Примечания

Глава 1

1.-Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987).

2.-Ibid., 207.

3.-Ibid., 220.

4.-Ibid., 308.

5.-Ibid., 411.

6.-Ibid., 599.

7.-Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988).

8.-Richard M. Nixon, Leaders (New York: Warner Books, 1982), 5.

9.-Norton E. Long, «The Administrative Organization as a Political System», Concepts and Issues in Administrative Behavior, eds. S. Mailick and E.H.Van Ness (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hail, 1962), 110.

10.-Nixon, Leaders, 330.

11.-John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990).

12.-Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, Organizational Ecology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).

13.-Gardner, On Leadership, 55–57.

14.-Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus, Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 6.

15.-Ibid., 15–17.

16.-Nixon, Leaders, 324.

17.-Rosabeth Moss Kanter, «Power Failure in Management Circuits», Harvard Business Review 57 (July–August 1979): 65.

18.-Jeffrey Gandz and Victor V. Murray, «The Experience of Workplace Politics», Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 237–251.

19.-Tim Reiterman with John Jacobs, Raven: The Untold Story of the Rev. Jim Jones and His People (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1982), 305–307.

20.-Nixon, Leaders, 326.

21.-Abraham Zaleznik and Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, Power and the Corporate Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), 109.

22.-Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 39.

23.-Elliot Aronson, The Social Animal (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1972), chapter 4; Barry M. Staw, «Rationality and Justification in Organization Life», Research in Organizational Behavior, eds. B.M. Staw and L.L.Cummings (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1980), vol. 2, 45–80; Gerald R. Salancik, «Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief», New Directions in Organizational Behavior, eds. Barry M. Staw and Gerald R. Salancik (Chicago: St. Clair Press, 1977), 1–54.

24.-Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957).

25.-Nixon, Leaders, 329.

26.-Alok K. Chakrabarti, «Organizational Factors in Post-Acquisition Perfomance», IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 37 (1990): 259–268.

27.-Ibid., 259.

28.-Ibid., 266.

29.-D. Purkayastha, «Note on the Motorcycle Industry—1975», #578–210. Boston: Harvard Business School, 1981.

30.-Richard T. Pascale, «Perspectives on Strategy: The Real Story Behind Honda’s Success», California Management Review 26 (1984): 51.

31.-Ibid., 54.

32.-Ibid., 55.

33.-William A . Pasmore , Designing Effective Organizations : The Sociotechnical Systems Perspective (New York: John Wiley, 1988); David L, Bradford and Allan R. Cohen, Managing for Excellence (New York: John Wiley, 1984).

34.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 98.

35.-Ibid., 121.

36.-Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., In Search of Excellence (Томас Питерс и Роберт Уотерман «В поисках совершенства». — Издательский дом «Вильямс», 2005); Terrence Deal and Allan A. Kennedy, Corporate Cultures (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982); Stanley Davis, Managing Corporate Culture (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1984).

37.-Richard T. Pascale, «The Paradox of «Corporate Culture»: Reconciling Ourselves to Socialization», California Management Review 26 (1985): 26–41; Charles O’Reilly, «Corporations, Culture, and Commitment: Motivation and Social Controlin Organizations», California Management Review 31 (1989): 9–25.

38.-Sanford M. Dornbusch, «The Military Academy as an Assimilating Institution», Social Forces 33 (1955): 316–321.

39.-Richard Harvey Brown, «Bureaucracy as Praxis: Toward a Political Phenomenology of Formal Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 23 (1978): 365–382.

40.-Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments», American Sociological Review 37 (1972): 57–72.

41.-Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).

42.-Irving L. Janis, Victims of Groupthink (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).

43.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989). 81.

44.-Ibid., 85.

45.-Ibid., 97.

46.-Thomas J. Peters, «Symbols, Patterns, and Settings: An Optimistic Case for Getting Things Done», Organizational Dynamics 7 (1978): 3–23.

47.-Jeffrey Pfeffer, Power in Organizations (Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing, 1981); Kanter, «Power Failure in Management Circuits»; Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41.

Глава 2

1.-John P. Kotter, «Power, Success, and Organizational Effectiveness», Organizational Dynamics 6, no. 3 (1978): 27–40; and Power and Influence: Beyond Formal Authority (New York: Free Press, 1985).

2.-Martin Patchen, «The Locus and Basis of Influence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974): 195–221.

3.-Jeffrey Gandz and Victor V. Murray, «The Experience of Workplace Politics», Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 237–251.

4.-Dan L. Madison et al, «Organizational Politics: An Exploration of Managers’ Perceptions», Human Relations 33 (1980): 79–100.

5.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 40.

6.-Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988), 14.

7.-Ibid., 148.

8.-M. Ann Welsh and E. Allen Slusher, «Organizational Design as a Context for Political Activity», Administrative Science Quarterly 31 (1986): 389–402.

9.-Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

10.-Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, «The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: The Case of a University», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 453–473.

11.-Frederick S. Hills and Thomas A. Mahoney, «University Budgets and organizational Decision Making», Administrative Science Quarterly 23 (1978): 454–465.

12.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: Plication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

13.-Ibid., 650-651.

14.-James D. Thompson and Arthur Tuden, «Strategies, Structures and Processes of Organizational Decision», Comparative Studies in Administration, eds. J.-D. Thompson et al. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1959): 195–216.

15.-David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986).

16.-Patrick Wgright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979), 33.

17.-Salancik and Pfeffer, «Bases and Use of Power».

18.-Chris Argyris, Behind the Front Page (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974).

19.-Diana Tillinghast, «The Los Angeles Times: Weakening of Territorial Imperative», Newspaper Research Journal 1 (1980): 18–26.

20.-Herbert E. Meyer, «Shootout at the Johns-Mansville Corral», Fortune (October 1976): 146–154.

21.-Ibid., 154.

22.-Hugh D. Menzies, «The Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 54–64.

23.-John P. Kotter, The General Managers (New York: Free Press, 1982), «Power, Success, and Organizational Effectiveness», and Power and Influence.

Глава 3

1.-Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making (London: Tavistock, 1973), 240.

2.-David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

3.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, «Administrator Effectiveness: The Effects of Advocacy and Information on Resource Allocations», Human Relations 30 (1977): 641–656.

4.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 52-53.

5.-Ibid., 51-52.

6.-Ibid., 215.

7.-Henri Tajfel and Joseph P. Forgas, «Social Categorization: Cognitions, Values and Groups», Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding, ed. Joseph P. Forgas (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 113–140.

8.-Marilynn B. Brewer and Roderick M. Kramer, «The Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior», Annual Review of Psychology 36 (1985): 219–243.

9.-Charles Perrow, «Departmental Power and Perspectives in Industrial Firms», Power in Organizations, ed. Mayer K. Zald (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), 59–89.

10.-C.R. Hinings et al., «Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power», Administative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 22–44.

11.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: The Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

12.-Martin Patchen, «The Locus and Basis of Influence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974): 195–221.

13.-Nelson W. Polsby, «How to Study Community Power: The Pluralist Alternative», Journal of Politics 22 (1960): 474–484.

14.-Pfeffer and Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making»; Pfeffer and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».

15.-Stevens, Sudden Death, 160.

16.-T.L. Whisler et al., Centralization of Organizational Control: An Empirical Study of Its Meaning and Measurement”, Journal of Business 40 (1967): 10–26.

17.-Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising through the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: Penguin, 1990), 59.

18.-John R.P. French, Jr., and Bertram Raven, «The Bases of Social Power», Group Dynamics, eds. Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), 259–269; Patchen, «Locus and Basis of Influence», 210.

19.-Stevens, Sudden Death.

Глава 4

1.-Michael L. Tushman, William H. Newman, and Elaine Romanelli, «Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution», California Management Review 29 (1986): 29–44.

2.-R.E. Nisbett and L. Ross, Human Inferences: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Half, 1980).

3.-Linda E. Ginzel, «The Impact of Biased Feedback Strategies on Performance Judgments», Research Paper #1102 (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1990).

4.-Ibid., 26.

5.-Robert W. Allen et al., «Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristics of Its Actors», California Management Review 22 (1979): 77–83.

6.-David G. Winter, «Leader Appeal, Leader Performance, and the Motive Profiles of Leaders and Followers: A Study of American Presidents and Elections», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 196–202.

7.-Ibid., 200.

8.-Christopher H. Achen, The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

9.-Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making London: Tavistock, 1973), 17.

10.-Ibid., 31.

11.-D.J. Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Theory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.

12.-Martin Patchen, «The Locus and Basis of Influence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974): 209.

13.-Ibid., 213.

14.-George Strauss, «Tactics of Lateral Relationship: The Purchasing Agent», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 161–186.

15.-Michael L. Tushman and Elaine Romanelli, «Uncertainty, Social Location and Influence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis», Management Science 29 (1983): 12–23.

16.-Gerald R. Salancik, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and J. Patrick Kelly, «A Contingency Model of Influence in Organizational Decision Making», Pacific Sociological Review 21 (1978): 239–256.

17.-Ibid., 253.

18.-Bernard M. Bass, «Evolving Perspectives on Charismatic Leadership», Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 40–77.

19.-Robert J. House, William D. Spangler, and James Woycke, «Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Theory of Leadership Effectiveness», unpublished, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1989.

20.-Ibid.; Robert J. House, «A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership» Leadership: The Cutting Edge, eds. J.G. Huntand L.L. Larson (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1977).

21.-House, Spangler, and Woycke, «Personality and Charisma».

22.-Nancy C. Roberts and Raymond Trevor Bradley, «Limits of Charisma» Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Karmngo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 253–275.

23.-Ibid., 254.

24.-Ibid., 260.

25.-Ibid., 263.

26.-Ibid.

27.-Ibid., 264.

28.-Ibid., 269.

29.-Ibid.

30.-Ibid., 268.

Глава 5

1.-Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974).

2.-Robert A. Caro, The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 261.

3.-Ibid., 263.

4.-Ibid., 264–265.

5.-David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989).

6.-Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988).

7.-Max Holland, When the Machine Stopped (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1989).

8.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 48-49.

9.-Richard C. Edwards, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1979).

10.-Sanford M. Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).

11.-John M. Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989).

12.-Ibid., 68.

13.-Ibid., 69.

14.-Ibid., 70.

15.-Ibid.

16.-Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41; Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley, 1964).

17.-Otto A. Davis, M.A.H. Dempster, and Aaron Wildavsky, «A Theory of the Budgeting Process», American Political Science Review 60 (1966): 529–547; Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: The Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

18.-Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, «Choices, Values, and Frames», American Psychologist 39 (1984): 341–350.

19.-Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, «The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: The Case of a University», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Pfeffer and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».

20.-Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «Funding the Sciences in University Departments», Educational Record 54 (1973): 74–82.

21.-Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, «The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields», American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 147–160.

22.-Robert P. Gandossy, Bad Business: The OPM Scandal and the Seduction of the Establishment (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 5.

23.-Ibid., 11.

24.-Ibid., 38-39

25.-Ibid., 39.

26.-Ibid., 41.

27.-Ibid., 44.

28.-Ibid., 52.

29.-Ibid., 53.

30.-Ibid., 215.

31.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Alison Konrad, «The Effects of Individual Power on Earnings», Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

32.-Halberstam, The Reckoning.

33.-Ibid., 136.

34.-Ibid., 141.

35.-Ibid., 148.

36.-Ibid., 156.

37.-Ibid., 183.

38.-Barry, The Ambition and the Power, 18.

39.-Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 35.

40.-Barry, The Ambition and the Power, 71.

41.-Ibid., 76.

42.-Ibid., 84.

43.-J. Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day Yow Can See General Motors (Grosse Point, MI; Wright Enterprises, 1979), 41.

44.-Donald L. Helmich and Warren B. Brown, «Successor Type and Organizational Change in the Corporate Enterprise», Administrative Science Quarterly 17 (1972): 371–381.

45.-Alvin W. Gouldner, «The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement», American Sociological Review 25 (1960): 161–178.

46.-Caro, The Power Broker.

47.-Burrough and Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate, 63.

48.-Ibid., 37.

49.-Hugh D. Menzies, «The Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 62.

50.-Burrough and Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate, 63.

51.-Ibid., 64.

52.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 132.

53.-Ken Auletta, «Power, Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of Lehman Brothers», New York Times Magazine (February 17, 1985): 34.

Глава 6

1.-Linton C. Freeman, «Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarifications», Social Networks 1 (1979): 215–239; Daniel J. Brass, «Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization», Administrative Science Quarterly 29 (1984): 518–539.

2.-Freeman, «Centrality in Social Networks».

3.-Alex Bavelas, «Communication Patterns in Task Oriented Groups», Journal of Acoustical Society of America 22 (1950): 725–730; Harold J. Leavitt, «Effects of Certain Communication Patterns on Group Performance», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (1951): 38–50.

4.-Kenneth D. Mackenzie, A Theory of Group Structures (London: Gordon and Breach, 1975).

5.-Jay R. Galbraith, Designing Complex Organizations (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1973).

6.-Ibid.

7.-Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Theory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.

8.-Andrew M. Pettigrew, «Information Control as a Power Resource»,

Sociology 6 (1972): 190-191.

9.-Brass, «Being in the Right Place», 519.

10.-Ibid., 525.

11.-Ibid., 532.

12.-David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape; Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

13.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Alison Konrad, «The Effects of Individual Power on Earnings», Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

14.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 244-245.

15.-Ibid., 298.

16.-Robert A. Caro, The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 266.

17.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 161.

18.-Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

19.-David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Neil Fligstein, «The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919–1979», American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 44–58.

20.-Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 58.

21.-Ibid., 60-61.

22.-Festinger, S. Schacter, and K. Back, Social! Pressures in Informal Groups (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1950).

23.-John P. Kotter, «Power, Success, and Organizational Effectiveness», Organizational Dynamics 6, no. 3 (1978): 27–40.

24.-Christopher Byron, The Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986).

25.-Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979).

26.-Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

Глава 7

1.-New York Times (July 15, 1978): 23.

2.-Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 397.

3.-David Mechanic, «Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 349–364.

4.-John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990), 24.

5.-Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

6.-Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947).

7.-Steven Bach, Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heavens Gate (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 54.

8.-Lynne G. Zucker, «The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence», American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 726–743.

9.-R.C. Jacobs and D.T. Campbell, «The Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition Through Successive Generations of a Laboratory Microculture», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1961): 649–658.

10.-Zucker, «The Role of Institutionalization», 732.

11.-Ibid., 732-733.

12.-J. Sterling Livingston, «Pygmalion in Management», Harvard Business Review 47 (July–August 1969): 81–89; W. Peter Archibald, «Alternative Explanations for Self-Fulfilling Prophecy», Psychological Bulletin 81 (1974): 74–84.

13.-Mark Snyder, «Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes», Psychology Today 16 (July 1982): 60–68.

14.-Lloyd H. Strickland, «Surveillance and Trust», Journal of Personality 26 (1958): 200–215.

15.-Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

16.-David E. Berlew and Douglas T. Hall, «The Socialization of Managers: Effects of Expectations on Performance», Administrative Science Quarterly 11 (1966): 207–223.

17.-Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 66-67.

18.-Ibid., 67.

19.-Smith, In All His Glory, 150.

20.-Ibid., 152.

21.-Ibid., 153.

22.-Ibid., 156.

23.-Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

24.-Ibid., 47.

25.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 79.

26.-Ibid., 80.

27.-M.J. Lerner and C.H. Simmons, «Observer’s Reaction to the «Innocent Victim»: Compassion or Rejection?» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1966): 203–210.

28.-John M, Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989): 154.

29.-Joseph W. Harder, Play for Pay: Salary Determination and the Effects of Overand Under-Reward on Individual Performance in Professional Sports (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1989).

30.-Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 463.

31.-James G. March and John P. Olsen, Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations (Bergen, Norway: Univcrsitetsforlaget, 1976).

32.-Gardner, On Leadership, 8.

33.-Martha S. Feldman and James G. March, «Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol», Administrative Science Quarterly 26 (1981): 171–186.

Глава 8

1.-Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising through the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: Penguin, 1990), 61.

2.-William L. Moore and Jeffrey Pfeffer, «The Relationship Between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: The Case for Structural Effects on Faculty Salaries», Research in Higher Education 13 (1980): 291–306.

3.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Alison Davis-Blake, «Understanding Organizational Wage Structures: A Resource Dependence Approach», Academy of Management Journal 30 (1987): 437–455.

4.-John E. Sheridan et al., «Effects of Corporate Sponsorship and Departmental Power on Career Tournaments», Academy of Management Journal 33 (1990): 578–602.

5.-John M, Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 29.

6.-Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments», American Sociological Review 37 (1972): 57–72.

7.-Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «Funding the Sciences in University Departments», Educational Record 54 (1973): 74–82.

8.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

9.-Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

10.-Gerald R. Salancik, Barry M. Staw, and Louis R. Pondy, «Administrative Turnover as a Response to Unmanaged Organizational Interdependence, Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 422–437; Jeffrey Pfeffer and William L. Moore, «Average Tenure of Academic Department Heads: The Effects of Paradigm, Size, and Departmental Demography», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 387–406.

11.-Alison M. Konrad and Jeffrey Pfeffer, «Do You Get What You Deserve? Factors Affecting the Relationship Between Productivity and Pay», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 258–285.

12.-Janice M. Beyer and Thomas M. Lodahl, «A Comparative Study of Patterns of Influence in United States and English Universities», Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1976): 104–129.

13.-Pfeffer and Moore, «Average Tenure of Academic Department Heads»; Salancik, Staw, and Pondy, «Administrative Turnover».

14.-D.J. Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Theory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229

15.-Setsuo Miyazawa, «Legal Departments of Japanese Corporations in the United States: A Study on Organizational Adaptation to Multiple Environments», Kobe University Law Review 20 (1986): 97–162.

16.-Ibid., 135.

17.-Ibid., 126.

18.-John Dean, Blind Ambition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 30.

19.-Ibid., 38.

20.-Ibid., 40.

21.-Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41; Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley, 1964).

22.-Michel Crozier, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).

23.-Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker; Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 464.

24.-Ibid., 464–465.

25.-Hickson et al,, «A Strategic Contingencies’ Theory»; C.R. Minings et al., «Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 216–229.

Глава 9

1.-John P. Kotter, The General Managers (New York: Free Press, 1982).

2.-Hedrick Smith, The Power Game: How Washington Works (New York: Ballantine, 1988), 61-62.

3.-Robert Caro, The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 218.

4.-Ibid., 226.

5.-Ibid., 235.

6.-Robert Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 227.

7.-Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 394.

8.-John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990), 48.

9.-Robert Caro, Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990).

10.-Caro, The Path to Power.

11.-Caro, The Power Broker, 229.

12.-Kotter, The General Managers.

13.-Smith, In All His Glory, 395.

14.-John M. Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 20.

15.-Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988), 50.

16.-Ibid., 131-132.

17.-Gardner, On Leadership, 1.

18.-Jeanne M. Brett, Stephen B. Goldberg, and William L. Ury, «Designing Systems for Resolving Disputesin Organizations», American Psychologist 45 (1990): 162–170; Roger Fisher and William Ury, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreements Without Giving In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981).

19.-Max H. Bazerman and Margaret A. Neale, «Heuristics in Negotiation: Limitations to Dispute Resolution Effectiveness», Negotiating in Organizations, eds. M.H. Bazerman and R.J. Lewicki (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983). 51–67.

20.-Gardner, On Leadership, 50-51.

21.-Barry, The Ambition and the Power, 12.

22.-Paul Clancy and Shirley Elder, TIP: A Biography of Thomas P. O’Neill-Speaker of the House (New York: Macmillan, 1980), 4.

23.-Smith, In All His Glory, 391.

24.-Ibid.

25.-Ibid., 404.

26.-Caro, «My Search for Coke Stevenson», The New York Times Book Review (February 3, 1991), 28.

27.-Gardner, On Leadership, 53.

28.-Aaron Bernstein, Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 167.

29.-Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis, Studies in Machiavellianism (New York: Academic Press, 1970), 312.

30.-Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, «Who Gets Power — and How They Hold on to It: A Strategic-Contingency Model of Power», Organizational Dynamics 5 (1977): 3–21.

31.-James D. Thompson and Arthur Tuden, «Strategies, Structures and Processes of Organizational Decision», Comparative Studies in Administration, eds. J.D. Thompson et al. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1959), 195–216.

32.-Robert L. Khan et al., Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflictand Ambiguity (New York: John Wiley, 1964).

33.-Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13.

34.-Hedrick Smith, The Power Game: How Washington Works (New York: Ballantine, 1988), 61.

35.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 30.

36.-Caro, The Power Broker, 448.

37.-Ibid., 449

38.-Ibid., 448.

39.-Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 19.

40.-Ibid., 21.

41.-Ibid., 34.

42.-Ken Auletta, «Power, Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of Lehman Brothers», The New York Times Magazine (February 17, 1985).

43.-Ibid., 36.

44.-Smith, In All His Glory, 408.

45.-Laton McCartney, Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 170.

46.-Ibid.

47.-Ibid., 172.

48.-Ibid., 179.

49.-Ibid.

50.-Ibid., 180.

Глава 10

1.-Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, 2d ed. (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1988).

2.-Ibid.

3.-Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988).

4.-Gerald R. Salancik, «Commitment and Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief», New Directions in Organizational Behavior, eds. Barry M. Staw and Gerald R. Salancik (Chicago: St. Clair Press, 1977).

5.-Daryl J. Bern, «Self-Perception Theory», Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz, vol. 6 (New York: Academic Press, 1972), 1–62.

6.-E. Aronson and J. Mills, «The Effect of Severity of Initiation on Liking for a Group», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 59 (1959): 177.

7.-John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990).

8.-Barry M. Staw and Jerry Ross, «Commitment in an Experimenting Society: An Experiment on the Attribution of Leadership from Administrative Scenarios», Journal of Applied Psychology 65 (1980):249–260.

9.-Steven Bach, Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven’s Gate (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 181.

10.-Ibid., 187.

11.-Ibid., 189.

12.-Ibid., 191.

13.-Ibid., 192.

14.-Ibid., 196.

15.-Tracy Kidder, Soul of a New Machine (Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1981), 65-66.

16.-Christopher Matthews, Hardball: How Politics Is Played — Told By One Who Knows The Game (New York: Summit Books, 1988), 60.

17.-Ibid., 62-63.

18.-Aaron Bernstein, Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 133.

19.-Ibid., 134.

20.-Ibid., 136.

21.-Ibid., 137.

22.-Jack W. Brehm, A Theory of Psychological Reactance (New York: Academic Press, 1966).

23.-Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, 232.

24.-Ibid.

25.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 78.

26.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 78.

27.-Ibid., 410.

28.-Ibid., 245.

Глава 11

1.-Leon Festinger, «A Theory of Social Comparison Processes», Human Relations 7 (1954): 117–140.

2.-Ellen Berscheid and Elaine Hatfield Walster, Interpersonal Attraction (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969); D. Byrne, «Attitudes and Attraction», Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz, vol. 4 (New York: Academic Press, 1969), 35–89.

3.-Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, zd ed. (Glenview IL: Scott, Foresman, 1988), 112.

4.-Ibid., 123.

5.-Bibb Latane and John M. Darley, Group Inhibition of Bystander Intervention in Emergencies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10 (1968): 215–221.

6.-Joseph B. White and Gregory A. Patterson, «GM Begins Quest to Win Back Consumer Confidence», The Wall Street Journal (May 4, 1990): B1

7.-Robert P. Gandossy, Bad Business: The OPM Scandal and the Seduction of the Establishment (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 11.

8.-lbid., 12-13.

9.-Steven Bach, Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven’s Gate (New York: William Morrow, 1985).

10.-Ibid., 76-77.

11.-Christopher Byron, The Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986).

12.-Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983).

13.-Ibid., 24.

14.-Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, 157.

15.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 274.

16.-Ibid., 276.

17.-Jerry Ross and Kenneth R. Ferris, «Interpersonal Attraction and Organizational Outcomes: A Field Examination», Administrative Science Quarterly 26 (1981): 617–632.

18.-M.G. Efran and E.WJ. Patterson, «The Politics of Appearance», University of Toronto, 1976.

19.-Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, 162. Cialdini also cites P.L. Benson, S.A. Karabenic, and R.M. Lerner, «Pretty Pleases: The Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Race, Sex, and Receiving Help», Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 12 (1976): 409–415; and S. Chaiken, Communicator Physical Attractiveness and Persuasion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1387–1397.

20.-Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice.

21.-Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 69.

22.-CamiIle B. Wortman and Joan A. Linsenmeier, “Interpersonal Attraction and Techniques of Ingratiation in Organizational Settings, New Directions in Organizational Behavior, eds. Barry M. Staw and Gerald R. Salancik (Chicago: St. Clair Press, 1977), 133–178.

23.-Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 454.

24.-Ibid., 455.

25.-Ibid., 457.

26.-Ibid., 458.

27.-Gandossy, Bad Business, 19.

28.-Ibid., 26.

29.-Laton McCartney, Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 156.

30.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 81.

31.-Ibid., 82-83.

32.-Ibid., 84.

33.-M Sherif et al., Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers’ Cave Experiment (Norman: University of Oklahoma Institute of Intergroup Relations, 1961).

34.-Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, 171.

35.-Ibid., 172.

36.-Fritz Heider, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (New York: John Wiley, 1958).

37.-Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).

38.-Ibid., 96-97.

39.-Anat Rafaeli and Robert I. Sutton, «The Expression of Emotion in Organizational Life», Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. Barry M. Staw, vol. 11 (Greenwich, CT; JAI Press, 1989), 15-16.

40.-Robert I. Sutton and Anat Rafaeli, «Untangling the Relationship Between Displayed Emotions and Organizational Sales: The Case of Convenience Stores», Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988):465.

41.-Anat Rafaeli and Robert I. Sutton, «Expression of Emotion as Part of the Work Role», Academy of Management Review 12 (1987): 23–37.

42.-R.O. Arther and R.R. Caputo, Interrogation for Investigators (New York: William C. Copp and Associates, 1959), 75-76.

43.-K.L. Tidd and J.S. Lockard, «Monetary Significance of the Affiliative Smile», Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11 (1978): 344–346.

44.-Robert I. Sutton, «Maintaining Organizational Norms About Expressed Emotions: The Case of Bill Collectors», Administrative Science Quarterly 36(1991): 245–268.

45.-Anat Rafaeli and Robert I. Sutton, «Emotional Contrast Strategies as Means of Social Influence: Lessons from Criminal Interrogators and Bill Collectors», Academy of Management Journal (in press).

46.-Rafaeli and Sutton, «Expression of Emotion», 31.

Глава 12

1.-Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963).

2.-Peter W. Bernstein, «Upheaval at Bendix», Fortune (November 1, 1980): 48–56.

3.-Ibid., 52-53.

4.-Hugh D. Menzies, «The Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 56.

5.-Ibid., 60.

6.-Ibid., 62.

7.-Ibid.

8.-Horwitch, «Managing the U.S. Supersonic Transport Program (A)», 678–949. Boston: Harvard Business School, 1977.

9.-Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 203.

10.-Aaron Bernstein, Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 84-85.

11.-Barry Schwartz, «Waiting, Exchange, and Power: The Distribution of Time in Social Systems», American Journal of Sociology 79 (1974): 843-844.

12.-Ibid., 844.

13.-Ibid., 857.

14.-Ibid., 859.

15.-Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 24.

16.-Chicago Daily News (December 27, 1972): 4.

17.-Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 44.

18.-Journal of the House, Alabama State Legislature (1977): 2698.

19.-Bernstein, Grounded, 42.

20.-Gerald R. Salancik, «Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief», New Directions in Organizational Behavior, eds. Barry M. Staw and Gerald R. Salancik (Chicago: St. Clair Press, 1977), 1–54.

21.-Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, «Two Faces of Power», American Political Science Review 56 (1962): 947–952.

22.-Neil Fligstein, «The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919–1979», American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 44–58.

23.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 435-436.

24.-Ibid., 437.

Глава 13

1.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 285.

2.-Ibid., 53.

3.-John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan, «Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony», American Journal of Sociology 83 (1977) 340–363; Meyer and W. Richard Scott, Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality (Beverly Hills. CA: Sage, 1983).

4.-Martha S. Feldman and James G. March, «Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol», Administrative Science Quarterly 26 (1981): 171–186.

5.-Fred A. Kramer, «Policy Analysis as Ideology», Public Administrative Review 35 (1975): 509.

6.-Richard M. Cyert, Herbert A. Simon, and Donald B. Trow, «Observation of a Business Decision», Journal of Business 29 (1956): 237–248.

7.-Donald Frey, «The Teenies’ Challenge to the Bean Counters», The Street Journal (July 16, 1990): A12.

8.-Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 216.

9.-Ibid., 105.

10.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 277.

11.-Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 304-305.

12.-Ibid., 562-563.

13.-K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988).

14.-Ibid., 134.

15.-Ibid., 218.

16.-H Thomas Johnson and Robert S, Kaplan, Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1987).

17.-Christopher Byron, The Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986), 56-57.

18.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).

19.-Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, «The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: The Case of a University», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 462-463.

20.-Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

21.-David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Max Holland, When the Machine Stopped (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1989).

22.-Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, «Administrator Effectiveness: The Effects of Advocacy and Information on Resource Allocations», Human Relations 30 (1977): 641–656.

23.-N. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence (New York: BasicBooks, 1976), 147.

24.-Smith and Alexander, Fumbling the Future.

25.-Meyer and Rowan, «Institutional Organizations».

26.-Smith and Alexander, Fumbling the Future, 190.

27.-Byron, The Fanciest Dive, 274–275.

28.-Ibid., 277.

Глава 14

1.-Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 50.

2.-John M. Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 67.

3.-Ibid., 99.

4.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 105.

5.-Barry, The Ambition and the Power, 78.

6.-Ibid., 81.

7.-Ibid., 82.

8.-Ibid., 83.

9.-Ibid.

10.-Philip Selznick, TV A and the Grass Roots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949).

11.-Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 29.

12.-Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 42.

13.-Hersh, The Price of Power, 35.

Глава 15

1.-Richard M. Nixon, Leaders (New York: Warner Books, 1982), 4.

2.-Jeffrey Pfeffer, Power in Organizations (Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing, 1981).

3.-Murray Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 39.

4.-Ibid., 124.

5.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 217.

6.-Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics, 12.

7.-Herbert Stein, «Confessions of a Tax Addict», The Wall Street Journal (October 2, 1989): A14.

8.-Ibid.

9.-C.W. Morris, Signs, Language and Behavior (New York: Prentice-Hal], 1949), 214.

10.-Mernam-Webster, Inc., Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1981), 2619-2620.

11.-Karl E. Weick, «Cognitive Processes in Organizations», Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. Barry M. Staw, vol. 1 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1979), 42.

12.-Thomas J. Peters, «Symbols, Patterns, and Settings: An Optimistic Case for Getting Things Done», Organizational Dynamics 7 (1978): 10.

13.-Nixon, Leaders, 4.

14.-Louis R. Pondy, «Leadership Is a Language Game», Leadership: Where Else Can We Go?, eds. Morgan W. McCall, Jr., and Michael M. Lombardo (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1978), 94-95.

15.-Christopher Byron, The Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986), 63.

16.-Ibid., 64-65.

17.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 124–130.

18.-Ibid., 130.

19.-Ibid., 131.

20.-Robert A. Caro, The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 235.

21.-Ibid., 236.

22.-Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics, 123.

23.-Ibid., 78.

24.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of EF. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 191.

25.-Ibid., 194.

26.-J. Patrick Wright, On A Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse Point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979), 39.

27.-Ibid., 44.

28.-MarcR. Reinganum, «The Effect of Executive Succession on Shareholder Wealth», Administrative Science Quarterly 30 (1985); 46–60; Stewart D. Friedman and Harbir Singh, «CEO Succession and Stockholder: The Influence of Organizational Context and Event Content», Academy of Management Journal 32 (1989): 718–744.

29.-Mayer N. Zald, «Who Shall Rule? A Political Analysis of Succession in Large Welfare Organization», Pacific Sociological Review 8 (1965): 52–60.

30.-Wright, On a Clear Day, 16–18.

31.-Rose, West of Eden, 139.

32.-John M. Barry, The Ambition and t he Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 77.

33.-Rose, West of Eden, 98.

Глава 16

1.-John M. Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989), 5.

2.-Nicholas Lemann, «The Split: A True Story of Washington Lawyers», Washington Post Magazine (March 23, 1980): 20.

3.-Ibid., 19.

4.-Ibid.

5.-Ibid., 20.

6.-Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 570.

7.-David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 511.

8.-Alison Leigh Cowan, «The Partners Revolt at Peat Marwick», New York Times (November 18, 1990).

9.-Ibid., 10.

10.-Ibid.

11.-Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 998.

12.-Ibid., 986.

13.-Ibid., 996.

14.-Ibid., 1003.

15.-Ken Auletta, «The Fall of Lehman Brothers: The Men, The Money, The Merger», New York Times Magazine (February 24, 1985): 37.

16.-Ibid., 40.

17.-Ibid.

18.-Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990).

Глава 17

1.-Richard T. Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990).

2.-Robert A. Burgelman, «Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy-Making and Organizational Adaptation: Theory and Field Research», Organization Science (in press).

3.-Bryon Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 32.

4.-Ibid., 33.

5.-Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 228.

6.-Milgrom and John Roberts, «An Economic Approach to Influence Activities in Organizations», American Journal of Sociology 94 (supplement, 1988): S156-S157.

7.-Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 160.

8.-Ibid., 219.

9.-Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988), 144.

10.-Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 92.

11.-Nick Kotz, Wild Blue Yonder: Money, Politics, and the B-i Bomber (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988).

12.-Ibid., 11.

13.-Ibid., 14.

14.-Jeffrey Pfeffer, Power in Organizations (Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing, 1981).

15.-Pascale, Managing on the Edge, 16.

16.-Ibid.

17.-Kathleen M. Eisenhardt and L.J. Bourgeois, «Politics of Strategic Decision Making in High-Velocity Environments: Toward a Midrange Theory», Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988): 737–770.

18.-Ibid., 742-743.

19.-Ibid., 760.

20.-Harvey M. Sapolsky, The Polaris System Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 232.

21.-Ibid., 242.

22.-Ibid., 244.

23.-Ibid., 246.

24.-Finn Borum, «A Power-Strategy Alternative to Organization Development», Organization Studies 1 (1980): 123–146.

25.-lbid., 129.

Глава 18

1.-Tracy Kidder, Soul of a New Machine (Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1981), 111.

2.-Jane Gross, «Turning Disease Into a Cause: Breast Cancer Follows AIDS», New York Times (January 7, 1991): A1.

3.-David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 90.

4.-Ibid., 91.

5.-Robert A. Caro, Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), xix-xx.

6.-Ibid., xxi.

7.-Richard M. Nixon, Leaders (New York: Warner Books, 1982), 345.

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