013. “Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Port-Wine Stains Caused by Somatic Mutation in GNAQ.” New England Journal of Medicine 368: 1971–79.
Shull, George Harrison. 1909. “A Pure-Line Method in Corn Breeding.” Journal of Heredity 1: 51–58.
Siemens, Hermann Werner. 1924. Die Zwillingspathologie: Ihre Bedeutung, Ihre Methodik, Ihre Bishcrigen Ergebnisse. Berlin: J. Springer.
Silventoinen, Karri, Aline lelenkovic, Reijo Sund, Yoon-Mi Hur, Yoshie Yokoyama, Chika Honda. Jacob V. B. Hjelmborg, Sören Möller, Syuichi Ooki, and Sari Aaltonen. 2016. “Genetic and Environmental Effects on Body Mass Index from Infancy to the Onset of Adulthood: An Individual-Based Pooled Analysis of 45 Twin Cohorts Participating in the Collaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins (CODATwins) Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104: 371–79.
________, Sampo Sammalisto. Markus Perola, Dorret I. Boomsma, Belinda K. Cornes, Chayna Davis, Leo Dunkel, Marlies de Lange, Jennifer R. Harris, and Jacob V. B. Hjelmborg. 2003. “Heritability of Adult Body Height: A Comparative Study of Twin Cohorts in Eight Countries.” Twin Research 6: 399–408.
Silver, Ari J., Jessica L. Larson, Maxwell J. Silver, Regine M. Lim, Carlos Borroto, Brett Spurrier, Anne Morriss, and Lee M. Silver. 2016. “Carrier Screening Is a Deficient Strategy for Determining Sperm Donor Eligibility and Reducing Risk of Disease in Recipient Children.” Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 20: 276–84.
Silvers, Willys. 1979. The Coat Colors of Mice: A Model for Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Skerfving, Staffan, Lina Löfmark. Thomas I. undh, Zoli Mikoczy, and Ulf Strömberg. 2015. “Late Effects of Low Blood Lead Concentrations in Children on School Performance and Cognitive Functions.” NeuroToxicology 49: 114–20.
Skinner, Michael K. 2015. “Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept That Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution.” Genome Biology and Evolution 7: 1296–302.
Skoglund, Pontus, Jessica Thompson, Mary Prendergast. 2017. “Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure.” Cell 171: 1–13.
Slack, Jonathan M. W. 2002. “Conrad Hal Waddington: The Last Renaissance Biologist?” Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 889–95.
Slatkin, Montgomery, and Fernando Racimo. 2016. “Ancient DNA and Human History.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 6380–87.
Slon, Viviane, Bence Viola, Gabriel Renaud, Marie-Theres Gansauge, Stefano Benazzi, Susanna Sawyer, Jean-Jacques Hublin, and others. 2017. “A Fourth Denisovan Individual.” Science Advances 3: e1700186.
Smedley, Audrey, and Brian D. Smedley. 2007. Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview. Boulder: Westview Press.
Smith, Barbara M. D. 1967. “The Galtons of Birmingham: Quaker Gun Merchants and Bankers, 1702–1831.” Business History 9: 132–50.
Smith, Bruce D. 2011. “General Patterns of Niche Construction and the Management of ’Wild’ Plant and Animal Resources by Small-Scale Pre-Industrial Societies.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society В 366: 836–48.
Smith, Eric Alden, Kim Hill, Frank Marlowe, David Nolin, Polly Wiessner, Michael Gurven, Samuel Bowles. Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Tom Hertz, and Adrian Bell. 2010. “Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers.” Current Anthropology 51: 19–34.
________, Monique Borgerhotf Mulder, Samuel Bowles, Michael Gurven, Tom Hertz, and Mary K. Shenk. 2010. “Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies.” Current Anthropology 51: 85–94.
Smith, Jane S. 2009. The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin Press.
Smith. J. David. 1985. Minds Made Feeble: The Myth and Legacy of the Kallikaks. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems Corp.
________, and Michael L. Wehmeyer. 2012a. Good Blood, Bad Blood: Science, Nature, and the Myth of the Kallikaks. Washington, DC: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
________. 2012b. “Who Was Deborah Kallikak?” Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no. 2. doi: 10.1352/1934955650.2.169.
Smythies, John, Lawrence Edelstein, and Vilayanur Ramachandran. 2014. “Molecular Mechanisms for the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics-Exosomes, MicroRNA Shuttling, Fear and Stress: Lamarck Resurrected?” Frontiers in Genetics 5: 133.
Sniekers, Suzanne. 2017. “Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of 78,308 Individuals Identifies New Loci and Genes Influencing Human Intelligence.” Nature Genetics 49: 1107–12.
Sojo, Victor, Barry Herschy, Alexandra Whicher, Eloi Camprubi, and Nick Lane. 2016. “The Origin of Life in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents.” Astrobiology 16: 181–97.
Sonneborn, Т. M., ed. 1965. The Control of Human Heredity and Evolution. New York: Macmillan.
de Souza, R. A. G. 2012. “Origins of the Elephant Man: Mosaic Somatic Mutations Cause Proteus Syndrome.” Clinical Genetics 81: 123–124.
Soyk, Sebastian, Niels A. Müller. Soon Ju Park, Inga Schmalenbach, Ke Jiang, Ryosuke Hayama, Lei Zhang, Joyce Van Eck, José M. Jiménez-Gómez, and Zachary B. Lippman. 2017. “Variation in the Flowering Gene SELF PRUNING 5G Promotes Day-Neutrality and Early Yield in Tomato.” Nature Genetics 49: 162–68.
Spalding, Kirsty L., Olaf Bergmann, Kanar Alkass, Samuel Bernard, Mehran Salehpour, Hagen B. Huttner, Emil Bostrŏm, and others. 2013. “Dynamics of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Humans.” Cell 153: 1219–27.
________, Ratan D. Bhardwaj, Bruce A. Buchholz, Henrik Druid, and Jonas Frisen. 2005. “Retrospective Birth Dating of Cells in Humans.” Cell 122: 133–43.
Sparrow, Robert. 2012. “Orphaned at Conception: The Uncanny Offspring of Embryos,” Bioethics 26: 173–81.
________. 2015. “Enhancement and Obsolescence: Avoiding an ‘Enhanced Rat Race.’” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 25: 231–60.
Spinner, Nancy В., and Laura K. Conlin. 2014. “Mosaicism and Clinical Genetics.” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part С 166: 397–405.
Springer, Nathan M., and Robert J. Schmitz. 2017. “Exploiting Induced and Natural Epigenetic Variation for Crop Improvement.” Nature Reviews Genetics 18: 563–75.
Spurling, Hilary. 2011. Pearl Buck in China: Journey to the Good Earth. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Stansfield. William D. 2006. “Luther Burbank: Honorary Member of the American Breeders’ Association.” Journal of Heredity 97: 95–99.
Starr, Douglas P. 1998. Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Steckel, Richard H. 2009. “Heights and Human Welfare: Recent Developments and New Directions.” Explorations in Economic History 46: 1–23.
________. 2013. “Biological Measures of Economic History.” Annual Review of Economics 5: 401–23.
________. 2016. “Slave Heights.” In The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology. Edited by John Komlos and Inas R. Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stephen Spielberg Film and Video Archive. Das Erbe. Video produced in 1935. Accessed at US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Bundesarchiv, (accessed August 24, 2017).
Stern, Claudio D. 2003. “Conrad H. Waddington’s Contributions to Avian and Mammalian Development, 1930–1940.” International Journal of Developmental Biology 44: 15–22.
________, and Scott E. Fraser. 2001. “Tracing the Lineage of Tracing Cell Lineages.” Nature Cell Biology 3: E216E218.
Stewart, James В., and Patrick F. Chinnery. 2015. “The Dynamics of Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy: Implications for Human Health and Disease.” Nature Reviews Genetics 16: 530–42.
Stough, C, J. Brebner, T. Nettelbeck, C. J. Cooper. T. Bates, and G. L. Mangan. 1996. “The Relationship Between Intelligence, Personality and Inspection Time.” British Journal of Psychology 87: 255–68.
Strakova, Andrea, Máire Ni Leathlobhair, Guo-Dong Wang, Ting-Ting Yin, Ilona Airikkala-Otter, Janice L. Allen, Karen M. Allum, Leontine Bansse-lssa, Jocelyn L. Bisson, and Artemio Castillo Domracheva. 2016. “Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity, Selection and Recombination in a Canine Transmissible Cancer.” eLife 5: el4552.
Straney, Shirley G. 1994. “The Kallikak Family: A Genealogical Examination of a ‘Classic in Psychology.’” American Genealogist 69: 65–80.
Stroud, Laura R., George D. Papandonatos, Amy L. Salisbury, Maureen G. Phipps, Marilyn A. Huestis, Raymond Niaura, James F. Padbury, Carmen J. Marsit, and Barry M. Lester. 2016. “Epigenetic Regulation of Placental NR3C1: Mechanism Underlying Prenatal Programming of Infant Neurobehavior by Maternal Smoking?” Child Development 87: 49–60.
Stubbs, E. I., and J. Furth. 1934. “Experimental Studies on Venereal Sarcoma of the Dog.” American Journal of Pathology 10: 273–86.
Stulp, Gert, and Louise Barrett. 2016. “Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Height Variation.” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 91: 206–34.
Sturtevant, A. H., and T. Dobzhansky. 1936. “Inversions in the Third Chromosome of Wild Races of Drosophila pseudoobscura, and Their Use in the Study of the History of the Species.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 22: 448–50.
Sudik, R., S. Jakubiczka, F. Nawroth, E. Gilberg, and P. F. Wieacker. 2001. “Chimerism in a Fertile Woman with 46, XY Karyotype and Female Phenotype: Case Report.” Human Reproduction 16: 56–58.
Sung, Patrick, and Hannah Klein. 2006. “Mechanism of Homologous Recombination: Mediators and Helicases Take on Regulatory Functions.” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7: 739–50.
Sweet, James H. 1997. “The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought.” William and Mary Quarterly 51: 143–66.
Syed, Sana. 2015. “Iodine and the ‘Near’ Eradication of Cretinism.” Pediatrics 135: 594–96.
Szostak, Natalia, Szymon Wasik, and Jacek Blazewicz. 2016. “Hypercycle.” PLOS Computational Biology 12: el004853.
Takatsuka, Hirotomo, and Masaaki Umeda. 2015. “Epigenetic Control of Cell Division and Cell Differentiation in the Root Apex.” Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 1178.
Tan, An S., James W. Baty, Lan-Feng Dong, Ayenachew Bezawork-Geleta, Berwini Endaya, Jacob Goodwin, Martina Bajzikova, and others. 2015. “Mitochondrial Genome Acquisition Restores Respiratory Function and Tumorigenic Potential of Cancer Cells Without Mitochondrial DNA.” Cell Metabolism 21: 81–94.
Tang, Walfred W. C, Toshihiro Kobayashi, Naoko Irie, Sabine Dietmann, and M. Azim Surani. 2016. “Specification and Epigenetic Programming of the Human Germ Line.” Nature Reviews Genetics 17: 585–600.
Tanner, J. M. 1979. “A Concise History of Growth Studies from Buffon to Boas.” In Human Growth. Edited by Frank Falkner. New York: Plenum Press.
________. 2010. A History of the Study of Human Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taubes, Gary. 2013. “Rare Form of Dwarfism Protects Against Cancer.” Discover magazine, March 27. (accessed August 2, 2017).
Tavernise, Sabrina. 2014. “Shoukhrat Mitalipov’s Mitochondrial Manipulations.” New York Times, March 17.
Teich, A. H. 1984. “Heritability of Grain Yield, Plant Height and Test Weight of a Population of Winter Wheat Adapted to Southwestern Ontario.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 68: 21–23.
Terman, Lewis Madison. 1922. “Were We Born That Way?” World’s Work 44: 655–60.
Teves, Sheila S., Luye An, Anders S. Hansen, Liangqi Xie, Xavier Darzacq, and Robert Tjian. 2016. “A Dynamic Mode of Mitotic Bookmarking by Transcription Factors.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/066464.
Theis, Kevin R., Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Jonathan L. Klassen, Robert M. Brucker, John F. Baines, Thomas C. G. Bosch, John F. Cryan, and others. 2016. “Getting the Hologenome Concept Right: An Eco-Evolutionary Framework for Hosts and Their Microbiomes.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/038596.
Thomas, Mark. 2013. “To Claim Someone Has Viking Ancestors Is No Better than Astrology.” Guardian, February 25.
Thomas, W. H. 1904. “Medical Treatment of Diabetes.” journal of the American Medical Association 42: 1451.
Thornton, Alex, and Katherine McAuliffe. 2006. “Teaching in Wild Meerkats.” Science 313: 227–29.
Thurtle, Phillip. 2007. “The Poetics of Life: Luther Burbank, Horticultural Novelties, and the Spaces of Heredity.” Literature and Medicine 26: 1–24.
Tibbies, J. A., and M. M. Cohen. 1986. “The Proteus Syndrome: The Elephant Man Diagnosed.” British Medical Journal 293: 683–85.
Tingley, Kim. 2014. “The Brave New World of Three-Parent I. V. F.” New York Times, June 27.
Tippett, Patricia. 1983. “Blood Group Chimeras: A Review.” Vox Sanguinis 44: 333–59.
Tissot, Tazzio, Audrey Arnal, Camille Jacqueline, Robert Poulin, Thierry Lefèvre, Frédéric Mery, François Renaud, and others. 2016. “Host Manipulation by Cancer Cells: Expectations, Facts, and Therapeutic Implications.” BioEssays 38: 276–85.
Tollefsbol, Trygve O., ed. 2014. Transgenerational Epigenetics Evidence and Debate. London: Academic Press.
Touati, Sandra A., and Katja Wassmann. 2016. “How Oocytes Try to Get It Right: Spindle Checkpoint Control in Meiosis.” Chromosoma 125: 321–35.
Traub, Amy, Laura Sullivan, Tatiana Meschede, Thomas Shapiro. 2017. The Asset Value of White Privilege: Understanding the Racial Wealth Gap. New York: Demos.
Treves, Frederick. 1923. The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences. London: Cassell and Company.
Trzaskowski, M., J. Yang, P. M. Visscher, and R. Plomin. 2014a. “DNA Evidence for Strong Genetic Stability and Increasing Heritability of Intelligence from Age 7 to 12.” Molecular Psychiatry 19, no. 3. doi: l0.1038/mp.2012.191.
Trzaskowski, Maciej, Nicole Harlaar, Rosalind Arden, Eva Krapohl. Kaili Rimfeld, Andrew McMillan, Philip S. Dale, and Robert Plomin. 2014b. “Genetic Influence on Family Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Intelligence.” Intelligence 42. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.11.002.
Tuchman, Arleen Marcia. 2011. “Diabetes and Race. A Historical Perspective.” American Journal of Public Health 101.no. 1. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.202564.
Tucker, William H. 1994. The Science and Politics of Racial Research. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
________. 2007. “Burt’s Separated Twins: The Larger Picture.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 43: 81–86.
Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., and Timothy C. Bates. 2015. “Large Cross-National Differences in Gene x Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence.” Psychological Science 27: 138–49.
Turkheimer, Eric. 2012. “Genome Wide Association Studies of Behavior Are Social Science.” In Philosophy of Behavioral Biology. Edited by Kathryn S. Plaisance and Thomas Reydon. Springer Netherlands.
________. 2015. “Genetic Prediction.” Hastings Center Report 45, Suppl 1, S32S38.
Turkheimer, Eric, Andreana Haley, Mary Waldron, Brian D’Onofrio, and Irving I. Gottesman. 2003. “Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children.” Psychological Science 14: 623–28.
Ujvari, Beata, Anne-Maree Pearse, Kate Swift, Pamela Hodson, Bobby Hua, Stephen Pyecroft, Robyn Taylor, and others. 2014. “Anthropogenic Selection Enhances Cancer Evolution in Tasmanian Devil Tumours.” Evolutionary Applications 7: 260–65.
________, Anthony T. Papenfuss, and Katherine Belov. 2016. “Transmissible Cancers in an Evolutionary Context.” BioEssays 38: S14S23.
________, Robert A. Gatenby, and Frédéric Thomas. 2016a. “The Evolutionary Ecology of Transmissible Cancers.” Infection, Genetics and Evolution 39: 293–303.
________. 2016b. “Transmissible Cancers, Are They More Common Than Thought?” Evolutionary Applications 9: 633–34.
Uller, Tobias, and Heikki Helantera. 2013. “Non-Genetic Inheritance in Evolutionary Theory: A Primer.” Non-Genetic Inheritance. doi: 10.2478/ngi-2013–0003.
Unckless, Robert, and Andrew Clark. 2015. “Driven to Extinction: On the Probability of Evolutionary Rescue from Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive.” bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/018820.
Urashima, Tadasu, Sadaki Asakuma, Fiame Leo, Kenji Fukuda, Michael Messer, and Olav T. Oftedal. 2012. “The Predominance of Type I Oligosaccharides Is a Feature Specific to Human Breast Milk.” Advances in Nutrition 3: 473S-482S.
Urban, Tim. 2015. “My Visit with Elon Musk at SpaceX.” Business Insider, May 11. (accessed March 22, 2017).
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. 2017. “Asthma and Hispanic Americans.” (accessed August 24, 2017).
US Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives. 1944. “Soviets Exhume a Mass Grave in Zloczow Shortly After the Liberation.” Photograph 86588. Courtesy of Herman Lewinter. (accessed September 8, 2017).
US National Library of Medicine. 2017. “Tay-Sachs Disease.” Genetics Home Reference, October 10. .
“U. S. Panel Urges Testing at Birth.” 1961. New York Times, December 10, p. 80.
Vacca, Marcella, Floriana Delia Ragione, Francesco Scalabrl, and Maurizio D’Esposito. 2016. “X Inactivation and Reactivation in X–Linked Diseases.” Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 56: 78–87.
Valles, Sean A. 2012. “Lionel Penrose and the Concept of Normal Variation in Human Intelligence.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43: 281–89.
Vallot, Céline, Jean-François Ouimette, and Claire Rougeulle. 2016. “Establishment of X Chromosome Inactivation and Epigenomic Features of the Inactive X Depend on Cellular Contexts.” BioEssays 38. doi: 10.1002/bies.201600121.
Van der Pas, Peter. 1970. “The Correspondence of Hugo de Vries and Charles Darwin.” Janus 57: 173–213.
Van Dijk, Bob A., Dorret I. Boomsma, and Achile J. M. de Man. 1996. “Blood Group Chimerism in Human Multiple Births Is Not Rare.” American Journal of Medical Genetics 61: 264–68.
Van Dijk, Peter J., and Т. H. Noel Ellis. 2016. “The Full Breadth of Mendel’s Genetics.” Genetics 204: 1327–36.
Van Eenennaam, Alison L., Kent A. Weigel, Amy E. Young, Matthew A. Cleveland, and Jack C. M. Dekkers. 2014. “Applied Animal Genomics: Results from the Field.” Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2: 105–39.
Van Lookeren Campagne, Menno, Erich C. Strauss, and Brian L. Yaspan. 2016. “Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Complement in Action.” Immunobiology 221: 733–39.
Vanneste, Evelyne, Thierry Voet, Cédric Le Caignec, Michèle Ampe, Peter Konings, Cindy Melotte. Sophie Debrock, and others. 2009. “Chromosome Instability Is Common in Human Cleavage-Stage Embryos.” Nature Medicine 15: 577–83.
Van Opstal, Edward J., and Seth R. Bordenstein. 2015. “Rethinking Heritability of the Microbiome.” Science 349: 1172–73.
Varney, Robin L., and Mohamed A. F. Noor. 2010. “The Scuttle Fly.” Current Biology 20: R466R467.
Vermont Historical Society. “William Jarvis & the Merino Sheep Craze.” (accessed August 6, 2017).
Vernot, Benjamin, Serena Tucci, Janet Kelso, Joshua G. Schraiber, Aaron B. Wolf, Rachel M. Gittelman, Michael Dannemann, and others. 2016. “Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the Genomes of Melanesian Individuals.” Science 352: 1172–73.
Villa, Paola, and Wil Roebroeks. 2014. “Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex.” PLOS One 9: e96424.
The Vineland Training School. 1896. 8th Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
________. 1898. 10th Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
________. 1899. 11th Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
________. 1906. 18th Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
________. 1907. 19th Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
________. 1909.21st Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
________. 1910. 22nd Annual Report. Vineland, NJ.
Vines, Gail. 1997. “Mary Lyon: Quiet Battler.” Current Biology 7: R269.
Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E., Naomi R. Wray, Jian Yang, Michael E. Goddard, and Peter M. Visscher. 2013. “Estimation and Partition of Heritability in Human Populations Using Whole-Genome Analysis Methods.” Annual Review of Genetics 47: 75–95.
Vinovskis, Maris. 2008. The Birth of Head Start: Preschool Education Policies in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Visscher, Peter M., Brian McEvoy, and Jian Yang. 2010. “From Galton to GWAS: Quantitative Genetics of Human Height.” Genetics Research 92: 371–79.
Visscher, Peter M., Matthew A. Brown, Mark I. McCarthy, and Jian Yang. 2012. “Five Years of GWAS Discovery.” American Journal of Human Genetics 90: 7–24.
________, Sarah E. Medland, Manuel A. R. Ferreira, Katherine I. Morley, Gu Zhu, Belinda K. Cornes, Grant W. Montgomery, and Nicholas G. Martin. 2006. “Assumption-Free Estimation of Heritability from Genome-Wide Identity-by-Descent Sharing between Full Siblings.” PLOS Genetics 2x41.
________, Stuart Macgregor, Beben Benyamin, Gu Zhu, Scott Gordon, Sarah Medland, William G. Hill, and others, 2007. “Genome Partitioning of Genetic Variation for Height from 11, 214 Sibling Pairs.” American Journal of Human Genetics 81: 1104–10.
de Vries, Hugo. 1904. “The Aim of Experimental Evolution.” Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 3: 39–49.
________. 1905. “A Visit to Luther Burbank.” Popular Science Monthly, August.
Waddington, С. H. 1957. The Strategy of the Genes: A Discussion of Some Aspects of Theoretical Biology. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Wade, Nicholas. 1980. “UCLA Gene Therapy Racked by Friendly Fire.” Science 210: 509.
________. 1981a. “Gene Therapy Caught in More Entanglements.” Science 212: 24–25.
________. 1981b. “Gene Therapy Pioneer Draws Mikadoesque Rap.” Science 212: 1253.
________. 2002. “Scientist Reveals Secret of Genome: It’s His.” New York Times, April 27.
Walfred W. C. Tang, Sabine Dietmann, Naoko Irie, Harry Leitch, Vasileios Floros, and others. 2015. “A Unique Gene Regulatory Network Resets the Human Germline Epigenome for Development.” Cell 161: 1453–67.
Walker, Richard F., Jia Sophie Liu, Brock A. Peters, Beate R. Ritz, Timothy Wu, Roel A. Ophoff, and Steve Horvath. 2015. “Epigenetic Age Analysis of Children Who Seem to Evade Aging.” Aging 7: 334–39.
Wang, Haoyi, Hui Yang, Chikdu S. Shivalila, Meelad M. Dawlaty, Albert W. Cheng, Feng Zhang, and Rudolf Jaenisch. 2013. “One-Step Generation of Mice Carrying Mutations in Multiple Genes by CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Genome Engineering.” Cell 153: 910–18.
Wang, Michael. 2012. “Heavy Breeding.” Cabinet magazine, Issue 45.
Wang, Zhang, and Martin Wu. 2015. “An Integrated Phylogenomic Approach Toward Pinpointing the Origin of Mitochondria.” Scientific Reports 5: 7949.
Warner, Rebecca H., and Henry L. Rosett. 1975. “The Effects of Drinking on Offspring: An Historical Survey of the American and British Literature.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 36: 1395–1420.
Warren, Wendy. 2016. New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America. New York: Liveright Publishing.
Wasse, Mr. 1724. “Part of a Letter from the Reverend Mr. Wasse, Rector of Aynho in Northamptonshire, to Dr. Mead, Concerning the Difference in the Height of a Human Body.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 33: 87–88.
Wasser, Solomon P., ed. 1999. Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Perspectives. Papers in Honour of Eviatar Nevo. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Waxman, Sorrell H., Stanley M. Gartler, and Vincent C. Kelley. 1962. “Apparent Masculinization of the Female Fetus Diagnosed as True Hermaphrodism by Chromosomal Studies.” Journal of Pediatrics 60: 540–44.
Weedon, Michael N„Guillaume Lettre, Rachel.M. Freathy, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Benjamin F. Voight, John R. B. Perry, Kalherine S. Elliott, and others. 2007. “A Common Variant of HMGA2 Is Associated with Adult and Childhood Height in the General Population.” Nature Genetics 39: 1245–50.
Weil, François. 2013. Family Trees: A History of Genealogy in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Weintraub, Karen. 2013. “Three Biological Parents and a Baby.” New York Times. December 16.
Weismann, August. 1889. Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems. Edited by Selmar Schönland, Arthur Everett Shipley, and Edward Bagnall Poulton. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
________. 1893. The Germ-plasm: A Theory of Heredity. New York: Scribner’s.
Weiss, Sheila Faith. 2010. The Nazi Symbiosis: Human Genetics and Politics in the Third Reich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wellcome Library. “The Lionel Penrose Papers.” Digital Collections. Codebreakers: Makers of Modern Genetics, (accessed August 24, 2017).
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. 2007. “Genome-Wide Association Study of 14,000 Cases of Seven Common Diseases and 3,000 Shared Controls.” Nature 447: 661–78.
White, William Allen. 1922. “What’s the Matter with America?” Collier’s. July 1, pp. 3–4.
White House Photographs. 1961. “John F. Kennedy Meets the McGrath Family.” November 14. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston. Digital Identifier: JFKWHP-1961-11-14-A.
Whitelaw, Emma. 2015. “Disputing Lamarckian Epigenetic Inheritance in Mammals.” Genome Biology 16: 60.
Whiten, Andrew, Christine A. Caldwell, and Alex Mesoudi. 2016. “Cultural Diffusion in Humans and Other Animals.” Current Opinion in Psychology 8: 15–21.
Wiedemann, H. R., G. R. Burgio, P. Aldenhoff, J. Kunze, H. J. Kaufmann, and E. Schirg. 1983. “The Proteus Syndrome: Partial Gigantism of the Hands and/or Feet, Nevi, Hemihypertrophy, Subcutaneous Tumors, Macrocephaly or Other Skull Anomalies and Possible Accelerated Growth and Visceral Affections. European journal of Pediatrics 140: 5–12.
Wilde, Jonathan J., Juliette R. Petersen, and Lee Niswander. 2014. “Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Contributions to Neural Tube Closure.” Annual Review of Genetics 48: 583–611.
Wilkins, Adam S., and Robin Holliday. 2009. “The Evolution of Meiosis from Mitosis.” Genetics 181: 3–12.
Williams, Michael. 2003. Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Williams. R. C., W. C. Knowler, D. J. Pettitt, J. C. Long, D. A. Rokala, H. F. Polesky, R. A. Hackenberg, A. G. Steinberg, and P. H. Bennett. 1992. “The Magnitude and Origin of European-American Admixture in the Gila River Indian Community of Arizona: A Union of Genetics and Demography.” American Journal of Human Genetics 51: 101–10.
Wilschut, Rutger A., Carla Oplaat, L. Basten Snoek, Jan Kirschner, and Koen J. F. Verhoeven. 2015. “Natural Epigenetic Variation Contributes to Heritable Flowering Divergence in a Widespread Asexual Dandelion Lineage.” Molecular Ecology 25: 1759–68.
Winston, Andrew S. 1998. “Science in the Service of the Far Right: Henry E. Garrett, the IAAEE, and the Liberty Lobby.” Journal of Social Issues 54: 179–210.
Witkowski, Jan. 2015. The Road to Discovery: A Short History of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Wolinsky, Howard. 2007. “A Mythical Beast: Increased Attention Highlights the Hidden Wonders of Chimeras.” EMBO Reports 8: 212–14.
Wolynn, Mark. Mark Wolynn, The Family Constellation Institute website. (accessed August 24, 2017).
Woo, S. L., A. S. Lidsky, F. Guttler, T. Chandra, and К. J. Robson. 1983. “Cloned Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Gene Allows Prenatal Diagnosis and Carrier Detection of Classical Phenylketonuria.” Nature 306: 151–55.
Wood, Andrew R., Tonu Esko, Jian Yang, Sailaja Vedantam, Tune H. Pers, Stefan Gustafsson, Audrey Y. Chu, and others. 2014. “Defining the Role of Common Variation in the Genomic and Biological Architecture of Adult Human Height.” Nature Genetics 46: 1173–86.
Wood, Edward J. 1868. Giants and Dwarfs. London: R. Bentley.
Wood, Roger J. 1973. “Robert Bakewell (1725-1795), Pioneer Animal Breeder, and His Influence on Charles Darwin.” Folia Mendeliana 58: 231.
________, and Vitězslav Orel. 2001. Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: A Prelude to Mendel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wright, Donald R. 1981. “Uprooting Kunta Kinte: On the Perils of Relying on Encyclopedic Informants.” History in Africa 8: 205–17.
Wright, Nicholas A. 2014. “Boveri at 100: Cancer Evolution, from Preneoplasia to Malignancy.” Journal of Pathology 234: 146–51.
Wright, Robert. 1995. “TRB: Dumb Bell.” New Republic, January 2.
Wu, Hao, Junjie Luo, Huimin Yu, Amir Rattner, Alisa Mo, Yanshu Wang, Philip M. Smallwood, Bracha Erlanger, Sarah J. Wheelan, and Jeremy Nathans. 2014. “Cellular Resolution Maps of X Chromosome Inactivation: Implications for Neural Development, Function, and Disease.” Neuron 81: 103–19.
Wu, Yuxuan, Dan Liang, Yinghua Wang, Meizhu Bai, Wei Tang, Shiming Bao, Zhiqiang Yan, Dangsheng Li, and Jinsong Li. 2013. “Correction of a Genetic Disease in Mouse Via Use of CR1SPR-Cas9.” Cell Stem Cell 13: 659–62.
Wykes, David L. 2004. “Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) of Dishley: Farmer and Livestock Improver.” Agricultural History Review 52: 38–55.
Xu, Na, Chia-Lun Tsai, and Jeannie T. Lee. 2006. “Transient Homologous Chromosome Pairing Marks the Onset of X Inactivation.” Science 311: 377–89.
Xue, James, Todd Lencz, Ariel Darvasi, Itsik Pe’er, and Shai Carmi. 2016. “The Time and Place of European Admixture in the Ashkenazi Jewish History.” PLOS Genetics 13: 336–45.
Yablonka-Reuveni, Zipora. 2011. “The Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell: Still Young and Fascinating at 50.” Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 59: 1041–59.
Yamanaka, Shinya. 2012. “The Winding Road to Pluripotency.” Nobel Lecture, December 7. (accessed August 3, 2017).
Yang, Jian, Andrew Bakshi, Zhihong Zhu, Gibran Hemani, Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen, Sang Hong Lee, Matthew R. Robinson, and others. 2015. “Genetic Variance Estimation with Imputed Variants Finds Negligible Missing Heritability for Human Height and Body Mass Index.” Nature Genetics 41: 1114.
Yin, Kangquan, Caixia Gao, and Jin-Long Qiu. 2017. “Progress and Prospects in Plant Genome Editing.” Nature Plants 3: 17107. Yong, Ed. 2013. “Chinese Project Probes the Genetics of Genius.” Nature 497: 297.
________. 2016a. “A Google Maps for the Human Body.” Atlantic, October 14. (accessed September 10, 2017).
________. 2016b./Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life. New York: Ecco.
Young, Arthur. 1771. The Farmer’s Tour Through the East of England. London: W. Strahan.
Yu, Neng, Margot S. Kruskall, Juan J. Yunis, Joan H. M. Knoll, Lynne Uhl, Sharon Alosco, Marina Ohashi, Olga Clavijo, Zaheed Husain, and Emilio J. Yunis. 2002. “Disputed Maternity Leading to Identification of Tetragametic Chimerism.” New England Journal of Medicine 346: 1545–52.
Yudell, Michael. 2014. Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press.
Yunis, Edmond J., Joaquin Zuniga, Viviana Romero, and Emilio J. Yunis. 2007. “Chimerism and Tetragametic Chimerism in Humans: Implications in Autoimmunity, Allorecognition and Tolerance.” Immunologic Research 38: 213–36.
Zenderland, Leila. 1998. Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zeng, Xiao Xia, Kian Hwa Tan, Ailing Yeo, Piriya Sasajala, Xiaowei Tan, Zhi Cheng Xiao, Gavin Dawe, and Gerald Udolph. 2010. “Pregnancy-Associated Progenitor Cells Differentiate and Mature into Neurons in the Maternal Brain.” Stem Cells and Development 19: 1819–30.
Zerubavel, Eviatar. 2012. Ancestors and Relatives: Genealogy, Identity and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zhang, John, Guanglun Zhuang, Yong Zeng, Jamie Grifo, Carlo Acosta, Yimin Shu, and Hui Liu. 2016. “Pregnancy Derived from Human Zygote Pronuclear Transfer in a Patient Who Had Arrested Embryos After IVF.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 33: 529–33.
________, Hui Liu, Shiyu Luo, Zhuo Lu, Alejandro Chavez-Badiola, Zitao Liu, Mingxue Yang, and others. 2017. “Live Birth Derived from Oocyte Spindle Transfer to Prevent Mitochondrial Disease.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 34: 361–68.
Zhivotovsky, L. A. 1999. “Recognition of the Remains of Tsar Nicholas II and His Family: A Case of Premature Identification?” Annals of Human Biology 26: 569–77.
Zhou, Qinghua, Haimin Li, Hanzeng Li, Akihisa Nakagawa, Jason L. J. Lin, Eui-Seung Lee, Brian L. Harry, Riley Robert Skeen-Gaar, Yuji Suehiro, and Donna William. 2016. “Mitochondrial Endonuclease G Mediates Breakdown of Paternal Mitochondria upon Fertilization.” Science 353: 394–99.
Zhu, Xiaofeng, J. H. Young, Ervin Fox, Brendan J. Keating. Nora Franceschini, Sunjung Kang, Bamidele Tayo, and others. 2011. “Combined Admixture Mapping and Association Analysis Identities a Novel Blood Pressure Genetic Locus on 5p13: Contributions from the CARe Consortium.” Human Molecular Genetics 20: 2285–95.
Zickler, Denise, and Nancy Kleckner. 2015. “Recombination, Pairing, and Synapsis of Homologs during Meiosis.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7: a016626.
________. 2016. “A Few of Our Favorite Things: Pairing, the Bouquet, Crossover Interference and Evolution of Meiosis.” Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 54. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.024.
Zimmer, Carl. 2005. “Children Learn by Monkey See, Monkey Do. Chimps Don’t.” New York Times. December 13.
________. 2008a. Microcosm: E. Coli and the New Science of Life. New York: Pantheon Books.
________. 2008b. “The Search for Intelligence.” Scientific American 299: 68–75.
________. 2010. Brain Cuttings: Fifteen Journeys through the Mind. New York: Scott & Nix.
________. 2011. “Discovering My Microbiome: ‘You, My Friend, Are a Wonderland.’” Loom, June 27. (accessed August 24, 2017).
________. 2014a. “Why Do We Have Blood Types?” Mosaic. July 15.
________. 2014b. “White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier.” New York Times. December 26, A20.
________. 2015a. “Breakthrough DNA Editor Born of Bacteria.” Quanta, February 5.
________. 2015b. “The Cords That Aren’t Cut.” New York Times, September 15, D3.
________. 2017. “A Speedier Way to Catalog Human Cells (All 37 Trillion of Them).” New York Times, August 22, D6.
Zimmermann, Michael B. 2008. “Research on Iodine Deficiency and Goiter in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries.” Journal of Nutrition 138: 2060–63.
________, Pieter L. Jooste, and Chandrakant S. Pandav. 2008. “Iodine-Deficiency Disorders.” Lancet 372: 1251–62.
Zirkle, Conway. 1946. “The Early History of the Idea of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters and of Pangenesis.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 35: 91–151.
Назад: Глоссарий[1179]
Дальше: Благодарности