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Shellcode authors must employ techniques to work around inherent limitations of the odd runtime environment in which shellcode executes. This includes identifying where in memory the shellcode is executing and manually resolving all of the shellcode’s external dependencies so that it can interact with the system. To save on space, these dependencies are usually obfuscated by using hash values instead of ASCII function names. It is also common for nearly the entire shellcode to be encoded so that it bypasses any data filtering by the targeted process. All of these techniques can easily frustrate beginning analysts, but the material in this chapter should help you recognize these common activities, so you can instead focus on understanding the main functionality of the shellcode.
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