1. Nursultan Nazarbayev, The Kazakhstan Way, trans. Jan Butler (London: Stacey International, 2008), pp. 88–89; Steve LeVine, The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea (New York: Random House, 2007), pp. 97–100.

2. Nazarbayev, The Kazakhstan Way, p. 93 (“raw materials”); LeVine, The Oil and the Glory, p. 92 (“frozen in time”).

3. LeVine, The Oil and the Glory, pp. 93–94.

4. Yegor Gaidar, Days of Defeat and Victory, trans. Jane Ann Miller (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), p. 39 (“trump card”); Nazarbayev, The Kazakhstan Way, pp. 1, 112 (“coma,” “fundamental principle”); Nursultan Nazarbayev, Without Right and Left (London: Class Publishing, 1992), p. 148 (“appendage”); LeVine, The Oil and the Glory, p. 117.

5. Nazarbayev, The Kazakhstan Way, pp. 95–96 (“contract,” Yeltsin); interview with Richard Matzke; LeVine, The Oil and the Glory, p. 239 (“prolonged and bitter”); Washington Post, October 6, 1998 (“their oil”).

6. LeVine, The Oil and the Glory, p. 253.

7. Interviews with Ronald Freeman, Lucio Noto, and Jan Kalicki.

8. Interview with Richard Matzke.

9. The Wall Street Journal, August 28, 2007; Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, October 18, 2010.

10. Kabildyn cited a book… need to searchout…

11. John J. Maresca, testimony, U. S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, February 12, 1998 (“Central Asia,” cost-effectiveness); Interview with John Imle and Marty Miller; Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: The Penguin Press, 2004), pp. 309–10.

12. Mikhail Gorbachev, “Soviet Lessons from Afghanistan,” International Herald Tribune, February 4, 2010.

13. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New York: Yale University Press, 2000), ch. 3 (Islamic Emirate).

14. Christian Science Monitor, February 9, 2007 (“alien”); interviews; Washington Post, October 5, 1998 (“implement”).

15. Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 309–13 (“no policy,” “authorized”); interview with John Imle; “Political and Economic Assessment of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkemnistan/Russia,” Unocal Report, September 3, 1996 (“involvement”).

16. Unocal Report (“scenario”); Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 331, 342 (“spiritual leaders”).

17. Rosita Forbes, Conflict: Angora to Afghanistan (London: Cassell, 1931), p. xvi (“anathema”); interviews with John Imle and Marty Miller.