См. William G. Chase and Herbert A. Simon. “Perception in chess,” Cognitive Psychology 4 (1973): 55–81. Такой эксперимент впервые провел Адриан де Гроот. См. Adrianus Dingeman De Groot. Thought and Choice in Chess (The Hague: Mouton, 1965); Adrianus Dingeman De Groot. “Perception and memory versus thought: Some old ideas and recent findings,” Problem Solving, ed. B. Kleimnuntz (New York: Wiley, 1966), 19–50.