1. New York Times, December 26, 1991.

2. Interview with Valery Graifer.

3. Vagit Alekperov, introduction to Dobycha, the first Russian edition of The Prize.

4. Yegor Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia, trans. Antonina Bouis (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2007), p. 102.

5. Interview with Mikhail Gorbachev, Commanding Heights; Thane Gustafson, Crises Amid Plenty: The Politics of Soviet Energy under Brezhnev and Gorbachev (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 103–36.

6. Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire, pp. 105–9, 239.

7. Interview with Yegor Gaidar; Thane Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune: The Politics of Russian Oil Under Yeltsin and Putin (forthcoming), p. 10 (government computers); Anders Aslund, Russia’s Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007), p. 107 (“wildly”).

8. Gustafson, Wheels of Fortune, p. 1.

9. Interview with Vagit Alekperov (“revelation”); Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, pp. 5–14, 54 (“destroying the oil sector”); Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia: Past, Present, and Future (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2011), p. 324.

10. Alekperov, Oil of Russia, p. 326; Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), ch. 6.

11. Interview with Vagit Alekperov (“hardest thing”); Alekperov, introduction to Dobycha (“Soviet legacy”); Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, p. 38 (walk to work).

12. Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century: The Inside Story of the Second Russian Revolution (London: Abacus, 2009), pp. 114–23, ch. 8; David E. Hoffman, The Oligarchs: Wealthand Power in the New Russia (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), chs. 5, 12.

13. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 187, 384; Hoff man, The Oligarchs, ch. 18; Mikhail Fridman, “How I Became an Oligarch,” Speech, Lvov, November 14, 2010.

14. Interviews with Archie Dunham and Lucio Noto.

15. Interview with Archie Dunham.

16. Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2010.

17. John Browne, Beyond Business (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2010), ch. 8.

18. John Browne, pp. 144–51; German Khan interview in Vedomosti, January 20, 2010.

19. Peter Baker and Susan Glasser, Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin’s Russia and the End of the Revolution (Potomac Books, 2007), chs. 15, 17; Vladimir Putin, First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russia’s President (New York: Public Affairs, 2000); Angela Stent, “An Energy Superpower” in Kurt Campbell and Jonathon Price, The Politics of Global Energy (Washington, D. C.: Aspen Institute, 2008), pp. 78, 95.

20. Igor Sechin, Presentation to Financial Analysts, New York City, April 18, 2012; Putin in The Economist, September 3, 2011.

21. BP and Rosneft press conference, March 21, 2013.