Примечания

Данная книга — упрощенный прикладной свод более чем 1200 академических исследований. Полный список соответствующей научной литературы находится на TheCalorieMythBook.com в следующих разделах:

• Set-Point: Homeostatic Regulation of Body Weight

• A Calorie Is Not a Calorie: SANE Calories

• Why Hormones Matter: The Moderation Myth

• Calorie Counting Is Unnecessary and Ineffective

• SANE Eating: Eating More — Smarter

• Smarter Exercise: Exercising Less — Smarter

1. Jensen, AR. “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” Harvard Educ Rev 39 (1969): 1–123.

2. Belluck, Pam. “Children’s Life Expectancy Being Cut Short by Obesity.” The New York Times, June 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/17/health/17obese.html.

3. Wooley, SC, and DM Garner. “Dietary Treatments for Obesity Are Ineffective.” BMJ 309(6955) (1994): 655–56; PubMed PMID: 8086992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2541482.

4. Stunkard, A, and M McClaren-Hume.“The Results of Treatment for Obesity: A Review of the Literature and a Report of a Series.” Archives of Internal Medicine 103(I) (1959): 79–85.

5. Friedman, JM. “Modern Science versus the Stigma of Obesity.” Nat Med 10(6) (2004): 563–69; review; PubMed PMID: 15170194.

6. Ibid.

7. Wisse, BE, and MW Schwartz. “Does Hypothalamic Inflammation Cause Obesity?” Cell Metab 10(4) (2009): 241–42; PubMed PMID: 19808014.

8. Miller, WC, AK Lindeman, J Wallace, and M Niederpruem. “Diet Compo sition, Energy Intake, and Exercise in Relation to Body Fat in Men and Women.” Am J Clin Nutr 52(3) (1990): 426–30; PubMed PMID: 2393005.

9. Friedman. “Modern Science versus the Stigma of Obesity.”

10. Weigle, DS. “Human Obesity: Exploding the Myths.” West J Med 153(4) (1990): 421–28; review; PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.

11. Roberts, Paul. The End of Food. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

12. Weigle, DS. “Appetite and the Regulation of Body Composition.” FASEB J 8(3) (1994): 302–10; review; PubMed PMID: 8143936.

13. Sumithran, P, LA Prendergast, E Delbridge, K Purcell, A Shulkes, A Kriketos, J Proietto. “Long-Term Persistence of Hormonal Adaptations to Weight Loss.” N Engl J Med 365(17) (2011): 1597–604; doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa 1105816; PubMed PMID: 22029981.

14. Ibid.

15. Keesey, RE, and MD Hirvonen. “Body Weight Set-Points: Determination and Adjustment.” J Nutr 127(9) (1997): 1875S–83S; review; PubMed PMID: 9278574.

16. Rolls, BJ, EA Rowe, and RC Turner. “Persistent Obesity in Rats Following a Period of Consumption of a Mixed, High Energy Diet.” J Physiol 298 (1980): 415–27; PubMed PMID: 6987379; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1279126.

17. Ibid.

18. Everard, A, V Lazarevic, M Derrien, M Girard, GG Muccioli, AM Neyrinck, S Possemiers, A Van Holle, P Franзois, WM de Vos, NM Delzenne, J Schrenzel, and PD Cani. “Responses of Gut Microbiota and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism to Prebiotics in Genetic Obese and Diet-Induced Leptin-Resistant Mice.” Diabetes 60(11) (2011): 2775–86; doi: 10.2337/db11–0227; Epub September 20, 2011; erratum in Diabetes 60(12) (2011): 3307, Muccioli, Giulio M (corrected to Muccioli, Giulio G); PubMed PMID: 21933985; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3198091.

19. Morrison, CD, and HR Berthoud. “Neurobiology of Nutrition and Obesity.” Nutr Rev 65(12 pt 1) (2007): 517–34; review; PubMed PMID: 18236691.

20. Interview with Stephan Guyenet, June 4, 2013; his blog is at http://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250.

21. A sampling of supporting research includes the following studies: Westman, EC, WS Yancy Jr, MD Haub, and JS Volek, “Insulin Resistance from a Low-Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Perspective.” Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 3 (2005): 3–7; Boden, G, K Sargrad, C Homko, M Mozzoli, and TP Stein, “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Ann Intern Med 142(6) (2005): 403–11; Nielsen, JV, and EA Jönsson, “Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes: Stable Improvement of Bodyweight and Glycaemic Control during 22 Months Follow-Up.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 3(1) (2006): 22; Eaton, SB, L Cordain, and PB Sparling, “Evolution, Body Composition, Insulin Receptor Competition, and Insulin Resistance.” Prev Med 49(4) (2009): 283–85, Epub August 15, 2009, PubMed PMID: 19686772; Craig, BW, J Everhart, and R Brown, “The Influence of High-Resistance Training on Glucose Tolerance in Young and Elderly Subjects.” Mech Ageing Dev 49(2) (1989): 147–57, review, PubMed PMID: 2677535; Miller, WJ, WM Sherman, and JL Ivy, “Effect of Strength Training on Glucose Tolerance and Post-Glucose Insulin Response.” Med Sci Sports Exerc 16(6) (1984): 539–43, PubMed PMID: 6392812.

22. Everard et al. “Responses of Gut Microbiota.”

23. Everard, A, C Belzer, L Geurts, JP Ouwerkerk, C Druart, LB Bindels, Y Guiot, M Derrien, GG Muccioli, NM Delzenne, WM de Vos, PD Cani. “Cross-Talk between Akkermansia Muciniphila and Intestinal Epithelium Controls Diet-Induced Obesity.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(22) (2013): 9066–71; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219451110; Epub May 13, 2013; PubMed PMID: 23671105.

24. Peck, JW. “Rats Defend Different Body Weights Depending on Palatability and Accessibility of Their Food.” J Comp Physiol Psychol 92(3) (1978): 555–70; PubMed PMID: 98538.

25. Rothwell, NJ, and MJ Stock. “Energy Expenditure of ‘Cafeteria’-Fed Rats Determined from Measurements of Energy Balance and Indirect Calorimetry.” J Physiol 328 (1982): 371–77; PubMed PMID: 7131317; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1225664.

26. Howard, BV, JE Manson, ML Stefanick, SA Beresford, G Frank, B Jones, RJ Rodabough, L Snetselaar, C Thomson, L Tinker, M Vitolins, and R Prentice. “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change over 7 Years: The Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.” JAMA 295(1) (2006): 39–49; PubMed PMID: 16391215.

27. Thorpe, GL. “Treating Overweight Patients.” J Am Med Assoc 165(11) (1957): 1361–65; PubMed PMID: 13475044.

28. Feinman, RD, and EJ Fine. “ ‘A Calorie Is a Calorie’ Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics.” Nutr J 3 (July 28, 2004): 9; PubMed PMID: 15282028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC506782.

29. Young, EA, MM Harris, TL Cantu, JJ Ghidoni, and R Crawley. “Hepatic Response to a Very-Low-Energy Diet and Refeeding in Rats.” Am J Clin Nutr 57(6) (1993): 857–62; PubMed PMID: 8503353.

30. Leibel, RL, and J Hirsch. “Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced-Obese Patients.” Metabolism 33(2) (1984): 164–70; PubMed PMID: 6694559.

31. Keesey, RE, and TL Powley. “The Regulation of Body Weight.” Annu Rev Psychol 37 (1986): 109–33; PubMed PMID: 3963779.

32. Garrow, JS. “The Safety of Dieting.” Proc Nutr Soc 50(2) (1991): 493–99; review; PubMed PMID: 1749815.

33. Garner, DM, and SC Wooley. “Confronting the Failure of Behavioral and Dietary Treatments for Obesity.” Clin Psychol Rev 11 (1991): 729–80; doi: 10.1016/0272–7358(91)90128-H.

34. Blackburn, GL, GT Wilson, BS Kanders, LJ Stein, PT Lavin, J Adler, and KD Brownell. “Weight Cycling: The Experience of Human Dieters.” Am J Clin Nutr 49(5 Suppl) (1989): 1105–1109; PubMed PMID: 2718940.

35. McCullough, ML, D Feskanich, MJ Stampfer, BA Rosner, FB Hu, DJ Hunter, JN Variyam, GA Colditz, and WC Willett. “Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Risk of Major Chronic Disease in Women.” Am J Clin Nutr 72(5) (2000): 1214–22; PubMed PMID: 11063452.

36. Mann, T, AJ Tomiyama, E Westling, AM Lew, B Samuels, and J Chatman. “Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer.” Am Psychol 62(3) (2007): 220–33; review; PubMed PMID: 17469900.

37. Weigle, DS. “Human Obesity: Exploding the Myths.” West J Med 153(4) (1990): 421–28; review; PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.

38. Volek, J, M Sharman, A Gуmez, D Judelson, M Rubin, G Watson, B Sokmen, R Silvestre, D French, and W Kraemer. “Comparison of Energy-Restricted Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight Men and Women.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 1(1) (2004): 13; PubMed PMID:15533250; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC538279.

39. Samaha, FF, N Iqbal, P Seshadri, KL Chicano, DA Daily, J McGrory, T Williams, M Williams, EJ Gracely, and L Stern. “A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity.” N Engl J Med 348(21) (2003): 2074–81; PubMed PMID: 12761364.

40. Greene, P, W Willett, et al. “Pilot 12-Week Feeding Weight Loss Comparison: Low-Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets” (abstract). Obes Res 11 (2003): A23.

41. Sondike, S., et al. “The Ketogenic Diet Increases Weight Loss but Not Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Adolescent Health 26 (2000): 91.

42. Levine, JA, NL Eberhardt, and MD Jensen. “Role of Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis in Resistance to Fat Gain in Humans.” Science 283(5399) (1999): 212–14; PubMed PMID: 9880251.

43. Lyon, DM, and DM Dunlop. “The Treatment of Obesity: A Comparison of the Effects of Diet and of Thyroid Extract.” QJM 1 (1932): 331–52.

44. Dulloo, AG, CA Geissler, T Horton, A Collins, and DS Miller. “Normal Caffeine Consumption: Influence on Thermogenesis and Daily Energy Expenditure in Lean and Postobese Human Volunteers.” Am J Clin Nutr 49(1) (1989): 44–50; PubMed PMID:2912010.

45. “Chapter 3: Weight Management.” Health.gov, Your Portal to Health Information from the U.S. Government, http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuide lines/dga2005/document/html/chapter3.htm (accessed June 11, 2010).

46. American Heart Association Complete Guide to Women’s Heart Health: The Go Red for Women Way to Well-Being & Vitality. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2009.

47. Haskell, WL, IM Lee, RR Pate, KE Powell, SN Blair, BA Franklin, CA Macera, GW Heath, PD Thompson, and A Bauman; American College of Sports Medicine; American Heart Association. “Physical Activity and Public Health: Updated Recommendation for Adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.” Circulation 116(9) (2007): 1081–93; Epub August 1, 2007; PubMed PMID: 17671237.

48. McCullough, ML, D Feskanich, EB Rimm, EL Giovannucci, A Ascherio, JN Variyam, D Spiegelman, MJ Stampfer, and WC Willett. “Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Risk of Major Chronic Disease in Men.” Am J Clin Nutr 72(5) (2000): 1223–31; PubMed PMID: 11063453.

49. Rony, Hugo R. Obesity and Leanness (London: Lea and Febiger, 1940).

50. Friedman, JM. “Modern Science versus the Stigma of Obesity.” Nat Med 10(6) (2004): 563–69; review; PubMed PMID: 15170194.

51. Church, TS, CK Martin, AM Thompson, CP Earnest, CR Mikus, and SN Blair. “Changes in Weight, Waist Circumference, and Compensatory Responses with Different Doses of Exercise among Sedentary, Overweight Postmenopausal Women.” PLoS One 4(2) (2009): e4515; Epub February 18, 2009; PubMed PMID: 19223984; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2639700.

52. Caulfield, Timothy A. The Cure for Everything: Untangling Twisted Messages about Health, Fitness, and Happiness. Boston: Beacon Press, 2012.

53. National Soft Drink Association. “Soft Drinks: Balance, Variety, Moderation.” http://www.nsda.org/softdrinks/CSDHealth/1layout.pdf.

54. Dwyer-Lindgren, L, G Freedman, RE Engell, TD Fleming, SS Lim, CJ Murray, and AH Mokdad. “Prevalence of Physical Activity and Obesity in US Counties, 2001–2011: A Road Map for Action.” Popul Health Metr 11(1) (2013): 7; Epub ahead of print: PubMed PMID: 23842197. See also Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). “Obesity Continues to Rise in Nearly All Counties but Americans Becoming More Physically Active, Too,” http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/news-events/news-release/obesity-continues-rise-nearly-all-counties-americans-becoming (accessed July 10, 2013).

55. Whitehead, Saffron A., and Stephen Nussey. Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Oxford: BIOS, 2001, 122.

56. Petersen, L, P Schnohr, and TI Sшrensen. “Longitudinal Study of the Long-Term Relation between Physical Activity and Obesity in Adults.” Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28(1) (2004):105–12; PubMed PMID: 14647181.

57. Metcalf, BS, J Hosking, AN Jeffery, LD Voss, W Henley, and TJ Wilkin. “Fatness Leads to Inactivity, but Inactivity Does Not Lead to Fatness: A Longitudinal Study in Children” (EarlyBird 45). Arch Dis Child 96(10) (2011): 942–47; doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.175927; Epub June 23, 2010; PubMed PMID: 20573741.

58. Entin, Pauline. “History of Exercise Science.” Northern Arizona University, http://www2.nau.edu, http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/pe/exs190web/exs190history.htm (accessed February 10, 2011).

59. Oliver, J. Eric. Fat Politics: The Real Story behind America’s Obesity Epidemic. New ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

60. Nestle, M, and MF Jacobson. “Halting the Obesity Epidemic: A Public Health Policy Approach.” Public Health Rep 115(1) (2000): 12–24; PubMed PMID: 10968581; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1308552.

61. Roberts, Seth. The Shangri-La Diet: The No Hunger Eat Anything Weight-Loss Plan. Chicago: Perigee Trade, 2007.

62. Pontzer, H, DA Raichlen, BM Wood, AZ Mabulla, SB Racette, and FW Marlowe. “Hunter-Gatherer Energetics and Human Obesity.” PLoS One 7(7) (2012): e40503; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040503; Epub July 25, 2012; PubMed PMID: 22848382; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3405064.

63. Feinman, RD, and EJ Fine. “ ‘A Calorie Is a Calorie’ Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics.” Nutr J 3 (2004 Jul 28): 9.

64. Krieger, JW, HS Sitren, MJ Daniels, and B Langkamp-Henken. “Effects of Variation in Protein and Carbohydrate Intake on Body Mass and Composition during Energy Restriction: A Meta-regression 1.” Am J Clin Nutr 83(2) (2006): 260–74; PubMed PMID: 16469983.

65. Young, CM, SS Scanlan, HS Im, and L Lutwak. “Effect of Body Composition and Other Parameters in Obese Young Men of Carbohydrate Level of Reduction Diet.” Am J Clin Nutr 24(3) (1971): 290–96; PubMed PMID: 5548734.

66. Benoit, FL, RL Martin, and RH Watten. “Changes in Body Composition during Weight Reduction in Obesity: Balance Studies Comparing Effects of Fasting and a Ketogenic Diet.” Ann Intern Med 63(4) (1965): 604–12; PubMed PMID: 5838326.

67. Fine EJ, Feinman RD. “Thermodynamics of Weight Loss Diets.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 1(1) (2004 Dec 8): 15;. PubMed PMID: 15588283; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC543577.

68. Boden, G, K Sargrad, C Homko, M Mozzoli, and TP Stein. “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Ann Intern Med 142(6) (2005): 403–11; PubMed PMID: 15767618.

69. Weigle, DS, PA Breen, CC Matthys, HS Callahan, KE Meeuws, VR Burden, and JQ Purnell. “A High-Protein Diet Induces Sustained Reductions in Appetite, Ad Libitum Caloric Intake, and Body Weight Despite Compensatory Changes in Diurnal Plasma Leptin and Ghrelin Concentrations.” Am J Clin Nutr 82(1) (2005): 41–48; PubMed PMID: 16002798.

70. Booth, DA, A Chase, and AT Campbell. “Relative Effectiveness of Protein in the Late Stages of Appetite Suppression in Man.” Physiol Behav 5(11) (1970): 1299–1302; PubMed PMID: 5524514.

71. Hill, AJ, and JE Blundell. “Macronutrients and Satiety: The Effects of a High Protein or High Carbohydrate Meal on Subjective Motivation to Eat and Food Preferences.” Nutr Behav 3 (1986): 133–44.

72. Barkeling, B, S Rцssner, and H Bjцrvell. “Effects of a High-Protein Meal (Meat) and a High-Carbohydrate Meal (Vegetarian) on Satiety Measured by Automated Computerized Monitoring of Subsequent Food Intake, Motivation to Eat and Food Preferences.” Int J Obes 14(9) (1990): 743–51; PubMed PMID: 2228407.

73. Volek, Jeff, and Stephen D. Phinney. The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Living: An Expert Guide to Making the Life-Saving Benefits of Carbohydrate Restriction Sustainable and Enjoyable. Lexington, KY: Beyond Obesity, 2011.

74. Wertheimer, E, and B Shapiro. “The Physiology of Adipose Tissue.” Physiol Rev 28 (1948): 451.

75. Brownell, Kelly, and Katherine Battle Horgen. Food Fight. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

76. A sampling of supporting research includes the following studies: Harris, RB, and RJ Martin, “Specific Depletion of Body Fat in Parabiotic Partners of Tube-Fed Obese Rats,” Am J Physiol 247(2 pt. 2) (1984): R380–86, PubMed PMID: 6431831; Harris, RB, and RJ Martin, “Influence of Diet on the Production of a ‘Lipid-Depleting’ Factor in Obese Parabiotic Rats,” J Nutr 116(10) (1986): 2013–27, PubMed PMID: 3772528; Harris, RB, and RJ Martin, “Metabolic Response to a Specific Lipid-Depleting Factor in Parabiotic Rats,” Am J Physiol 250(2 pt. 2) (1986): R276–86, PubMed PMID: 3511738; Havel, PJ, “Update on Adipocyte Hormones: Regulation of Energy Balance and Carbohydrate/Lipid Metabolism,” Diabetes 53 suppl. 1 (2004): S143–51, review, PubMed PMID: 14749280; and Parameswaran, SV, AB Steffens, GR Hervey, and L de Ruiter, “Involvement of a Humoral Factor in Regulation of Body Weight in Parabiotic Rats,” Am J Physiol 232(5) (1977): R150–57, PubMed PMID: 324294.

77. Kraemer, FB, and WJ Shen. “Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Knockouts.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 3 (2006 Feb 10): 12; PubMed PMID: 16472389; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1391915.

78. Polak, P, N Cybulski, JN Feige, J Auwerx, MA Rьegg, and MN Hall. “Adipose-Specific Knockout of Raptor Results in Lean Mice with Enhanced Mitochondrial Respiration.” Cell Metab 8(5) (2008): 399–410; PubMed PMID: 19046571.

79. Havel, PJ. “Update on Adipocyte Hormones: Regulation of Energy Balance and Carbohydrate/Lipid Metabolism.” Diabetes 53 suppl 1 (2004): S143–51; review; PubMed PMID: 14749280.

80. Le Magnen, J. “Is Regulation of Body Weight Elucidated.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8(4) (1984): 515–22; review; PubMed PMID: 6392951.

81. Havel, PJ. “Dietary Fructose: Implications for Dysregulation of Energy Homeostasis and Lipid/Carbohydrate Metabolism.” Nutr Rev 63(5) (2005): 133–57; review; PubMed PMID: 15971409.

82. Bruch, Hilde. The Importance of Overweight. New York: Norton, 1957.

83. Friedman, JM. “Modern Science versus the Stigma of Obesity.” Nat Med 10(6) (2004): 563–69; review; PubMed PMID: 15170194.

84. Dabelea, D. “The Predisposition to Obesity and Diabetes in Offspring of Diabetic Mothers.” Diabetes Care 30 suppl 2 (2007): S169–74; review; erratum in Diabetes Care 30(12) (2007): 3154; PubMed PMID: 17596467. The one-in-three statistic is from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Getting Healthy/Overweight-in-Children_UCM_ 304054_Article.jsp and http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/ @wcm/@fc/documents/downloadable/ucm_304175.pdf.

85. Eaton, SB, SB Eaton 3rd, and MJ Konner. “Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited: A Twelve-Year Retrospective on Its Nature and Implications.” Eur J Clin Nutr 51(4) (1997): 207–16; review; PubMed PMID: 9104571.

86. Cordain L, SB Eaton, A Sebastian, N Mann, S Lindeberg, BA Watkins, JH O’Keefe, and J Brand-Miller. “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet: Health Implications for the 21st Century.” Am J Clin Nutr 81(2) (2005): 341–54; review; PubMed PMID: 15699220.

87. Boyd, S, Melvin Konner, Marjorie Shostak, and MD Eaton. The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet and Exercise and a Design for Living. New York: HarperCollins, 1989.

88. Skerrett, PJ, and WC Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press, 2005.

89. Weinberg, SL. “The Diet-Heart Hypothesis: A Critique.” J Am Coll Cardiol 43(5) (2004): 731–33; review; PubMed PMID: 14998608.

90. Jacobson, Michael F. Nutrition Scoreboard. New York: Avon Books, 1975.

91. E-mail correspondence with Donald Layman, October 3, 2012.

92. Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Rev. and expanded ed. California Studies in Food and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

93. Skerrett and Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy.

94. Ottoboni, A, and F Ottoboni. “The Food Guide Pyramid: Will the Defects Be Corrected?” J Am Phys Surg 9 (2004): 109–13.

95. Truswell, AS. “Evolution of Dietary Recommendations, Goals, and Guidelines.” Am J Clin Nutr 45(5 suppl) (1987): 1060–72; review; PubMed PMID: 3554965.

96. Harper, AE. “Dietary Goals — A Skeptical View.” Am J Clin Nutr 31(2) (1978): 310–21; review; PubMed PMID: 341685.

97. Truswell. “Evolution of Dietary Recommendations.”

98. Council for Responsible Nutrition. “Resolution Endorsing Dietary Goals for the United States Presented to Members of the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs.” May 12, 1977. Comm Nutr Inst Weekly Report 7, no. 21 (1977): 4.

99. Yerushalmy, J, and HE Hilleboe. “Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease: A Methodologic Note.” N Y State J Med 57(14) (1957): 2343–54; PubMed PMID:13441073.

100. Enig, Mary G., and Sally Fallon. Eat Fat, Lose Fat: The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats. New York: Plume, 2006.

101. Skerrett and Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy.

102. Siri-Tarino, PW, Q Sun, FB Hu, and RM Krauss. “Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Evaluating the Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease.” Am J Clin Nutr (2010); Epub ahead of print, January 13, 2010; PubMed PMID: 20071648.

103. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. “Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: Risk Factor Changes and Mortality Results.” JAMA 248(12) (1982): 1465–77; PubMed PMID: 7050440.

104. Howard, BV, L Van Horn, J Hsia, JE Manson, ML Stefanick, S Wassertheil- Smoller, LH Kuller, AZ LaCroix, RD Langer, NL Lasser, CE Lewis, MC Limacher, KL Margolis, WJ Mysiw, JK Ockene, LM Parker, MG Perri, L Phillips, RL Prentice, J Robbins, JE Rossouw, GE Sarto, IJ Schatz, LG Snetselaar, VJ Stevens, LF Tinker, M Trevisan, MZ Vitolins, GL Anderson, AR Assaf, T Bassford, SA Beresford, HR Black, RL Brunner, RG Brzyski, B Caan, RT Chlebowski, M Gass, I Granek, P Greenland, J Hays, D Heber, G Heiss, SL Hendrix, FA Hubbell, KC Johnson, and JM Kotchen. “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial.” JAMA 295(6) (2006): 655–66; PubMed PMID: 16467234.

105. Willett, W. “Challenges for Public Health Nutrition in the 1990s.” Am J Public Health 80(11) (1990): 1295–98; PubMed PMID: 2240291; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1404889.

106. Hu, FB, JE Manson, and WC Willett. “Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review.” J Am Coll Nutr 20(1) (2001): 5–19; review.

107. Taubes, Gary. Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007.

108. Skerrett, PJ, and WC Willett. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press, 2005.

109. Ravnskov, Uffe. Fat and Cholesterol Are Good for You. N.p.: GP, 2009.

110. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients — United States, 1971–2000.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53(4) (2004): 80–82; PubMed PMID: 14762332.

111. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.

112. Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Rev. and expanded ed. California Studies in Food and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

113. Carey, Anne R., and Paul Trap. “Stretching the Truth.” USA Today, January 13, 2011, USA Today Snapshots, 1.

114. St Jeor, ST, BV Howard, TE Prewitt, V Bovee, T Bazzarre, and RH Eckel; Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. “Dietary Protein and Weight Reduction: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association.” Circulation 104(15) (2001): 1869–74; PubMed PMID: 11591629.

115. “Status of Articles Offered to the General Public for the Control or Reduction of Blood Cholesterol Levels and for the Prevention and Treatment of Heart and Artery Disease under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.” Federal Register, December 12, 1959.

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