S. Brock, ‘A Martyr at the Sasanid Court under Vahran II: Candida’, Analecta Bollandiana 96.2 (1978), рр. 167–181.

Eusebius, Evaggelike Proparaskeus, ed. K. Mras, Eusebius Werke: Die Praeparatio Evangelica (Berlin, 1954), 1.4, р. 16; A. Johnson, ‘Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica as Literary Experiment’, in S. Johnson (ed.), Greek Literature in Late Antiquity: Dynamism, Didacticism, Classicism (Aldershot, 2006), р. 85.

Р. Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (London, 1988); C. Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London, 2009), рр. 55–56.

B. Dignas and E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, 2007), рр. 210–232.

См. A. Sterk, ‘Mission from Below: Captive Women and Conversion on the East Roman Frontiers’, Church History 79.1 (2010), рр. 1–39.

О конверсии см. R. Thomson (ed. and tr.), The Lives of St Gregory: The Armenian, Greek, Arabic and Syriac Versions of the History Attributed to Agathaneglos (Ann Arbor, 2010). W. Seibt, Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus: The Christianisation of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania) (Vienna, 2002), и M.-L. Chaumont, Recherches sur l’histoire d’Arménie, de l’avènement des Sassanides à la conversion du royaume (Paris, 1969), рр. 131–146.

Eusebius of Caesarea, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, ed. F. Winkelmann, Über das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin (Berlin, 1992), 1.28–30, рр. 29–30. Об обращении Константина и в целом о ситуации в то время см. сборник эссе N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (rev. edn, Cambridge, 2012).

Sozomen, Ekklesiastike Historia, ed. J. Bidez, Sozomenus: Kirchengeschichte (Berlin, 1995), 2.3, р. 52.

Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 2.44, р. 66.

A. Lee, ‘Traditional Religions’, in Lenski, Age of Constantine, рр. 159–180.

Codex Theodosianus, tr. C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Simondian Constitutions (Princeton, 1952), 15.12, р. 436.

Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 3.27–8, р. 96.

Там же, 3.31–2, р. 99.

Р. Sarris, Empires of Faith (Oxford, 2012), р. 22–23.

Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 4.13, р. 125; перевод в Dodgeon and Lieu (eds), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars A. D. 226–363: A Documentary History (London, 1991), р. 152. Даты см. в G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), рр. 94–99.

J. Eadie, ‘The Transformation of the Eastern Frontier 260–305’, in R. Mathisen and H. Sivan (eds), Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Aldershot, 1996), рр. 72–82; M. Konrad, ‘Research on the Roman and Early Byzantine Frontier in North Syria’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999), рр. 392–410.

Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–11.

Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 5.56, р. 143; 5.62, рр. 145–146.

T. Barnes, ‘Constantine and the Christians of Persia’, Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985), р. 132.

Aphrahat, Demonstrations, M. – J. Pierre, Aphraate le sage person: les exposés (Paris, 1988–1989), no. 5.

J. Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (Berkeley, 2006), 6, р. 22.

См. в целом J. Rist, ‘Die Verfolgung der Christen im spätkirchen Sasanidenreich: Ursachen, Verlauf, und Folgen’, Oriens Christianus 80 (1996), рр. 17–42. Доказательства не без проблем интерпретации – S. Brock, ‘Saints in Syriac: A Little-Tapped Resource’, Journal of East Christian Studies 16.2 (2008), рр. 184–186.

J. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 500 BC to 650 AD (London, 2001), р. 202.

O. Knottnerus, ‘Malaria in den Nordseemarschen: Gedanken über Mensch und Umwelt’, in M. Jakubowski-Tiessen and J. Lorenzen-Schmidt, Dünger und Dynamit: Beiträge zur Umweltgeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins und Dänemarks (Neumünster, 1999), рр. 25–39; Р. Sorrel et al., ‘Climate Variability in the Aral Sea Basin (Central Asia) during the Late Holocene Based on Vegetation Changes’, Quaternary Research 67.3 (2007), рр. 357–370; H. Oberhänsli et al., ‘Variability in Precipitation, Temperature and River Runoff in W. Central Asia during the Past ~2000 Yrs’, Global and Planetary Change 76 (2011), рр. 95–104; O. Savoskul and O. Solomina, ‘Late-Holocene Glacier Variations in the Frontal and Inner Ranges of the Tian Shan, Central Asia’, Holocene 6.1 (1996), рр. 25–35.

N. Sims-Williams, ‘Sogdian Ancient Letter II’, in A. Juliano and J. Lerner (eds), Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northern China: Gansu and Ningxia 4th–7th Century (New York, 2001), рр. 47–49. Также см. F. Grenet and N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Historical Context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters’, Transition Periods in Iranian History, Studia Iranica 5 (1987), рр. 101–122; N. Sims-Williams, ‘Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Letters’, in E. Trembert and E. de la Vaissière (eds), Les Sogdiens en Chine (Paris, 2005), рр. 181–193.

E. de la Vaissière, ‘Huns et Xiongnu’, Central Asiatic Journal 49.1 (2005), рр. 3–26.

Р. Heather, Empires and Barbarians (London, 2009), рр. 151–188; A. Poulter, ‘Cataclysm on the Lower Danube: The Destruction of a Complex Roman Landscape’, in N. Christie (ed.), Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot, 2004), рр. 223–254.

См. F. Grenet, ‘Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IVe – Ve s de n.è.: de l’héritage antique à l’adoption de modèles sassanides’, in La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo. Atti dei Convegni Lincei 127 (Rome, 1996), рр. 367–390; de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, рр. 97–103.

G. Greatrex and S. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II, AD 363–630 (London, 2002), рр. 17–19; O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (Los Angeles, 1973), р. 58.

Ученые долго спорили о датировании этого строения, J. Nokandeh et al., ‘Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe’, Iran 44 (2006), рр. 121–173.

J. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison’, in A. Cameron, G. King and J. Haldon (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 3 vols (Princeton, 1992–1996), 3, рр. 190–197.

R. Blockley, ‘Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity’, Phoenix 39 (1985), рр. 66–67.

Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, рр. 32–33.

См. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 191–250.

St Jerome, ‘Ad Principiam’, Select Letters of St Jerome, ed. and tr. F. Wright (Cambridge, MA, 1933), 127, р. 462.

Jordanes, Getica, 30, in Iordanis Romana et Getica, ed. T. Mommsen (Berlin, 1882), рр. 98–99.

J. Hill, Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Late Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE: An Annotated Translation of the Chronicle of the ‘Western Regions’ from the Hou Hanshu (Charleston, NC, 2009).

Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 41–43.

В документе начала четвертого века перечисляются племена, которые влились в Римскую империю, см. A. Riese (ed.), Geographi latini minores (Hildesheim, 1964), рр. 1280–1289. Другие примеры см. Sidonius Apollinaris, ‘Panegyric on Avitus’, in Sidonius Apollinaris: Poems and Letters, ed. and tr. W. Anderson, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1935–1956), 1, р. 146.

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXX, 31.2, 3, р. 382.

Priscus, Testimonia, fragment 49, ed. and tr. R. Blockley, The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus, and Malchus, 2 vols (Liverpool, 1981–1983), 2, р. 356.

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXX, 31.2, 3, р. 380.

D. Pany and K. Wiltschke-Schrotta, ‘Artificial Cranial Deformation in a Migration Period Burial of Schwarzenbach, Central Austria’, VIAVIAS 2 (2008), рр. 18–23.

Priscus, Testimonia, fragment 24, 2, рр. 316–317. Об успехе гуннов см. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 300–348.

B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford, 2005), р. 91ff.

Salvian, Œuvres, ed. and tr. C. Lagarrigue, 2 vols (Paris, 1971–1975), 2, 4.12. Перевод из E. Sanford (tr.), The Government of God (New York, 1930), р. 118.

Zosimus, Historias Neas, ed. and tr. F. Paschoud, Zosime, Histoire nouvelle, 3 vols (Paris, 2000) 2.7, 1, рр. 77–79.

Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, рр. 929–930.

S. Brock, ‘The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the Sixth Century and its Absence from the Councils in the Roman Empire’, Syriac Dialogue: First Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition (Vienna, 1994), 71.

A. Cameron and R. Hoyland (eds), Doctrine and Debate in the East Christian World 300–1500 (Farnham, 2011), р. xi.

W. Barnstone, The Restored New Testament: A New Translation with Commentary, Including the Gnostic Gospels of Thomas, Mary and Judas (New York, 2009).

N. Tanner, The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1990), 1; A. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, AD 284–430 (London, 1993), рр. 59–70.

См. Р. Wood, The Chronicle of Seert. Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq (Oxford, 2013), рр. 23–24

S. Brock, ‘The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials’, in G. Dagras (ed.), A Festschrift for Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain (Athens, 1985), рр. 125–142.

Baum and Winkler, Apostolische Kirche, рр. 19–25.

Synod of Dadjesus, Synodicon orientale, ou Recueil de synods nestoriens, ed. J. Chabot (Paris, 1902), рр. 285–298; Brock, ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 125–142; Brock, ‘Church of the East’, рр. 73–74.

Wood, Chronicle of Seert, рр. 32–37.

Gregory of Nazianzus, De Vita Sua, in D. Meehan (tr.), Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: Three Poems (Washington, DC, 1987), рр. 133–135.

Св. Кирилл Александрийский, письмо Павлу Префекту, in J. McEnerney (tr.), Letters of St Cyril of Alexandria, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1985–1987), 2, 96, рр. 151–153.

S. Brock, ‘From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning’, in N. Garsoian, T. Mathews and T. Thomson (eds), East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period (Washington, DC, 1982), рр. 17–34; также то же самое – ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 165–173.

R. Norris, The Christological Controversy (Philadelphia, 1980), рр. 156–157.

Brock, ‘Christology of the Church of the East’, рр. 125–142; также см. Baum and Winkler, Apostolische Kirche, рр. 31–34.

F.-C. Andreas, ‘Bruchstücke einer Pehlevi-Übersetzung der Psalmen aus der Sassanidenzeit’, Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften (1910), рр. 869–872; J. Asmussen, ‘The Sogdian and Uighur-Turkish Christian Literature in Central Asia before the Real Rise of Islam: A Survey’, in L. Hercus, F. Kuiper, T. Rajapatirana and E. Skrzypczak (eds), Indological and Buddhist Studies: Volume in Honour of Professor J. W. de Jong on his Sixtieth Birthday (Canberra, 1982), рр. 11–29.

Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 153.

О совете 553 – R. Price, The Acts of the Council of Constantinople of 553: Edited with an introduction and notes, 2 vols (Liverpool, 2009). Сирийский текст с переводом – S. Brock, ‘The Conversations with the Syrian Orthodox under Justinian (532)’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 47 (1981), рр. 87–121, и S. Brock, ‘Some New Letters of the Patriarch Severus’, Studia Patristica 12 (1975), рр. 17–24.

Evagrius Scholasticus, Ekklesiastike historia, 5.1, Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus, tr. M. Whitby (Liverpool, 2005), р. 254.

О компиляции текстов и датах см. R. Lim, Public Disputation: Power and Social Order in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1991), р. 227.

Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–12.

О 300 мучениках Наджрана см. I. Shahid, ‘The Martyrdom of Early Arab Christians: Sixth Century Najran’, in G. Corey, Р. Gillquist, M. Mackoul et al. (eds), The First One Hundred Years: A Centennial Anthology Celebrating Antiochian Orthodoxy in North America (Englewood, NJ, 1996), рр. 177–180. О путешествии Козьмы Индикоплова см. S. Faller, Taprobane im Wandel der Zeit (Stuttgart, 2000); H. Schneider, ‘Kosmas Indikopleustes, Christliche Topographie: Probleme der Überlieferung und Editionsgeschichte’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 99.2 (2006), рр. 605–614.

The History of Theophylact Simocatta: An English Translation with Introduction and Notes, ed. and tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby (Oxford, 1986), 5.10, р. 147.

См. Wood, Chronicle of Seert, р. 23.

B. Spuler, Iran in früh-Islamischer Zeit (Wiesbaden, 1952), рр. 210–213; Р. Jenkins, The Lost History of Christianity (Oxford, 2008), рр. 14, 53; также см. S. Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia, 2 vols (San Francisco, 1998); J. Asmussen, ‘Christians in Iran’, рр. 924–948.

A. Atiya, A History of Eastern Christianity (London, 1968), р. 239ff.

Agathias, Historion, 2.28, Agathias: Histories, tr. J. Frendo (Berlin, 1975), р. 77.

О молитвах см. Brock, ‘Church of the East’, р. 76; о выборах – Synod of Mar Gregory I, Synodicon orientale, р. 471.

T. Daryaee (ed. and tr.), Šahrestānīhā-ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History (Costa Mesa, CA, 2002).

M. Morony, ‘Land Use and Settlement Patterns in Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Iraq’, in Cameron, King and Haldon, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 2, рр. 221–229; F. Rahimi-Laridjani, Die Entwicklung der Bewässerungslandwirtschaft im Iran bis Sasanidisch-frühislamische zeit (Weisbaden, 1988); R. Gyselen, La géographie administrative de l’empire sasanide: les témoignages sigilographiques (Paris, 1989).

Р. Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (London, 2009), рр. 33–60. Также см. Z. Rubin, ‘The Reforms of Khusro Anushirwān’, in Cameron, Islamic Near East, 3, рр. 225–297.

A. Taffazoli, ‘List of Trades and Crafts in the Sassanian Period’, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7 (1974), рр. 192–196.

R. Frye, ‘Sasanian Seal Inscriptions’, in R. Stiehl and H. Stier, Beiträge zur alten Gesichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols (Berlin, 1969–1970), 1, рр. 79–84; J. Choksy, ‘Loan and Sales Contracts in Ancient and Early Medieval Iran’, Indo-Iranian Journal 31 (1988), р. 120.

Daryaee, ‘Persian Gulf Trade’, 1–16.

E. de la Vaissière, Histoire des marchands sogdiens (Paris, 2002), рр. 155–161, 179–231. N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Sogdian Merchants in China and India’, in Cadonna and L. Lanciotti (eds), Cina e Iran: da Alessandro Magno alla dinastia Tang (Florence, 1996), рр. 45–67; J. Rose, ‘The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 30.3 (2010), 410–419.

F. Thierry and C. Morrisson, ‘Sur les monnaies Byzantines trouvés en Chine’, Revue numismatique 36 (1994), рр. 109–145; L. Yin, ‘Western Turks and Byzantine Gold Coins Found in China’, Transoxiana 6 (2003); B. Marshak and W. Anazawa, ‘Some Notes on the Tomb of Li Xian and his Wife under the Northern Zhou Dynasty at Guyuan, Ningxia and its Gold-Gilt Silver Ewer with Greek Mythological Scenes Unearthed There’, Cultura Antiqua 41.4 (1989), рр. 54–57.

D. Shepherd, ‘Sasanian Art’, in Cambridge History of Iran, 3.2, рр. 1085–1086.

О Пасхе – Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 3.18, р. 90. Примеры законодательства в отношении смешанных браков – Codex Theodosianus, 16.7, р. 466; 16.8, рр. 467–468.

L. Feldman, ‘Proselytism by Jews in the Third, Fourth and Fifth Centuries’, Journal for the Study of Judaism 24.1 (1993), рр. 9–10.

Там же, р. 46.

Р. Schäfer, Jesus in the Talmud (Princeton, 2007); Р. Schäfer, M. Meerson and Y. Deutsch (eds), Toledot Yeshu (‘The Life Story of Jesus’) Revisited (Tübingen, 2011).

G. Bowersock, ‘The New Greek Inscription from South Yemen’, in A. Sedov and J. – F. Salles (eds), Qāni’: le port antique du Ḥaḍramawt entre la Méditerranée, l’Afrique et l’Inde: fouilles russes 1972, 1985–1989, 1991, 1993–1994 (Turnhout, 2013), рр. 393–396.

J. Beaucamp, F. Briquel-Chatonnet and C. Robin (eds), Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie aux Ve et VIe siècles: regards croisés sur les sources (Paris, 2010); C. Robin, ‘Joseph, dernier roi de Himyar (de 522 à 525, ou une des années suivantes)’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 34 (2008), рр. 1–124.

G. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford, 2013), рр. 78–91.

Brock, ‘Church of the East’, р. 73.

Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh; text, рр. 19–69.

Y. Saeki, The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China (2nd edn, Tokyo, 1951), рр. 126–127; D. Scott, ‘Christian Responses to Buddhism in Pre-Medieval Times’, Numen 32.1 (1985), рр. 91–92.

См. E. Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York, 1979); H. – J. Klimkeit, Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia (San Francisco, 1993); K. King, What is Gnosticism? (Cambridge, MA, 2003).

Р. Crone, ‘Zoroastrian Communism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 36.4 (1994), 447–462; G. Gnoli, ‘Nuovi studi sul Mazdakismo’, in Convegno internazionale: la Persia e Bisanzio (Rome, 2004), рр. 439–456.

Hui Li, Life of Hiuen-tsang, tr. Samuel Beal (Westport, CT, 1973), р. 45.

Там же, р. 46; R. Foltz, ‘When was Central Asia Zoroastrian?’, Mankind Quarterly (1988), рр. 189–200.

S. Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World (New Delhi, 1969), рр. 44–46.

G. Mitchell and S. Johar, ‘The Maratha Complex at Ellora’, Modern Asian Studies 28.1 (2012), рр. 69–88.

Раскопки и исследования были проведены в 1970-х годах командами из Японии и Афганистана, см. T. Higuchi, Japan-Afghanistan Joint Archaeological Survey 1974, 1976, 1978 (Kyoto, 1976–1980).

О датировании комплекса Бамиан с 600 года, см. D. Klimburg-Salter, ‘Buddhist Painting in the Hindu Kush c. VIIth to Xth Centuries: Reflections of the Co-existence of Pre-Islamic and Islamic Artistic Cultures during the Early Centuries of the Islamic Era’, in E. de la Vaissière, Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle (Paris, 2008), рр. 140–142; также см. F. Flood, ‘Between Cult and Culture: Bamiyan, Islamic Iconoclasm, and the Museum’, Art Bulletin 84.4 (2002), р. 641ff. Информация есть также здесь L. Morgan, The Buddhas of Bamiyan (London, 2012).

Цитируется по Power, Red Sea, р. 58.

I. Gillman and H. – J. Klimkeit, Christians in Asia before 1500 (Ann Arbor, 1999), рр. 265–305.

G. Stroumsa, Barbarian Philosophy: The Religious Revolution of Early Christianity (Tübingen, 1999), рр. 80, 274–281.

J. Choksy, ‘Hagiography and Monotheism in History: Doctrinal Encounters between Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14.4 (2010), рр. 407–421.

Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel Mahre, Chronicle (Known Also as the Chronicle of Zuqnin), Part III, tr. W. Witaksowski (Liverpool, 1996), р. 77.

Procopius, Hyper ton polemon, 2.22–3, in History of the Wars, Secret History, Buildings, ed. and tr. H. Dewing, 7 vols (Cambridge, MA), 1, рр. 450–472.

M. Morony, ‘“For Whom Does the Writer Write?”: The First Bubonic Plague Pandemic According to Syriac Sources’, in K. Lester (ed.), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750 (Cambridge, 2007), р. 64; D. Twitchett, ‘Population and Pestilence in T’ang China’, in W. Bauer (ed.), Studia Sino-Mongolica (Wiesbaden, 1979), 42, р. 62.

Р. Sarris, Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2006); также ‘Plague in Byzantium: The Evidence of Non-Literary Sources’, in Lester, Plague and the End of Antiquity, рр. 119–134; A. Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395–700 (London, 1993), р. 113ff; D. Stathakopoulos, Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: A Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics (Birmingham, 2004), рр. 110–165.

Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 145ff.

Procopius, The Secret History, tr. Р. Sarris (London, 2007), р. 80.

John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History, 6.24, tr. R. Р. Smith (1860), р. 429.

M. – T. Liu, Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T’u-küe), 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 2009), 1, р. 87. Также см. J. Banaji, ‘Precious-Metal Coinages and Monetary Expansion in Late Antiquity’, in F. De Romanis and S. Sorda (eds), Dal denarius al dinar: l’oriente e la monetà romana (Rome, 2006), рр. 265–303.

The History of Menander the Guardsman, tr. R. Blockley (Liverpool, 1985), р. 121–123.

Там же, рр. 110–117.

Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 230–231.

Menander the Guardsman, рр. 173–175.

Об источниках см. Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, Part II, рр. 153–158.

R. Thomson, The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. Part I: Translation and Notes (Liverpool, 1999), 8, р. 9.

Agathias, Historion, 2.24, р. 72.

G. Fisher, ‘From Mavia to al-Mundhir: Arab Christians and Arab Tribes in the Late Antique Roman East’, in I. Toral-Niehoff and K. Dimitriev (eds), Religious Culture in Late Antique Arabia (Leiden, 2012), р. x; M. Maas, ‘“Delivered from their Ancient Customs”: Christianity and the Question of Cultural Change in Early Byzantine Ethnography’, in K. Mills and A. Grafton (eds), Conversion in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Rochester, NY, 2003), рр. 152–188.

R. Hoyland, ‘Arab Kings, Arab Tribes and the Beginnings of Arab Historical Memory in Late Roman Epigraphy’, in H. Cotton, R. Hoyland, J. Price and D. Wasserstein (eds), From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East (Cambridge, 2009), рр. 374–400.

M. Whittow, ‘Rome and the Jafnids: Writing the History of a Sixth-Century Tribal Dynasty’, in J. Humphrey (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research (Ann Arbor, 1999), рр. 215–233.

K. ʿAtahmina, ‘The Tribal Kings in Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Study of the Epithet malik or dhū al-tāj in Early Arabic Traditions’, al-Qanṭara 19 (1998), р. 35; M. Morony, ‘The Late Sasanian Economic Impact on the Arabian Peninsula’, Nāme-ye Irān-e Bāstān 1.2 (201/2), рр. 35–36; I. Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, 2 vols (Washington, DC, 1995–2009), 2.2, рр. 53–54.

Sarris, Empires of Faith, рр. 234–236.

Procopius, Buildings, 3.3, 7, рр. 192–194.

J. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century (Oxford, 2010), рр. 438–439.

Synod of Mar Gregory I, Synodicon orientale, р. 471. Также см. Walker, Mar Qardagh, рр. 87–89.

F. Conybeare, ‘Antiochos Strategos’ Account of the Sack of Jerusalem in ad 614’, English Historical Review 25 (1910), рр. 506–508, но см. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, рр. 164–165. О пропаганде – J. Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the Roman Empire’, War in History 6 (1999), рр. 36–39.

Chronicon Paschale, tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby (Liverpool, 1989), рр. 161–162; Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns’, р.3; Sarris, Empires of Faith, р. 248.

Chronicon Paschale, рр. 158, 164.

Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns’, р. 37.

Точная дата спорная; R. Altheim-Stiehl, ‘Würde Alexandreia im Juni 619 n. Chr. durch die Perser Erobert?’, Tyche 6 (1991), рр. 3–16.

J. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Siege of Constantinople in 626’, in C. Mango and G. Dagron (eds), Constantinople and its Hinterland (Aldershot, 1995), рр. 131–142.

Howard-Johnston, ‘Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns’, рр. 23–24; C. Zuckerman, ‘La Petite Augusta et le Turc: Epiphania-Eudocie sur les monnaies d’Héraclius’, Revue Numismatique 150 (1995), рр. 113–126.

См. N. Oikonomides, ‘Correspondence between Heraclius and Kavadh-Siroe in the Paschal Chronicle (628)’, Byzantion 41 (1971), рр. 269–281.

Sebeos, Armenian History, 40, рр. 86–87; Theophanes, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813, tr. C. Mango and R. Scott (Oxford, 1997), рр. 455–456.

Chronicon Paschale, рр. 166–167; Sebeos, Armenian History, 38, рр. 79–81.

G. Dagron and V. Déroche, ‘Juifs et chrétiens en Orient byzantin’, Travaux et Mémoires 11 (1994), р. 28ff.

Cameron and Hoyland, Doctrine and Debate, рр. xxi – xxii.

Письмо епископа Персии, Synodicon orientale, рр. 584–585.

Theophanes, Chronicle, р. 459; Mango, ‘Deux études sur Byzance et la Perse sassanide’, Travaux et Mémoires 9 (1985), р. 117.

B. Dols, ‘Plague in Early Islamic History’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 94.3 (1974), р. 376; Р. Sarris, ‘The Justinianic Plague: Origins and Effects’, Continuity and Change 17.2 (2002), р. 171.

Bowersock, Throne of Adulis, рр. 106–133. Также G. Lüling, Die Wiederentdeckung des Propheten Muhammad: eine Kritik am ‘christlichen’ Abendland (Erlangen, 1981).

C. Robin, ‘Arabia and Ethiopia’, in S. Johnson (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2012), р. 302.

Qurʾān, 96.1, ed. and tr. N. Dawood, The Koran: With a Parallel Translation of the Arabic Text (London, 2014).

Ibn Hisham, Sīrat rasūl Allāh, tr. A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh (Oxford, 1955), р. 106; Qurʾān, 81.23, р. 586.

См. H. Motzki, ‘The Collection of the Qur’ān: A Reconsideration of Western Views in Light of Recent Methodological Developments’, Der Islam 78 (2001), рр. 1–34, а также A. Neuwirth, N. Sinai and M. Marx (eds), The Qurʼān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʼānic Milieu (Leiden, 2010).

Qurʾān, 18.56, р. 299.

Qurʾān, 16.98–9, рр. 277.

Например, Qurʾān, 2.165; 2.197; 2.211.

См., главным образом, F. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, 1998). Также, например, T. Holland, In the Shadow of the Sword: The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World (London, 2012).

E. El Badawi, The Qurʾān and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions (London, 2013).

Р. Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, 1977); а также R. Serjeant, ‘Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam: Misconceptions and Flawed Polemics’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 110.3 (1990), рр. 472–473.

C. Robinson, ‘The Rise of Islam’, in M. Cook et al. (eds), The New Cambridge History of Islam, 6 vols (Cambridge, 2010), рр. 180–181; M. Kister, ‘The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamāma’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27 (2002), рр. 1–56.

G. Heck, ‘“Arabia without Spices”: An Alternative Hypothesis: The Issue of “Makkan Trade and the Rise of Islam”’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 123.3 (2003), рр. 547–576; J. Schiettecatte and C. Robin, L’Arabie à la veille de l’Islam: un bilan clinique (Paris, 2009).

Р. Crone, ‘Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 70.1 (2007), рр. 63–88.

Ibn al-Kalbī, Kitāb al-aṣnām, tr. N. Faris, The Book of Idols Being a Translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-aṣnām (Princeton, 1952), рр. 23–24.

Qurʾān, 36.33–6, р. 441; G. Reinink, ‘Heraclius, the New Alexander: Apocalyptic Prophecies during the Reign of Heraclius’, рр. 81–94; W. E. Kaegi Jr, ‘New Evidence on the Early Reign of Heraclius’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 66 (1973), рр. 308–330.

Qurʾān, 47.15, р. 507.

Qurʾān, 5.33, р. 112.

Qurʾān, 4.56, р. 86. Помимо этого см. W. Shepard, Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam (Leiden, 2010). Также обратите внимание на важные наблюдения о гендерной и социальной справедливости в раннем исламе, A. Wahud, Qurʾān and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective (Oxford, 1999).

Qurʾān, 47.15, р. 507.

Р. Crone, ‘The Religion of the Qurʾānic Pagans: God and the Lesser Deities’, Arabica 57 (2010), рр. 151–200.

R. Hoyland, ‘New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69.3 (2006), рр. 395–416. О дате бегства Муххамеда – A. Noth, The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source Critical Study (Princeton, 1994), р. 40; M. Cook and Р. Crone, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1977), рр. 24, 157.

Nikephoros of Constantinople, Chronographikon syntomon, ed. and tr. C. Mango, Short History (Washington, DC, 1990), рр. 68–69; Theophylact Simokatta, History, 3.17. Об арабской «идентичности» до возникновения ислама – A. Al-Azmeh, The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2014), р. 147; также см. W. Kaegi, ‘Reconceptualizing Byzantium’s Eastern Frontiers’, in Mathisen and Sivan, Shifting Frontiers, р. 88.

Qurʾān, 43.3, р. 488.

C. Robinson, ‘Rise of Islam’, р. 181.

Малик записал два похожих варианта, предположительно отражавших родословную, в комментарии, Mālik ibn Anas, al-Muwaṭṭa, 45.5, tr. A. ʿAbdarahman and Y. Johnson (Norwich, 1982), р. 429.

Qurʾān, 2.143–4, р. 21; а также al-Azmeh, Emergence of Islam, р. 419.

Qurʾān, 22.27–9, рр. 334–335.

R. Frye, ‘The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians’, in Cambridge History of Iran, 3.1, р. 178; Tabarī, The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, tr. Y. Friedmann (Albany, NY, 1992), рр. 45–46.

H. Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests (London, 2007), рр. 103–105.

Tabarī, Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, р. 63.

Там же.

Qurʾān, 29.1–5, р. 395.

Crone, Meccan Trade, р. 245.

C. Robinson, The First Islamic Empire, in J. Arnason and K. Raaflaub (eds), The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Oxford, 2010), р. 239; G. – R. Puin, Der Dīwān von ʿUmar Ibn al-Ḥattab (Bonn, 1970); F. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1981), рр. 231–232, 261–263.

Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire, р. 161ff. Также Donner, Early Islamic Conquests, рр. 176–190; Kennedy, Arab Conquests, рр. 105–107.

О дате завоевания Иерусалима – Р. Booth, Crisis of Empire: Doctrine and Dissent at the End of Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 2014), рр. 243.

Sebeos, Armenian History, 42, р. 98.

См. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis, р. 373–375.

Текст – F. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, MA, 2010), рр. 228–232. Также см. M. Lecker, The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Muhammad’s First Legal Document (Princeton, 2004).