Примечания

Глава 1. ЧЕРЕПАХИ ДО САМОГО НИЗУ

 Общий обзор тем экспериментальной философии, см.: J. Knobe et al., "Experimental Philosophy," Annual Review of Psychology 63 (2012): 81. Также см.: David Bourget & David Chalmers, eds., "The 2020 PhilPapers Survey," 2020, .

Вера в свободу в у детей, принадлежащих к разным культурам: работа Гопник и Кушнир: T. Kushnir et al., "Developing Intuitions about Free Will between Ages Four and Six," Cognition 138 (2015): 79; N. Chernyak, C. Kang, & T. Kushnir, "The Cultural Roots of Free Will Beliefs: How Singaporean and U.S. Children Judge and Explain Possibilities for Action in Interpersonal Contexts," Developmental Psychology 55 (2019): 866; N. Chernyak et al., "A Comparison of American and Nepalese Children's Concepts of Freedom of Choice and Social Constrain," Cognitive Science 37 (2013): 1343; A. Wente et al., "How Universal Are Free Will Beliefs? Cultural Differences in Chinese and U.S. 4- and 6-Year-Olds", Child Development 87 (2016): 666.

Вера в свободу воли широко распространена в разных культурах, но не универсальна: D. Wisniewski, R. Deutschland, & J.-D. Haynes, "Free Will Beliefs Are Better Predicted by Dualism Than Determinism Beliefs across Different Cultures," PLoS One 14 (2019): e0221617; R. Berniunasa et al., "The Weirdness of Belief in Free Will," Consciousness and Cognition 87 (2021): 103054; H. Sarkissian et al., "Is Belief in Free Will a Cultural Universal?", Mind and Language 25 (2021): 346.

Исследование, касающееся вождения: E. Awad et al., "Drivers Are Blame More Than Their Automated Cars When Both Make Mistakes", Nature Human Behaviour, 4 (2020): 134.

 L. Egan, P. Bloom & L. Santos, "Choice-Induced Preferences in the Absence of Choice: Evidence from a Blind Two Choice Paradigm with Young Children and Capuchin Monkeys," Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 46 (2010): 204.

 К сноске: Обзор перечисленных концепций см.: G. Strawson, "The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility," Philosophical Studies 75 (1994): 5; D. Pereboom, Living without Free Will (Cambridge University Press, 2001); G. Caruso, Rejecting Retributivism: Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2021); N. Levy, Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2011); S. Harris, Free Will (Simon & Schuster, 2012).

Несколько иного подхода, но в схожем духе, придерживается Б. Уоллер (B. Waller, Against Moral Responsibility, MIT Press, 2011).

Похожее общее отрицание свободы воли содержится в работах эволюционного биолога Джерри Койна из Университета Чикаго, психологов/нейробиологов Джонатана Коэна из Принстонского университета, Джоша Грина из Гарвардского университета и Пола Глимчера из Нью-Йоркского университета, а также в трудах легенды молекулярной биологии покойного Фрэнсиса Крика.

Немногочисленные специалисты в области права, такие как Пит Алсес из William & Mary Law School, расходятся с общепринятыми в их области положениями и тоже отвергают существование свободы воли.

 M. Vargas, "Reconsidering Scientific Threats to Free Will," in Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014).

 R. Baumeister, "Constructing a Scientific Theory of Free Will," Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014).

 A. Mele, "Free Will and Substance Dualism: The Real Scientific Threat to Free Will?," Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong.

 R. Nisbett & T. Wilson, "Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes," Psychological Review 84 (1977): 231.

Глава 2. ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ТРИ МИНУТЫ ФИЛЬМА

 К сноске: J. McHugh and P. Mackowiak, "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia," Clinical Infectious Diseases 59 (2014): 990. Врач Гаррисона лечил его множеством лекарств, которые, вероятно, ускорили его смерть. Он давал ему опиум, который, как известно опиумным наркоманам, вызывает сильные запоры, позволяя тифозным бактериям задерживаться в организме и активно размножаться. Ему также давали углекислую щелочь, которая, вероятно, ослабляла способность желудочных кислот убивать бактерии. И просто так, без видимой причины, ему в больших количествах давали ртуть, которая, как известно, нейротоксична. Макхью и Маковяк убедительно доказывают, что кишечное расстройство, вызванное загрязненной водой, серьезно повредило здоровью президента Джеймса Полка и убило президента Закари Тейлора во время пребывания в должности.

 Первая публикация данных Либета: "Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential): The Unconscious Initiation of a Freely Voluntary Act," Brain: A Journal of Neurology 106 (1983): 623; «Печально известное»: E. Nahmias, "Intuitions about Free Will, Determinism, and Bypassing," The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2nd ed., ed. R. Kane (Oxford University Press, 2011).

 P. Sanford et al., "Libet's Intention Reports Are Invalid: A Replication of Dominik et al. (2017)," Consciousness and Cognition 77 (2020): 102836. Эта статья стала ответом на более раннюю: T. Dominik et al., "Libet's Experiment: Questioning the Validity of Measuring the Urge to Move," Consciousness and Cognition 49 (2017): 255. СМИ об эксперименте Либета: E. Racine et al., "Media Portrayal of a Landmark Neuroscience Experiment on Free Will," Science Engineering Ethics 23 (2007): 989.

 P. Haggard, "Decision Time for Free Will," Neuron 69 (2011): 404; P. Haggard & M. Eimer, "On the Relation between Brain Potentials and the Awareness of Voluntary Movements," Experimental Brain Research 126 (1999): 128.

 J.-D. Haynes, "The Neural Code for Intentions in the Human Brain," Bioprediction, Biomarkers, and Bad Behavior, ed. I. Singh & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Oxford University Press, 2013); S. Bode & J. Haynes, "Decoding Sequential Stages of Task Preparation in the Human Brain," Neuroimage 45 (2009): 606; S. Bode et al., "Tracking the Unconscious Generation of Free Decisions Using Ultra-high Field fMRI," PLoS One 6, № 6 (2011): e21612; C. Soon et al., "Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain," Nature Neuroscience 11 (2008): 543.

К сноске: ДМО как «порт»: R. Sjöberg, "Free Will and Neurosurgical Resections of the Supplementary Motor Area: A Critical Review," Acta Neurochirgica 163 (2021): 1229.

 I. Fried, R. Mukamel, & G. Kreiman, "Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition," Neuron 69 (2011): 548; I. Fried, "Neurons as Will and Representation," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 23 (2022): 104; H. Gelbard-Sagiv et al., "Internally Generated Reactivation of Single Neurons in Human Hippocampus during Free Recall," Science 322 (2008): 96.

 Задержка звонка: W. Banks & E. Isham, "We Infer Rather Than Perceive the Moment We Decided to Act," Psychological Science 20 (2009): 17. Как ощущение счастья влияет на потенциал готовности: D. Rigoni, J. Demanet, & G. Sartori, "Happiness in Action: The Impact of Positive Affect on the Time of the Conscious Intention to Act," Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015): 1307. См. также H. Lau et al., "Attention to Intention," Science 303 (2004): 1208.

 M. Desmurget et al., "Movement Intention after Parietal Cortex Stimulation in Humans," Science 324 (2009): 811.

 Синдром анархической руки: C. Marchetti & S. Della Sala, "Disentangling the Alien and Anarchic Hand," Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 3 (1998): 191; S. Della Sala, C. Marchetti, & H. Spinnler, "Right-Sided Anarchic (Alien) Hand: A Longitudinal Study," Neuropsychologia 29 (1991): 1113.

 Транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция: J. Brasil-Neto et al., "Focal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Response Bias in a Forced-Choice Task," Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 55 (1992): 964. Фокусники: A. Pailhes & G. Kuhn, "Mind Control Tricks: Magicians' Forcing and Free Will," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 25 (2021): 338; H. Kelley, "Magic Tricks: The Management of Causal Attributions," Perspectives on Attribution Research and Theory: The Bielefeld Symposium, ed. D. Gorlitz (Ballinger, 1980).

К сноске: D. Knoch et al., "Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex," Science 314 (2006): 829.

 D. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (MIT Press, 2002).

 К сноске: P. Tse, "Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain," Neuroexistentialism, ed. G. Caruso (Oxford University Press, 2017).

 Статья Либета: B. Libet, "Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 529. Критика Либета: R. Doty, "The Time Course of Conscious Processing: Vetoes by the Uninformed?," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 541; C. Wood, "Pardon, Your Dualism Is Showing," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 557; G. Wasserman, "Neural/Mental Chronometry and Chronotheology," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 556.

 M. Vargas, "Reconsidering Scientific Threats to Free Will," Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014).

 Обе позиции представлены здесь: K. Smith, "Taking Aim at Free Will," Nature 477 (2011): 23.

 О симуляторе вождения: O. Perez et al., "Preconscious Prediction of a Driver's Decision Using Intracranial Recordings," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27 (2015): 1492. Bungee jumping: Nann et al., "To Jump or Not to Jump — the Bereitschaftspotential Required to Jump into 192-Meter Abyss," Science Reports 9 (2019): 2243.

 U. Maoz et al., "Neural Precursors of Decisions That Matter — an ERP Study of Deliberate and Arbitrary Choice," eLife 8 (2019): e39787. Цитату см.: Daniel Dennett, "Is Free Will an Illusion? What Can Cognitive Science Tell Us?," Santa Fe Institute, May 14, 2014, YouTube video, 1:21:19, , около 41:00.

 Это исследование и смежные с ним обсуждаются в статье Haynes, "Neural Code for Intentions."

 O. Bai et al., "Prediction of Human Voluntary Movement Before It Occurs," Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (2011): 364.

 Почти через 40 лет после Либета: A. Schurger et al., "What Is the Readiness Potential?," Trends in Cognitive Science 25 (2010): 558. Побуждение или решение: S. Pockett & S. Purdy, "Are Voluntary Movements Initiated Preconsciously? The Relationships between Readiness Potentials, Urges and Decisions," Conscious Will and Responsibility: A Tribute to Benjamin Libet, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong & L. Nadel (Oxford University Press, 2020). Цитата Газзанига: M. Gazzaniga, "On Determinism and Human Responsibility," Neuroexistentialism, ed. G. Caruso (Oxford University Press, 2017).

 Цитата Мили: A. Mele, Free: Why Science Hasn't Disproved Free Will (Oxford University Press, 2014), 32. Цитата Роскис: K. Smith, "Taking Aim at Free Will," Nature 477 (2011): 2, р. 24.

 К сноске: Новые открытия, касающиеся комы: A. Owen et al., "Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State," Science 313 (2006): 1402; M. Monti et al., "Willful Modulation of Brain Activity in Disorders of Consciousness," New England Journal of Medicine 362 (2010): 579.

 M. Shadlen & A. Roskies, "The Neurobiology of Decision-Making and Responsibility: Reconciling Mechanism and Mindedness," Frontiers in Neuroscience 6 (2012), .

 A. Schlegel et al., "Hypnotizing Libet: Readiness Potentials with Non-conscious Volition," Consciousness and Cognition 33 (2015): 196.

 Карузо исследует эту идею в ряде публикаций, последняя из которых — превосходный труд Rejecting Retributivism: Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2021). Мне же представляется, что вопрос о том, могут ли предсознание и сознание существовать одновременно, уводит нас в философские дебри. Истинные ценители припомнят туманные, но важные идеи философа Джегвона Кима из Университета Брауна. Если я правильно понимаю: (а) предполагается, что сознательные ментальные состояния, будучи порождением лежащих в их основе физических параметров (то есть таких штуковин, как молекулы и нейроны), им не равны; (б) такая вещь, как поведение, не может быть вызвана как ментальным состоянием, так и лежащими в его основе физическими параметрами одновременно (это стало называться принципом казуального исключения Кима); (в) физические действия (например, нажатие кнопки или движение языка и гортани при отдаче генералам приказа начать войну) вызываются предшествующими физическими событиями. Таким образом, ментальные состояния не порождают поведения. Полагаю, это довольно интересно. Хотя, может быть, и нет, поскольку, с моей точки зрения, ментальные состояния и их физические/нейробиологические основания невозможно отделить друг от друга — это просто две разные концептуальные точки входа в рассмотрение одних и тех же процессов. Подробнее об этом в следующих главах. Некоторые из работ Кима: J. Kim, "Concepts of Supervenience," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 45 (1984): 153; J. Kim, "Making Sense of Emergence," Philosophical Studies 95 (1995): 3.

 E. Nahmias, "Intuitions about Free Will, Determinism, and Bypassing," The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2nd ed., ed. R. Kane (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

 Остановиться или не остановиться: E. Filevich, S. Kuhn & P. Haggard, "There Is No Free Won't: Antecedent Brain Activity Predicts Decisions to Inhibit," PLoS One 8, no. 2 (2013): e53053. Интерфейс «мозг — компьютер»: M. Schultze-Kraft et al., "The Point of No Return in Vetoing Self-Initiated Movements," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (2016): 1080.

 К сноске: Первый отчет Либета о результатах: Libet et al., "Time of Conscious Intention to Act." Его рассуждения по этому поводу (1985) см.: Libet, "Unconscious Cerebral Initiative."

 Азартные игры: D. Campbell-Meiklejohn et al., "Knowing When to Stop: The Brain Mechanisms of Chasing Losses," Biological Psychiatry 63 (2008): 293. Алкоголь: Y. Liu et al., "'Free Won't' after a Beer or Two: Chronic and Acute Effects of Alcohol on Neural and Behavioral Indices of Intentional Inhibition," BMC Psychology 8 (2020): 2. Дети и взрослые: M. Schel, K. Ridderinkhof & E. Crone, "Choosing Not to Act: Neural Bases of the Development of Intentional Inhibition," Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 10 (2014): 93.

 «Свобода возникает из»: B. Brembs, "Towards a Scientific Concept of Free Will as a Biological Trait: Spontaneous Actions and Decision-Making in Invertebrates," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 (2011): 930; в этой статье вопрос рассматривается под очень необычным (и интересным) углом при изучении процесса принятия решений у насекомых. Цит. по: Mele, Free, 32.

 N. Levy, Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2011).

 К сноске: H. Frankfurt, "Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility," Journal of Philosophy 66 (1969): 829.

 H. Frankfurt, "Three Concepts of Free Action," Aristotelian Society Proceedings, Supplementary Volumes 49 (1975): 113, цитата со с. 122; M. Shadlen and A. Roskies, "The Neurobiology of Decision-making and Responsibility: Reconciling Mechanism and Mindedness," Frontiers in Neuroscience 23 April (2012): 1, цитата со с. 10.

К сноске: Sjöberg, "Free Will and Neurosurgical Resections."

 D. Dennett, Freedom Evolves (Penguin, 2004); цитата взята со с. 276. Те же идеи Деннет выражает и в других своих книгах, например: D. Dennett, Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting (MIT Press, 1984); D. Dennett, Freedom Evolves (Viking, 2003); в лекциях, например: Dennett, "Is Free Will an Illusion?"; и научных дискуссиях, например: D. Dennett & G. Caruso, Just Deserts: Debating Free Will (Polity, 2021).

 N. Levy, "Luck and History-Sensitive Compatibilism", Philosophical Quarterly 59 (2009): 237, цитата взята со с. 244; D. Dennett, "Review of 'Against Moral Responsibility,'" Naturalism, .

Что касается темы этой главы, то люди уже 40 лет спорят о проблемах, поднятых исследованием Либета, и приведенные ссылки только поверхностно касаются действительно интересных взглядов на эти вопросы. Перечислю другие: G. Gomes, "The Timing of Conscious Experience: A Critical Review and Reinterpretation of Libet's Research," Consciousness and Cognition 7 (1998): 559; A. Batthyany, "Mental Causation and Free Will after Libet and Soon: Reclaiming Conscious Agency," Irreducibly Conscious: Selected Papers on Consciousness, ed. A. Batthyany & A. Elitzur (Universitäts-Verlag Winter, 2009); A. Lavazza, "Free Will and Neuroscience: From Explaining Freedom Away to New Ways of Operationalizing and Measuring It," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10 (2016): 262; C. Frith, S. Blakemore & D. Wolpert, "Abnormalities in the Awareness and Control of Action," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 355 (2000): 1404; A. Guggisberg & A. Mottaz, "Timing and Awareness of Movement Decisions: Does Consciousness Really Come Too Late?," Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 7 (2013), ; T. Bayne, "Neural Decoding and Human Freedom," in Moral Psychology vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014).

Глава 3. ОТКУДА БЕРЕТСЯ НАМЕРЕНИЕ?

 Скрытая предвзятость и решение выстрелить: J. Correll et al., "Across the Thin Blue Line: Police Officers and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007): 1006; J. Correll et al., "The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 1314. Прекрасный обзор всей области исследований: J. Eberhardt, Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do (Viking, 2019).

 Скрытое влияние отвращения: D. Pizarro, Y. Inbar & C. Helion, "On Disgust and Moral Judgment," Emotion Review 3 (2011): 267; T. Adams, P. Stewart & J. Blanchard, "Disgust and the Politics of Sex: Exposure to a Disgusting Odorant Increases Politically Conservative Views on Sex and Decreases Support for Gay Marriage," PLoS One 9 (2014): e95572; Y. Inbar, D. Pizarro & P. Bloom, "Disgusting Smells Cause Decreased Liking of Gay Men," Emotion 12 (2012): 23; J. Terrizzi, N. Shook & W. Ventis, "Disgust: A Predictor of Social Conservatism and Prejudicial Attitudes Toward Homosexuals," Personality and Individual Differences 49 (2010): 587.

 Отвращение: S. Tsao & D. McKay, "Behavioral Avoidance Tests and Disgust in Contamination Fears: Distinctions from Trait Anxiety," Behavioral Research Therapeutics 42 (2004): 207; B. Olatunji, B. Puncochar & R. Cox, "Effects of Experienced Disgust on Morally-Relevant Judgments," PLoS One 11 (2016): e0160357.

 И еще больше отвращения: H. Chapman & A. Anderson, "Things Rank and Gross in Nature: A Review and Synthesis of Moral Disgust," Psychological Bulletin 139 (2013): 300; P. Rozin et al., "The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity)," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999): 574. Островок, активируясь под воздействием эмоциональных состояний отвращения, связывается с миндалиной: D. Gehrlach et al., "Aversive State Processing in the Posterior Insular Cortex," Nature Neuroscience 22 (2019): 1424.

 Скрытое влияние сладкого вкуса: M. Schaefer et al., "Sweet Taste Experience Improves Prosocial Intentions and Attractiveness Ratings," Psychological Research 85 (2021): 1724; B. Meier et al., "Sweet Taste Preferences and Experiences Predict Prosocial Inferences, Personalities, and Behaviors," Psychological Sciences 102 (2012): 163.

 Путаница между красотой и нравственной добродетелью: Q. Cheng et al., "Neural Correlates of Moral Goodness and Moral Beauty Judgments," Brain Research 1726 (2020): 146534; T. Tsukiura & R. Cabeza, "Shared Brain Activity for Aesthetic and Moral Judgments: Implications for the Beauty-Is-Good Stereotype," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 6 (2011): 138; X. Cui et al., "Different Influences of Facial Attractiveness on Judgments of Moral Beauty and Moral Goodness," Science Reports 9 (2019): 12152; T. Wang et al., "Is Moral Beauty Different from Facial Beauty? Evidence from an fMRI Study," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10 (2015): 814; Q. Luo et al., "The Neural Correlates of Integrated Aesthetics between Moral and Facial Beauty," Science Reports 9 (2019): 1980; C. Ferrari et al., "The Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Mediates the Interaction between Moral and Aesthetic Valuation: A TMS Study on the Beauty-Is-Good Stereotype," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12 (2017): 707.

Есть совершенно прекрасное исследование, показавшее, что ботаники предпочитают посвящать карьеру изучению красивых цветов (например, синего цвета или с длинными стеблями): M. Adamo et al., "Plant Scientists' Research Attention Is Skewed towards Colourful, Conspicuous and Broadly Distributed Flowers," Nature Plants 7 (2021): 574. Но вот я, положа руку на сердце, не сказал бы, что посвятил 33 года изучению диких павианов потому, что считал их неотразимыми красавчиками.

 Первое исследование, где было использовано понятие «эффект Макбет»: C. Zhong & K. Lijenquist, "Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing," Science 313 (2006): 1454.

Дальнейшие исследования поведения касательно «эффекта Макбет»: S.W. Lee & N. Schwarz, "Dirty Hands and Dirty Mouths: Embodiment of the Moral-Purity Metaphor Is Specific to the Motor Modality Involved in Moral Transgression," Psychological Sciences 21 (2010): 1423; E. Kalanthroff, C. Aslan & R. Dar, "Washing Away Your Sins Will Set Your Mind Free: Physical Cleansing Modulates the Effect of Threatened Morality on Executive Control," Cognition and Emotion 31 (2017): 185; S. Schnall, J. Benton & S. Harvey, "With a Clean Conscience: Cleanliness Reduces the Severity of Moral Judgments," Psychological Sciences 19 (2008): 1219; K. Kaspar, V. Krapp & P. Konig, "Hand Washing Induces a Clean Slate Effect in Moral Judgments: A Pupillometry and Eye-Tracking Study," Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 10471.

Нейро­визуализационные исследования «эффекта Макбет»: C. Denke et al., "Lying and the Subsequent Desire for Toothpaste: Activity in the Somatosensory Cortex Predicts Embodiment of the Moral-Purity Metaphor," Cerebral Cortex 26 (2016): 477; M. Schaefer et al., "Dirty Deeds and Dirty Bodies: Embodiment of the Macbeth Effect Is Mapped Topographically onto the Somatosensory Cortex," Scientific Reports 6 (2015): 18051.

Исследование, в котором было показано, что связь может быть не универсальной: E. Gamez, J.M. Dнaz & H. Marrero, "The Uncertain Universality of the Macbeth Effect with a Spanish Sample," Spanish Journal of Psychology 14 (2011): 156.

Наконец, в одном из исследований показано, что среди учащихся университетов студенты, обучающиеся социальным наукам, сильнее подвержены эффекту Макбет, чем студенты инженерных специальностей: M. Schaefer, "Morality and Soap in Engineers and Social Scientists: The Macbeth Effect Interacts with Professions," Psychological Research 83 (2019): 1304.

 Имбирь и моральное отвращение: J. Tracy, C. Steckler & G. Heltzel, "The Physiological Basis of Psychological Disgust and Moral Judgments," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition 116 (2019): 15. Интересная работа, показывающая, что отвращение меньше влияет на моральные суждения, касающиеся отдаленных событий, и что это, вероятно, опосредовано психологической установкой, в которой прямо взаимодействовать с отвратительным стимулом придется кому-то другому, а не вам лично: M. van Dijke et al., "So Gross and Yet So Far Away: Psychological Distance Moderates the Effect of Disgust on Moral Judgment," Social Psychological and Personality Science 9 (2018): 689.

 Оригинальное исследование, посвященное судьям: S. Danziger, J. Levav & L. Avnaim-Pesso, "Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 108 (2011): 6889. Исследование было оспорено другими учеными, которые предположили, что полученный результат является следствием плохого планирования исследования; на мой взгляд, авторы оригинального исследования убедительно опровергли эти обвинения. Подробнее об этом см. примечания 28 и 29 к главе 4.

Еще по той же теме: L. Aaroe & M. Petersen, "Hunger Games: Fluctuations in Blood Glucose Levels Influence Support for Social Welfare," Psychological Sciences 24 (2013): 2550.

Связь между физическим голодом и жаждой денег: B. Briers et al., "Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources and Vice Versa," Psychological Sciences 17 (2006): 939.

Некоторые обстоятельства, когда связь очевидна только в отдельных областях: J. Hausser et al., "Acute Hunger Does Not Always Undermine Prosociality," Nature Communications 10 (2019): 4733; S. Fraser & D. Nettle, "Hunger Affects Social Decisions in a Multiround Public Goods Game but Not a Single-Shot Ultimatum Game," Adaptive Human Behavior 6 (2020): 334; I. Harel & T. Kogut, "Visceral Needs and Donation Decisions: Do People Identify with Suffering or with Relief?," Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 56 (2015): 24.

Предположение, что, как это часто бывает, на феномен влияет культура: E. Rantapuska et al., "Does Short-Term Hunger Increase Trust and Trustworthiness in a High Trust Society?," Frontiers of Psychology 8 (2017): 1944.

 Подробнее см. главу 3 в: Сапольски Р. Биология добра и зла: Как наука объясняет наши поступки. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2019.

 Классическое исследование, демонстрирующее, что тестостерон не порождает агрессию с нуля, а, напротив, усиливает уже существующую социально усвоенную склонность к агрессивному поведению: A. Dixson & J. Herbert, "Testosterone, Aggressive Behavior and Dominance Rank in Captive Adult Male Talapoin Monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin)," Physiology and Behavior 18 (1977): 539.

Как некоторые поведенческие эффекты тестостерона обусловлены его воздействием на мозг: K. Kendrick & R. Drewett, "Testosterone Reduces Refractory Period of Stria Terminalis Neurons in the Rat Brain," Science 204 (1979): 877; K. Kendrick, "Inputs to Testosterone-Sensitive Stria Terminalis Neurones in the Rat Brain and the Effects of Castration," Journal of Physiology 323 (1982): 437; K. Kendrick, "The Effect of Castration on Stria Terminalis Neurone Absolute Refractory Periods Using Different Antidromic Stimulation Loci," Brain Research 248 (1982): 174; K. Kendrick, "Electrophysiological Effects of Testosterone on the Medial Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus of the Rat," Journal of Endocrinology 96 (1983): 35; E. Hermans, N. Ramsey & J. van Honk, "Exogenous Testosterone Enhances Responsiveness to Social Threat in the Neural Circuitry of Social Aggression in Humans," Biological Psychiatry 63 (2008): 263.

В 1990 г. этолог Джон Уингфилд с коллегами из Калифорнийского университета в Дэвисе опубликовал чрезвычайно важную работу о влиянии тестостерона на агрессию. Их «гипотеза вызова» утверждает, что тестостерон не только не вызывает агрессию, но и не усиливает уже существующие социальные тенденции к агрессии. Напротив, в те моменты, когда организму бросают вызов в борьбе за социальный статус, тестостерон усиливает любые формы поведения, необходимые для поддержания статуса. Что ж, это можно понять — если вы самец павиана, чье положение оспаривается, то агрессия — именно то, что вам нужно для поддержания статуса. Но когда речь заходит о людях, то здесь нюансов еще больше, поскольку статус можно поддерживать разными способами. Например, в экономической игре, где статус приобретается за счет щедрых экономических предложений, тестостерон повышает такую щедрость. См.: J. Wingfield et al., "The 'Challenge Hypothesis': Theoretical Implications for Patterns of Testosterone Secretion, Mating Systems, and Breeding Strategies," American Naturalist 136 (1990): 829. Гипотеза помогает объяснить широкий спектр тестостеронозависимого поведения: J. Wingfield "The Challenge Hypothesis: Where It Began and Relevance to Humans," Hormones and Behavior 92 (2017): 9. См. также: J. Archer, "Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (2006): 319.

 Статьи о поведенческой и нейробиологической подоплеке способности тестостерона провоцировать реакцию на угрозу: E. Hermans, N. Ramsey & J. van Honk, "Exogenous Testosterone Enhances Responsiveness to Social Threat in the Neural Circuitry of Social Aggression in Humans," Biological Psychiatry 63 (2008): 263; J. van Honk et al., "A Single Administration of Testosterone Induces Cardiac Accelerative Responses to Angry Faces in Healthy Young Women," Behavioral Neuroscience 115 (2001): 238; N. Wright et al., "Testosterone Disrupts Human Collaboration by Increasing Egocentric Choices," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (2012): 2275; P. Mehta & J. Beer, "Neural Mechanisms of the Testosterone-Aggression Relation: The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (2010): 2357; G. van Wingen et al., "Testosterone Reduces Amygdala-Orbitofrontal Cortex Coupling," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 35 (2010): 105; P. Bos et al., "The Neural Mechanisms by Which Testosterone Acts on Interpersonal Trust," Neuroimage 2 (2012): 730.

 Некоторые исследования, изучающие причины индивидуальных различий в работе тестикулярной системы: C. Laube, R. Lorenz & L. van den Bos, "Pubertal Testosterone Correlates with Adolescent Impatience and Dorsal Striatal Activity," Development and Cognitive Neuroscience 42 (2020): 100749; B. Mohr et al., "Normal, Bound and Nonbound Testosterone Levels in Normally Ageing Men: Results from the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study," Clinical Endocrinology 62 (2005): 64; W. Bremner, M. Vitiello & P. Prinz, "Loss of Circadian Rhythmicity in Blood Testosterone Levels with Aging in Normal Men," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 56 (1983): 1278; S. Beyenburg et al., "Androgen Receptor mRNA Expression in the Human Hippocampus," Neuroscience Letters 294 (2000): 25.

 Несколько качественных общих обзоров: R. Feldman, "Oxytocin and Social Affiliation in Humans," Hormones and Behavior 61 (2012): 380; Z. Donaldson & L. Young, "Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality," Science 322 (2008): 900; P. S. Churchland & P. Winkielman, "Modulating Social Behavior with Oxytocin: How Does It Work? What Does It Mean?," Hormones and Behavior 61 (2012): 392.

Статьи, посвященные различиям в окситоциновой системе у моногамных и полигамных грызунов: L. Young et al., "Increased Affiliative Response to Vasopressin in Mice Expressing the V1a Receptor from a Monogamous Vole," Nature 400 (1999): 766; M. Lim et al., "Enhanced Partner Preference in a Promiscuous Species by Manipulating the Expression of a Single Gene," Nature 429 (2004): 754.

Статьи, посвященные различиям в окситоциновой системе у моногамных и полигамных нечеловекообразных приматов: A. Smith et al., "Manipulation of the Oxytocin System Alters Social Behavior and Attraction in Pair-Bonding Primates, Callithrix penicillata," Hormones and Behavior 57 (2010): 255; M. Jarcho et al., "Intranasal VP Affects Pair Bonding and Peripheral Gene Expression in Male Callicebus cupreus," Genes, Brain and Behavior 10 (2011): 375; C. Snowdon et al., "Variation in Oxytocin Is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins," Hormones and Behavior 58 (2010): 614.

Нейро­биологические основы эффектов окситоцина: гипоталамический путь, который различается в зависимости от пола: N. Scott et al., "A Sexually Dimorphic Hypothalamic Circuit Controls Maternal Care and Oxytocin Secretion," Nature 525 (2016): 519. Пример работы окситоцина в островковой коре головного мозга при изменении социальных взаимодействий см.: M. Carter-Rogers et al., "Insular Cortex Mediates Approach and Avoidance Response to Social Affective Stimuli," Nature Neuroscience 21 (2018): 404. Пример влияния окситоцина на миндалину: Y. Liu et al., "Oxytocin Modulates Social Value Representations in the Amygdala," Nature Neuroscience 22 (2019): 633; J. Wahis et al., "Astrocytes Mediate the Effect of Oxytocin in the Central Amygdala on Neuronal Activity and Affective States in Rodents," Nature Neuroscience 24 (2021): 529.

Окситоцин и родительство, в том числе отцовское поведение: O. Bosch & I. Neumann, "Both Oxytocin and Vasopressin Are Mediators of Maternal Care and Aggression in Rodents: From Central Release to Sites of Action," Hormones and Behavior 61 (2012): 293; Y. Kozorovitskiy et al., "Fatherhood Affects Dendritic Spines and Vasopressin V1a Receptors in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex," Nature Neuroscience 9 (2006): 1094; Z. Wang, C. Ferris & G. De Vries "Role of Septal Vasopressin Innervation in Paternal Behavior in Prairie Voles," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 (1994): 400.

Генетические и эпигенетические факторы, опосредующие индивидуальные различия в чувствительности к окситоцину: Marsh et al., "The Influence of Oxytocin Administration on Responses to Infants and Potential Moderation by OXTR Genotype," Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 224 (2012): 469; M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg & M. H. van Ijzendoorn, "Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) and Serotonin Transporter (5-HTT) Genes Associated with Observed Parenting," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3 (2008): 128; E. Hammock & L. Young, "Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits," Science 308 (2005): 1630.

Анналы совершенно неотразимых находок: M. Nagasawa et al., "Oxytocin-Gaze Positive Loop and the Coevolution of Human-Dog Bonds," Science 348 (2015): 333. Когда собака и человек смотрят друг другу в глаза, у обоих выделяется окситоцин; если ввести окситоцин одному из них, он будет смотреть дольше, усиливая секрецию окситоцина у другого. Другими словами, гормональная система, играющая центральную роль в родительском поведении и привязанности в паре, то есть система, возраст которой насчитывает не менее 100 млн лет, за последние 30 000 лет была приспособлена создавать привязанность между человеком и волком.

 Влияние окситоцина на страх и тревожность: M. Yoshida et al., "Evidence That Oxytocin Exerts Anxiolytic Effects via Oxytocin Receptor Expressed in Serotonergic Neurons in Mice," Journal of Neuroscience 29 (2009): 2259. Действие, оказываемое окситоцином на миндалину: D. Viviani et al., "Oxytocin Selectively Gates Fear Responses through Distinct Outputs from the Central Nucleus," Science 333 (2011): 104; H. Knobloch et al., "Evoked Axonal Oxytocin Release in the Central Amygdala Attenuates Fear Response," Neuron 73 (2012): 553; "Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Responses to Emotional Faces Regardless of Valence," Biological Psychiatry 62 (2007): 1187; P. Kirsch et al., "Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans," Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005): 11489; I. Labuschagne et al., "Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder," Neuro­psychopharmacology 35 (2010): 2403.

Окситоцин притупляет реакцию на стресс: M. Heinrichs et al., "Social Support and Oxytocin Interact to Suppress Cortisol and Subjective Responses to Psychosocial Stress," Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003): 1389.

Влияние окситоцина на эмпатию, доверие и сотрудничество: S. Rodrigues et al., "Oxytocin Receptor Genetic Variation Relates to Empathy and Stress Reactivity in Humans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (2009): 21437; M. Kosfeld et al., "Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans," Nature 435 (2005): 673; A. Damasio, "Brain Trust," Nature 435 (2005): 571; S. Israel et al., "The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Contributes to Prosocial Fund Allocations in the Dictator Game and the Social Value Orientations Task," Public Library of Science One 4 (2009): e5535; P. Zak, R. Kurzban & W. Matzner, "Oxytocin Is Associated with Human Trustworthiness," Hormones and Behavior 48 (2005): 522; T. Baumgartner et al., "Oxytocin Shapes the Neural Circuitry of Trust and Trust Adaptation in Humans," Neuron 58 (2008): 639; J. Filling et al., "Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin and Vasopressin on Cooperative Behavior and Associated Brain Activity in Men," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 37 (2012): 447; A. Theodoridou et al., "Oxytocin and Social Perception: Oxytocin Increases Perceived Facial Trustworthiness and Attractiveness," Hormones and Behavior 56 (2009): 128. Не удалось воспроизвести: C. Apicella et al., "No Association between Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Gene Polymorphisms and Experimentally Elicited Social Preferences," Public Library of Science One 5 (2010): e11153.

Влияние окситоцина на агрессивность: M. Dhakar et al., "Heightened Aggressive Behavior in Mice with Lifelong versus Postweaning Knockout of the Oxytocin Receptor," Hormones and Behavior 62 (2012): 86; J. Winslow et al., "Infant Vocalization, Adult Aggression, and Fear Behavior of an Oxytocin Null Mutant Mouse," Hormones and Behavior 37 (2005): 145.

 C. De Dreu, "Oxytocin Modulates Cooperation within and Competition between Groups: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda," Hormones and Behavior 61 (2012): 419; C. De Dreu et al., "The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict among Humans," Science 328 (2011): 1408; C. De Dreu et al., "Oxytocin Promotes Human Ethnocentrism," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): 1262.

 K. Parker et al., "Preliminary Evidence That Plasma Oxytocin Levels Are Elevated in Major Depression," Psychiatry Research 178 (2010): 359; S. Freeman et al., "Effect of Age and Autism Spectrum Disorder on Oxytocin Receptor Density in the Human Basal Forebrain and Midbrain," Translational Psychiatry 8 (2018): 257.

 R. Sapolsky, "Stress and the Brain: Individual Variability and the Inverted-U," Nature Neuroscience 25 (2015): 1344.

 Влияние стресса и гормонов стресса на миндалину: J. Rosenkranz, E. Venheim & M. Padival, "Chronic Stress Causes Amygdala Hyperexcitability in Rodents," Biological Psychiatry 67 (2010): 1128; S. Duvarci & D. Pare, "Glucocorticoids Enhance the Excitability of Principal Basolateral Amygdala Neurons," Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007) 4482; A. Kavushansky & G. Richter-Levin, "Effects of Stress and Corticosterone on Activity and Plasticity in the Amygdala," Journal of Neuroscience Research 84 (2006): 1580; P. Rodriguez Manzanares et al., "Previous Stress Facilitates Fear Memory, Attenuates GABAergic Inhibition, and Increases Synaptic Plasticity in the Rat Basolateral Amygdala," Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005): 8725.

Влияние стресса и гормонов стресса на взаимодействие между миндалиной и гиппокампом: A. Kavushansky et al., "Activity and Plasticity in the CA1, the Dentate Gyrus, and the Amygdala Following Controllable Versus Uncontrollable Water Stress," Hippocampus 16 (2006): 35; H. Lakshminarasimhan & S. Chattarji, "Stress Leads to Contrasting Effects on the Levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Hippocampus and Amygdala," Public Library of Science One 7 (2012): e30481; S. Ghosh, T. Laxmi & S. Chattarji, "Functional Connectivity from the Amygdala to the Hippocampus Grows Stronger after Stress," Journal of Neuroscience 33 (2013): 7234.

 Влияние стресса и гормонов стресса на поведение: S. Preston et al., "Effects of Anticipatory Stress on Decision-Making in a Gambling Task," Behavioral Neuroscience 121 (2007): 257; P. Putman et al., "Exogenous Cortisol Acutely Influences Motivated Decision Making in Healthy Young Men," Psychopharmacology 208 (2010): 257; P. Putman, E. Hermans & J. van Honk, "Cortisol Administration Acutely Reduces Threat-Selective Spatial Attention in Healthy Young Men," Physiology and Behavior 99 (2010): 294; K. Starcke et al., "Anticipatory Stress Influences Decision Making under Explicit Risk Conditions," Behavioral Neuroscience 122 (2008): 1352.

Половые различия и эффекты стресса/гормонов стресса: R. van den Bos, M. Harteveld & H. Stoop, "Stress and Decision-Making in Humans: Performance Is Related to Cortisol Reactivity, Albeit Differently in Men and Women," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 34 (2009): 1449; N. Lighthall, M. Mather & M. Gorlick, "Acute Stress Increases Sex Differences in Risk Seeking in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task," Public Library of Science One 4 (2009): e6002; N. Lighthall et al., "Gender Differences in Reward-Related Decision Processing under Stress," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 7 (2012): 476.

Влияние стресса и гормонов стресса на агрессию: D. Hayden-Hixson & C. Ferris, "Steroid-Specific Regulation of Agonistic Responding in the Anterior Hypothalamus of Male Hamsters," Physiology and Behavior 50 (1991): 793; A. Poole & P. Brain, "Effects of Adrenalectomy and Treatments with ACTH and Glucocorticoids on Isolation-Induced Aggressive Behavior in Male Albino Mice," Progress in Brain Research 41 (1974): 465; E. Mikics, B. Barsy & J. Haller, "The Effect of Glucocorticoids on Aggressiveness in Established Colonies of Rats," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 32 (2007): 160; R. Böhnke et al., "Exogenous Cortisol Enhances Aggressive Behavior in Females, but Not in Males," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 35 (2010): 1034; K. Bertsch et al., "Exogenous Cortisol Facilitates Responses to Social Threat under High Provocation," Hormones and Behavior 59 (2011): 428.

Влияние стресса и гормонов стресса на принятие решений морального характера: K. Starcke, C. Polzer & O. Wolf, "Does Everyday Stress Alter Moral Decision-Making?," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 36 (2011): 210; F. Youssef, K. Dookeeram & V. Basdeo, "Stress Alters Personal Moral Decision Making," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 37 (2012): 491.

 Больше по этой теме в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 4.

 К сноске: Большая история (повторного) открытия нейрогенеза у взрослых, см.: M. Specter, "How the Songs of Canaries Upset a Fundamental Principle of Science," New Yorker, July 23, 2001.

Поведенческие следствия нейрогенеза у взрослых: G. Kempermann, "What Is Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Good For?," Frontiers of Neuroscience 16 (2022), doi.org/10.3389/­fnins.2022.852680; Y. Li, Y. Luo & Z. Chen, "Hypothalamic Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Confers Activity-Dependent Regulation of Memory and Anxiety-Like Behavior," Nature Neuroscience 25 (2022): 630; D. Seib et al., "Hippocampal Neurogenesis Promotes Preference for Future Rewards," Molecular Psychiatry 26 (2021): 6317; C. Anacker et al., "Hippocampal Neurogenesis Confers Stress Resilience by Inhibiting the Ventral Dentate Gyrus," Nature 559 (2018): 98.

Кроме всего прочего, опыт влияет еще и на рождение тех самых, менее бросающихся в глаза, глиальных клеток в мозге взрослых людей: A. Delgado et al., "Release of Stem Cells from Quiescence Reveals Gliogenic Domains in the Adult Mouse Brain," Science 372 (2021): 1205.

Дискуссия о том, в какой степени происходит нейрогенез у взрослых людей: S. Sorrells et al., "Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis Drops Sharply in Children to Undetectable Levels in Adults," Nature 555 (2018): 377. Противоположное мнение: M. Baldrini et al., "Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis Persists throughout Aging," Cell Stem Cell 22 (2018): 589. Статья с аналогичной точкой зрения: G. Kempermann, F. Gage & L. Aigner, "Human Neurogenesis: Evidence and Remaining Questions," Cell Stem Cell 23 (2018): 25. Голос в пользу революционеров: S. Ranade, "Single-Nucleus Sequencing Finds No Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Humans," Nature Neuroscience 25 (2022): 2.

 R. Hamilton et al., "Alexia for Braille Following Filateral Occipital Stroke in an Early Blind Woman," Neuroreport 11 (2000): 237; E. Striem-Amit et al., "Reading with Sounds: Sensory Substitution Selectively Activates the Visual Word Form Area in the Blind," Neuron 76 (2012): 640; A. Pascual-Leone, "Reorganization of Cortical Motor Outputs in the Acquisition of New Motor Skills," in Recent Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology, ed. J. Kinura & H. Shibasaki (Elsevier Science, 1996), pp. 304–8.

 S. Rodrigues, J. LeDoux & R. Sapolsky, "The Influence of Stress Hormones on Fear Circuitry," Annual Review of Neuroscience 32 (2009): 289.

 Общий обзор см.: B. Leuner and E. Gould, "Structural Plasticity and Hippocampal Function," Annual Review of Psychology 61 (2010): 111.

Влияние стресса на структуру гиппокампа: A. Magarinos & B. McEwen, "Stress-Induced Atrophy of Apical Dendrites of Hippocampal CA3c Neurons: Involvement of Glucocorticoid Secretion and Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors," Neuroscience 69 (1995): 89; A. Magarinos et al., "Chronic Psychosocial Stress Causes Apical Dendritic Atrophy of Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons in Subordinate Tree Shrews," Journal of Neuroscience 16 (1996): 3534; B. Eadie, V. Redila & B. Christie, "Voluntary Exercise Alters the Cytoarchitecture of the Adult Dentate Gyrus by Increasing Cellular Proliferation, Dendritic Complexity, and Spine Density," Journal of Comparative Neurology 486 (2005): 39; A. Vyas et al., "Chronic Stress Induces Contrasting Patterns of Dendritic Remodeling in Hippocampal and Amygdaloid Neurons," Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002): 6810.

Нейропластичность, имеющая отношение к депрессии: P. Videbach & B. Revnkilde, "Hippocampal Volume and Depression: A Meta-analysis of MRI Studies," American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 1957; L. Gerritsen et al., "Childhood Maltreatment Modifies the Relationship of Depression with Hippocampal Volume," Psychological Medicine 45 (2015): 3517.

Влияние физической активности и сенсорной стимуляции на нейропластичность: J. Firth et al., "Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Hippocampal Volume in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Neuroimage 166 (2018): 230; G. Clemenson, W. Deng & F. Gage, "Environmental Enrichment and Neurogenesis: From Mice to Humans," Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 4 (2015): 56.

Эстроген и нейропластичность: B. McEwen, "Estrogen Actions throughout the Brain," Recent Progress in Hormone Research 57 (2002): 357; N. Lisofsky et al., "Hippocampal Volume and Functional Connectivity Changes during the Female Menstrual Cycle," Neuroimage 118 (2015): 154; K. Albert et al., "Estrogen Enhances Hippocampal Gray-Matter Volume in Young and Older Postmenopausal Women: A Prospective Dose-Response Study," Neurobiology of Aging 56 (2017): 1.

 N. Brebe et al., "Pair-Bonding, Fatherhood, and the Role of Testosterone: A Meta-analytic Review," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 98 (2019): 221; Y. Ulrich-Lai et al., "Chronic Stress Induces Adrenal Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy in a Subregion-Specific Manner," American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 291 (2006): E965.

 J. Foster, "Modulating Brain Function with Microbiota," Science 376 (2022): 936; J. Cryan & S. Mazmanian, "Microbiota-Brain Axis: Context and Causality," Science 376 (2022): 938. Также см.: C. Chu et al., "The Microbiota Regulate Neuronal Function and Fear Extinction Learning," Nature 574 (2019): 543. Отличный пример того, как события предыдущих недель или месяцев безотчетно меняют поведение, см.: S. Mousa, "Building Social Cohesion between Christians and Muslims through Soccer in Post-ISIS Iraq," Science 369 (2020): 866. В целях эксперимента футбольные команды одной из лиг были составлены либо исключительно из игроков-христиан, либо из игроков двух разных религий (при этом сами игроки не знали, что так было задумано в рамках исследования). Проведя игровой сезон в компании мусульман, игроки-христиане проявляли гораздо больше симпатии к своим мусульманским товарищам по команде, не меняя при этом явно выраженного отношения к мусульманам.

 Больше по этой теме в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 5.

 A. Caballero, R. Granbeerg & K. Tseng, "Mechanisms Contributing to Prefrontal Cortex Maturation during Adolescence," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 70 (2016): 4; K. Delevich et al., "Coming of Age in the Frontal Cortex: The Role of Puberty in Cortical Maturation," Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 118 (2021): 64. Хроническое нарушение сна у мышей-подростков изменяет работу дофаминовой системы вознаграждения во взрослой жизни, и не в лучшую сторону; другими словами, наши мамы были правы, когда призывали нас не поддаваться подростковой тяге не спать по ночам: W. Bian et al., "Adolescent Sleep Shapes Social Novelty Preference in Mice," Nature Neuroscience 25 (2022): 912.

 E. Sowell et al., "Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation," Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2021): 8819; J. Giedd, "The Teen Brain: Insights from Neuroimaging," Journal of Adolescent Health 42 (2008): 335.

 К сноске: C. Gonzalez-Acosta et al., "von Economo Neurons in the Human Medial Frontopolar Cortex," Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 12 (2018), ; R. Hodge, J. Miller & E. Lein, "Transcriptomic Evidence That von Economo Neurons Are Regionally Specialized Extratelencephalic-Projecting Excitatory Neurons," Nature Communications 11 (2020): 1172.

 Больше об этой теме, а также об особенностях эволюции замедленного созревания лобной коры см. в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 6.

 Отличное введение в действительно монументальный труд Колберга: D. Garz, Lawrence Kohlberg: An Introduction (Barbra Budrich, 2009).

 D. Baumrind, "Child Care Practices Anteceding Three Patterns of Preschool Behavior," Genetic Psychology Monographs 75 (1967): 43; E. Maccoby & J. Martin, "Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent-Child Interaction," in Handbook of Child Psychology, ed. P. Mussen (Wiley, 1983).

 J. R. Harris, The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do (Free Press, 1998).

 W. Wei, J. Lu & L. Wang, "Regional Ambient Temperature Is Associated with Human Personality," Nature Human Behaviour 1 (2017): 890; R. McCrae et al., "Climatic Warmth and National Wealth: Some Culture-Level Determinants of National Character Stereotypes," European Journal of Personality 21 (2007): 953; G. Hofsteded and R. McCrae, "Personality and Culture Revisited: Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture," Cross-Cultural Research 38 (2004): 52.

 I. Weaver et al., "Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior," Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 847. Пример того, как стресс в раннем возрасте вызывает эпигенетические изменения в работе мозга взрослого человека, вплоть до регуляции генов в отдельных нейронах, см.: H. Kronman et al., "Long-Term Behavioral and Cell-Type-Specific Molecular Effects of Early Life Stress Are Mediated by H3K79me2 Dynamics in Medium Spiny Neurons," Nature Neuroscience 24 (2021): 667. Можно было бы подумать, что негативные последствия, скажем, низкого социально-экономического статуса в детстве выражаются в задержке развития мозга, однако это не так. Напротив, проблема в том, что стресс в раннем возрасте ускоряет созревание мозга, а это значит, что окно для его формирования под влиянием опыта закрывается раньше: U. Tooley, D. Bassett & P. Mackay, "Environmental Influences on the Pace of Brain Development," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 22 (2021): 372.

 D. Francis et al., "Nongenomic Transmission Across Generations of Maternal Behavior and Stress Responses in the Rat," Science 286 (1999): 1155; N. Provencal et al., "The Signature of Maternal Rearing in the Methylome in Rhesus Macaque Prefrontal Cortex and T Cells," Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2012): 15626. У диких павианов низкий ранг в иерархии доминирования сокращает ожидаемую продолжительность жизни не только у самки, но и у первого поколения ее потомства: M. Zipple et al., "Intergenerational Effects of Early Adversity on Survival in Wild Baboons," eLife 8 (2019): е47433.

 Концепция негативного детского опыта разработана Винсентом Фелитти из Калифорнийского университета в Сан-Диего и Робертом Анда из Центров по контролю и профилактике заболевай (CDC). См., например: V. Felitti et al., "Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study," American Journal of Preventative Medicine 14 (1998): 245. Изначально они изучали взаимосвязь между баллами НДО и состоянием здоровья взрослых. См., например: V. Felitti, "The Relation between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Health: Turning Gold into Lead," Permanente Journal 6 (2002): 44. Полученные им результаты стабильно воспроизводятся и дополняются. См., например: K. Hughes et al., "The Effect of Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Lancet Public Health 2 (2017): e356; K. Petruccelli, J. Davis & T. Berman, "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Associated Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Child Abuse & Neglect 97 (2019): 104127. Позже начались масштабные исследования, посвященные взаимосвязи между показателями НДО и насилием и антисоциальным поведением во взрослом возрасте. См. следующие публикации (на основе которых была получена оценка 35%-ного роста): T. Moffitt et al., "A Gradient of Childhood Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth, and Public Safety," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): 2693; J. Reavis et al., "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Criminality: How Long Must We Live Before We Possess Our Own Lives?," Permanente Journal 17 (2013): 44; J. Craig et al., "A Little Early Risk Goes a Long Bad Way: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Life-Course Offending in the Cambridge Study," Journal of Criminal Justice 53 (2017): 34; J. Stinson et al., "Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Onset of Aggression and Criminality in a Forensic Inpatient Sample," International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 20 (2021): 374; L. Dutin et al., "Criminal History and Adverse Childhood Experiences in Relation to Recidivism and Social Functioning in Multi-problem Young Adults," Criminal Justice and Behavior 48, no. 5 (2021): 637; B. Fox et al., "Trauma Changes Everything: Examining the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders," Child Abuse & Neglect 46 (2015): 163; M. Baglivio et al., "The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Juvenile Offending Trajectories in a Juvenile Offender Sample," Journal of Criminal Justice 43 (2015): 229. Хороший обзор: M. Baglivio, "On Cumulative Childhood Traumatic Exposure and Violence/Aggression: The Implications of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)," in Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression, 2nd ed., ed. A. Vazsonyi, D. Flannery & M. DeLisi (Cambridge University Press, 2018), p. 467; G. Graf et al., "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Justice System Contact: A Systematic Review," Pediatrics 147 (2021): e2020021030.

 Эффекту относительного возраста уделяется большое внимание в следующих двух книгах: M. Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (Little Brown, 2008); S. Levitt & S. Dubner, Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance (William Morrow, 2009). Другие исследования феномена: E. Dhuey & S. Lipscomb, "What Makes a Leader? Relative Age and High School Leadership," Economic Educational Review 27 (2008): 173; D. Lawlor et al., "Season of Birth and Childhood Intelligence: Findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Cohort Study," British Journal of Educational Psychology 76 (2006): 481; A. Thompson, R. Barnsley & J. Battle, "The Relative Age Effect and the Development of Self-Esteem," Educational Research 46 (2004): 313.

 Подробнее по этой теме см. в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 7.

 T. Roseboom et al., "Hungry in the Womb: What Are the Consequences? Lessons from the Dutch Famine," Maturitas 70 (2011): 141; B. Horsthemke, "A Critical View on Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance in Humans," Nature Communications 9 (2018): 2973; B. Van den Bergh et al., "Prenatal Developmental Origins of Behavior and Mental Health: The Influence of Maternal Stress in Pregnancy," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 117 (2020): 26; F. Gomes, X. Zhu & A. Grace, "Stress during Critical Periods of Development and Risk for Schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Research 213 (2019): 107; A. Brown & E. Susser, "Prenatal Nutritional Deficiency and Risk of Adult Schizophrenia," Schizophrenia Bulletin 3 (2008): 1054; D. St. Clair et al., "Rates of Adult Schizophrenia Following Prenatal Exposure to the Chinese Famine of 1959–1961," Journal of the American Medical Association 294 (2005): 557. Эта тема развивается в рамках концепции происхождения болезней взрослых, разработанной Дэвидом Баркером из Саутгемптонского университета (Великобритания). См., например: D. Barker et al., "Fetal Origins of Adult Disease: Strength of Effects and Biological Basis," International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (2002): 1235. Скептическое прочтение всей этой литературы с выводом о том, что масштабы эффектов, как правило, преувеличиваются, см.: S. Richardson, The Maternal Imprint: The Contested Science of Maternal-Fetal Effects (University of Chicago Press, 2021).

 Больше по этой теме см. в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 7.

 J. Bacque-Cazenave et al., "Serotonin in Animal Cognition and Behavior," Journal of Molecular Science 21 (2020): 1649; E. Coccaro et al., "Serotonin and Impulsive Aggression," CNS Spectrum 20 (2015): 295; J. Siegel & M. Crockett, "How Serotonin Shapes Moral Judgment and Behavior," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1299 (2013): 42; J. Palacios, "Serotonin Receptors in Brain Revisited," Brain Research 1645 (2016): 46.

 J. Liu et al., "Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Polymorphisms Contribute to Opioid Dependence and Addiction by Affecting Promoter Region Function," Neuromolecular Medicine 22 (2020): 391.

 M. Bakermans-Kranenburg & M. van Ijzendoorn, "Differential Susceptibility to Rearing Environment Depending on Dopamine-Related Genes: New Evidence and a Meta-analysis," Development and Psychopathology 23 (2011): 39; M. Sweitzer et al., "Polymorphic Variation in the Dopamine D4 Receptor Predicts Delay Discounting as a Function of Childhood Socioeconomic Status: Evidence for Differential Susceptibility," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8 (2013): 499; N. Perroud et al., "COMT but Not Serotonin-Related Genes Modulates the Influence of Childhood Abuse on Anger Traits," Genes Brain and Behavior 9 (2010): 193; S. Lee et al., "Association of Maternal Dopamine Transporter Genotype with Negative Parenting: Evidence for Gene x Environment Interaction with Child Disruptive Behavior," Molecular Psychiatry 15 (2010): 548. Хороший пример тех же паттернов генов/воспитания у приматов, см.: M. Champoux et al., "Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism, Differential Early Rearing, and Behavior in Rhesus Monkey Neonates," Molecular Psychiatry 7 (2002): 1058. Стоит отметить, что споры вокруг взаимовлияния генов и воспитания у людей не утихают много лет: одна сторона утверждает, что эти взаимосвязи не надежны и не воспроизводятся, а другая — что они устойчивы, если принимать во внимание только те исследования, которые были сделаны как следует. См., например: M. Wankerl et al., "Current Developments and Controversies: Does the Serotonin Transporter Gene-Linked Polymorphic Region (5-HTTLPR) Modulate the Association Between Stress and Depression?," Current Opinion in Psychiatry 23 (2010): 582.

 E. Lein et al., "Genome-wide Atlas of Gene Expression in the Adult Mouse Brain," Nature 445 (2007): 168; Y. Jin et al., "Architecture of Polymorphisms in the Human Genome Reveals Functionally Important and Positively Selected Variants in Immune Response and Drug Transporter Genes," Human Genomics 12 (2018): 43.

 Подробнее по этой теме см. в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 8.

 Межкультурные различия: H. Markus & S. Kitayama, "Culture and Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation," Psychological Review 98 (1991): 224; A. Cuddy et al., "Stereotype Content Model across Cultures: Towards Universal Similarities and Some Differences," British Journal of Social Psychology 48 (2009): 1; R. Nisbett, The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently... and Why (Free Press, 2003).

Нейронные основы некоторых различий: S. Kitayama & A. Uskul, "Culture, Mind, and the Brain: Current Evidence and Future Directions," Annual Review of Psychology 62 (2011): 419; B. Park et al., "Neural Evidence for Cultural Differences in the Valuation of Positive Facial Expressions," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11 (2015): 243; B. Cheon et al., "Cultural Influences on Neural Basis of Intergroup Empathy," Neuroimage 57 (2011): 642. Межкультурные различия в ощущении вины/стыда: H. Katchadourian, Guilt: The Bite of Conscience (Stanford General Books, 2011); J. Jacquet, Is Shame Necessary? New Uses for an Old Tool (Pantheon, 2015).

 T. Hedden et al., "Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control," Psychological Science 19 (2008): 12; S. Han & G. Northoff, "Culture-Sensitive Neural Substrates of Human Cognition: A Transcultural Neuroimaging Approach," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 646; T. Masuda & R. E. Nisbett, "Attending Holistically vs. Analytically: Comparing the Context Sensitivity of Japanese and Americans," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001): 922; J. Chiao, "Cultural Neuroscience: A Once and Future Discipline," Progress in Brain Research 178 (2009): 287.

 K. Zhang and H. Changsha, World Heritage in China (Press of South China University of Technology, 2006).

 T. Talhelm et al., "Large-Scale Psychological Differences within China Explained by Rice versus Wheat Agriculture," Science 344 (2014): 603; T. Talhelm, X. Zhang & S. Oishi, "Moving Chairs in Starbucks: Observational Studies Find Rice-Wheat Cultural Differences in Daily Life in China," Science Advances 4 (2018), doi:10.1126/­sciadv.aap8469.

 К сноске: Генетика межкультурных различий: H. Harpending & G. Cochran, "In Our Genes," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (2002): 10. Специальные статьи в этой области: Y. Ding et al., "Evidence of Positive Selection Acting at the Human Dopamine Receptor D4 Gene Locus," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (2002): 309; F. Chang et al., "The World-wide Distribution of Allele Frequencies at the Human Dopamine D4 Receptor Locus," Human Genetics 98 (1996): 891; K. Kidd et al., "An Historical Perspective on 'The World-wide Distribution of Allele Frequencies at the Human Dopamine D4 Receptor Locus,'" Human Genetics 133 (2014): 431; C. Chen et al., "Population Migration and the Variation of Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) Allele Frequencies around the Globe," Evolution and Human Behavior 20 (1999): 309.

Доступное неспециалистам введение в тему: R. Sapolsky, "Are the Desert People Winning?," Discover, August 2005, 38.

 К сноске: M. Fleisher, Kuria Cattle Raiders: Violence and Vigilantism on the Tanzania/Kenya Frontier (University of Michigan Press, 2000); M. Fleisher, "'War Is Good for Thieving!': The Symbiosis of Crime and Warfare among the Kuria of Tanzania," Africa 72 (200): 1. В этой напряженной ситуации я, конечно, болею за масаи; напряженность между масаи и куриа существует уже очень, очень давно, но благодаря произволу европейских колонизаторов прошлого столетия теперь, когда эти две группы приходят в столкновение, это расценивается как международный конфликт; R. McMahon, Homicide in Pre-famine and Famine Ireland (Liverpool University Press, 2013); R. Nisbett & D. Cohen, Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Westview Press, 1996); B. Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (Oxford University Press, 1982). Теория о происхождении южной культуры чести у скотоводов c Британских островов: D. Fischer, Albion's Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989).

 К сноске: E. Van de Vliert, "The Global Ecology of Differentiation between Us and Them," Nature Humaт Behaviour 4 (2020): 270. Ко второй сноске: F. Lederbogen et al., "City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans," Nature 474 (2011): 498; D. Kennedy & R. Adolphs, "Stress and the City," Nature 474 (2011): 452; A. Abbott, "City Living Marks the Brain," Nature 474 (2011): 429; M. Gelfand et al., "Differences between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study," Science 332 (2011): 1100.

 К сноске: K. Hill & R. Boyd, "Behavioral Convergence in Humans and Animals," Science 371 (2021): 235; T. Barsbai, D. Lukas, and A. Pondorfer, "Local Convergence of Behavior across Species," Science 371 (2021): 292. Больше по этой теме см. в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 9.

 Больше по этой теме см. в книге Р. Сапольски «Биология добра и зла», в главе 10.

 P. Alces, Trialectic: The Confluence of Law, Neuroscience, and Morality (University of Chicago Press, 2023). P. Tse, "Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain," in Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, ed. G. Caruso & O. Flanagan (Oxford University Press, 2018).

 N. Levy, Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 87.

К сноске: Пафос такого положения дел прекрасно описан в: Charles Johnson, "China", The Penguin Book of the American Short Story, ed. J. Freeman (Penguin Press, 2021), p. 92: «"Я могу быть только тем, кто я есть?" — спросил он тихо, но голос его задрожал». Спасибо Мие Консил, которая обратила на это мое внимание.

Глава 4. ВОЛЕВАЯ СИЛА ВОЛИ: МИФ ОБ УПОРСТВЕ

 N. Levy, "Luck and History-Sensitive Compatibilism," Philosophical Quarterly 59 (2009): 237, p. 242.

 G. Caruso & D. Dennett, "Just Deserts," Aeon, https://aeon.co/essays/on-free-will-daniel-dennett-and-gregg-caruso-go-head-to-head.

 R. Kane, "Free Will, Mechanism and Determinism," in Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014), p. 130; M. Shadlen & A. Roskies, "The Neurobiology of Decision-Making and Responsibility: Reconciling Mechanism and Mindedness," Frontiers of Neuroscience 6 (2012), .

 S. Spence, The Actor's Brain: Exploring the Cognitive Neuroscience of Free Will (Oxford University Press, 2009).

 P. Tse, "Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain," Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, ed. G. Caruso & O. Flanagan (Oxford University Press, 2013).

 A. Roskies, "Can Neuroscience Resolve Issues about Free Will?," Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014), p. 116; M. Gazzaniga, "Mental Life and Responsibility in Real Time with a Determined Brain," in Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014), 59.

 Семьи, теряющие состояние: C. Hill, "Here's Why 90% of Rich People Squander Their Fortunes," MarketWatch, April 23, 2017, .

К сноске: J. White & G. Batty, "Intelligence across Childhood in Relation to Illegal Drug Use in Adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 66 (2012): 767.

 J. Cantor, "Do Pedophiles Deserve Sympathy?" CNN, June 21, 2012.

 К сноске: Z. Goldberger, "Music of the Left Hemisphere: Exploring the Neurobiology of Absolute Pitch," Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 74 (2001): 323.

 K. Semendeferi et al., "Humans and Great Apes Share a Large Frontal Cortex," Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 272; P. Schoenemann, "Evolution of the Size and Functional Areas of the Human Brain," Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (2006): 379. К тому же, в зависимости от метода измерения, человеческая ПФК пропорционально больше по размеру, а также превосходит по плотности и сложности нейронных связей ПФК всех прочих приматов: J. Rilling & T. Insel, "The Primate Neocortex in Comparative Perspective Using MRI," Journal of Human Evolution 37 (1999): 191; R. Barton & C. Venditti, "Human Frontal Lobes Are Not Relatively Large," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (2013): 9001. Все эти выводы ограничиваются необходимостью выяснить, что же является эквивалентом лобной коры головного мозга человека, скажем, у лабораторной крысы; см. M. Carlen, "What Constitutes the Prefrontal Cortex?," Science 358 (2017): 478.

 E. Miller & J. Cohen, "An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function," Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001): 167; L. Gao et al., "Single-Neuron Projectome of Mouse Prefrontal Cortex," Nature Neuroscience 25 (2022): 515; V. Mante et al., "Context-Dependent Computation by Recurrent Dynamics in Prefrontal Cortex," Nature 503 (2013): 78. Еще пара примеров участия лобной коры в переключении между задачами: S. Bunge, "How We Use Rules to Select Actions: A Review of Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience," Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 4 (2004): 564; E. Crone et al., "Evidence for Separable Neural Processes Underlying Flexible Rule Use," Cerebral Cortex 16 (2005): 475.

 R. Dunbar, "The Social Brain Meets Neuroimaging," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (2011): 101; P. Lewis et al., "Ventromedial Prefrontal Volume Predicts Understanding of Others and Social Network Size," Neuroimage 57 (2011): 1624; K. Bickart et al., "Intrinsic Amygdala-Cortical Functional Connectivity Predicts Social Network Size in Humans," Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2012): 14729; R. Kanai et al., "Online Social Network Size Is Reflected in Human Brain Structure," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (2012): 1327; J. Sallet et al., "Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques," Science 334 (2011): 697.

 J. Kubota, M. Banaji, & E. Phelps, "The Neuroscience of Race," Nature Neuroscience 15 (2012): 940.

К сноске: J. Eberhardt, Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do (Viking, 2019).

 N. Eisenberger, M. Lieberman & K. Williams, "Does Rejection Hurt? An FMRI Study of Social Exclusion," Science 302 (2003): 290; N. Eisenberger, "The Pain of Social Disconnection: Examining the Shared Neural Underpinnings of Physical and Social Pain," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2012): 421; C. Masten, N. Eisenberger & L. Borofsky, "Neural Correlates of Social Exclusion during Adolescence: Understanding the Distress of Peer Rejection," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4 (2009): 143. Интересное исследование регуляции генов в префронтальной коре головного мозга, обеспечивающих устойчивость во время стресса: Z. Lorsch et al., "Stress Resilience Is Promoted by a Zfp189-Driven Transcriptional Network in Prefrontal Cortex," Nature Neuroscience 22 (2019): 1413.

 Нейробиология страха: C. Herry et al., "Switching On and Off Fear by Distinct Neuronal Circuits," Nature 454 (2008): 600; S. Maren & G. Quirk, "Neuronal Signaling of Fear Memory," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (2004): 844; S. Rodrigues, R. Sapolsky & J. LeDoux, "The Influence of Stress Hormones on Fear Circuitry," Annual Review of Neuroscience 32 (2009): 289; O. Klavir et al., "Manipulating Fear Associations via Optogenetic Modulation of Amygdala Inputs to Prefrontal Cortex," Nature Neuroscience 20 (2017): 836; S. Ciocchi et al., "Encoding of Conditioned Fear in Central Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits," Nature 468 (2010): 277; W. Haubensak et al., "Genetic Dissection of an Amygdala Microcircuit That Gates Conditioned Fear," Nature 468 (2010): 270.

Нейробиология торможения страха: M. Milad & G. Quirk, "Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signal Memory for Fear Extinction," Nature 420 (2002): 70; E. Phelps et al., "Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC," Neuron 43 (2004): 897.

Нейробиология повторения условно-рефлекторной реакции страха: R. Marek et al., "Hippocampus-Driven Feed-Forward Inhibition of the Prefrontal Cortex Mediates Relapse of Extinguished Fear," Nature Neuroscience 21 (2018): 384.

 J. Greene & J. Paxton, "Patterns of Neural Activity Associated with Honest and Dishonest Moral Decisions," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (2009): 12506. Кроме того, рекомендую превосходную книгу: J. Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them (Penguin Press, 2013).

 H. Terra et al., "Prefrontal Cortical Projection Neurons Targeting Dorsomedial Striatum Control Behavioral Inhibition," Current Biology 30 (2020): 4188; S. de Kloet et al., "Bidirectional Regulation of Cognitive Control by Distinct Prefrontal Cortical Output Neurons to Thalamus and Striatum," Nature Communications 12 (2021): 1994.

 Лобный синдром: R. Bonelli & J. Cummings, "Frontal-Subcortical Circuitry and Behavior," Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 9 (2007); E. Huey, "A Critical Review of Behavioral and Emotional Disinhibition," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 208 (2020): 344. (С гордостью могу сказать, что автор, профессор Медицинской школы Колумбийского университета, когда-то был звездой моей лаборатории.)

Повреждение лобной доли и преступность: B. Miller & J. Llibre Guerra, "Frontotemporal Dementia," Handbook of Clinical Neurology 165 (2019): 33; M. Brower & B. Price, "Neuropsychiatry of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Violent and Criminal Behaviour: A Critical Review," Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 71 (2001): 720; E. Shiroma, P. Ferguson & E. Pickelsimer, "Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in an Offender Population: A Meta-analysis," Journal of Corrective Health Care 16 (2010): 147.

К сноске: J. Allman et al., "The von Economo Neurons in the Frontoinsular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1225 (2011): 59; C. Butti et al., "von Economo Neurons: Clinical and Evolutionary Perspectives," Cortex 49 (2013): 312; H. Evrard et al., "von Economo Neurons in the Anterior Insula of the Macaque Monkey," Neuron 74 (2012): 482. Критика представлений о связи эмпатии, зеркальных нейронов и нейронов фон Экономо: G. Hickok, The Myth of Mirror Neurons: The Real Neuroscience of Communication and Cognition (Norton, 2014).

 Y. Wang et al., "Neural Circuitry Underlying REM Sleep: A Review of the Literature and Current Concepts," Progress in Neurobiology 204 (2021): 102106; J. Greene et al., "An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment," Science 293 (2001): 2105; J. Greene et al., "The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment," Neuron 44 (2004): 389.

 A. Barbey, M. Koenigs & J. Grafman, "Dorsolateral Prefrontal Contributions to Human Intelligence," Neuropsychologia 51 (2013): 1361. Обзор функций длПФК и вмПФК см.: Greene, Moral Tribes.

 D. Knock et al., "Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex," Science 314 (2006): 829; A. Bechara, "The Role of Emotion in Decision-Making: Evidence from Neurological Patients with Orbitofrontal Damage," Brain and Cognition 55 (2004): 30; A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (Harcourt, 1999). Эти вопросы также исследуются в: L. Koban, P. Gianaros & T. Wager, "The Self in Context: Brain Systems Linking Mental and Physical Health," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 22 (2021): 309.

К сноске: E. Mas-Herrero, A. Dagher, and R. Zatorre, "Modulating Musical Reward Sensitivity Up and Down with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation," Nature Human Behaviour 2 (2018); 27. См. также: J. Grahn, "Tuning the Brain to Musical Delight," Nature Human Behaviour 2 (2018): 17.

 M. Koenigs et al., "Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex Increases Utilitarian Moral Judgments," Nature 446 (2007): 865; B. Thomas, K. Croft & D. Tranel, "Harming Kin to Save Strangers: Further Evidence for Abnormally Utilitarian Moral Judgments after Ventromedial Prefrontal Damage," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23 (2011): 2186; L. Young et al., "Damage to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Judgment of Harmful Intent," Neuron 25 (2010): 845.

 J. Saver & A. Damasio, "Preserved Access and Processing of Social Knowledge in a Patient with Acquired Sociopathy Due to Ventromedial Frontal Damage," Neuropsychologia 29 (1991): 1241; M. Donoso, A. Collins & E. Koechlin, "Foundations of Human Reasoning in the Prefrontal Cortex," Science 344 (2014): 1481; T. Hare, "Exploiting and Exploring the Options," Science 344 (2014): 1446; T. Baumgartner et al., "Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Orchestrate Normative Choice," Nature Neuroscience 14 (2011): 1468; A. Bechara, "The Role of Emotion in Decision-Making: Evidence from Neurological Patients with Orbitofrontal Damage," Brain and Cognition 55 (2004): 30. Последствия повреждения вмПФК: G. Moretto, M. Sellitto & G. Pellegrino, "Investment and Repayment in a Trust Game after Centromedial Prefrontal Damage," Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 7 (2013): 593.

 ПФК держит на контроле устойчивые правила распределения по категориям: S. Reinert et al., "Mouse Prefrontal Cortex Represents Learned Rules for Categorization," Nature 593 (2021): 411. Необходимость непрерывной напряженной работы ПФК, вынужденной отслеживать постоянно меняющиеся правила, у крыс может растягиваться на недели (что для них долго): M. Chen et al., "Persistent Transcriptional Programmes Are Associated with Remote Memory," Nature 587 (2020): 437.

Понятие «когнитивная нагрузка» стало весьма спорным. Концепции когнитивного резерва и истощения эго были впервые предложены социальным психологом Роем Баумайстером и его коллегами: R. Baumeister & L. Newman, "Self-Regulation of Cognitive Inference and Decision Processes," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (1994): 3; R. Baumeister, M. Muraven & D. Tice, "Ego Depletion: A Resource Model of Volition, Self-Regulation, and Controlled Processing," Social Cognition 18 (2000): 130; R. Baumeister et al., "Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1988): 1252. Однако в ряде исследований стали появляться сообщения о проблемах с воспроизведением эффекта (например, L. Koppel et al., "No Effect of Ego Depletion on Risk Taking," Science Reports 9 [2019]: 9724). При этом другие исследователи сообщают, что им удалось его воспроизвести; см., например: M. Hagger et al., "A Multilab Preregistered Replication of the Ego-Depletion Effect," Perspectives on Psychological Science 11 (2016): 546. Обсуждение возможных истоков такой путаницы можно найти в: M. Friese et al., "Is Ego Depletion Real? An Analysis of Arguments," Personality and Social Psychology Review 23 (2019): 107. Баумайстер с коллегами ответили на сообщения о невозможности воспроизвести их результаты в статье: R. Baumeister & K. Vohs, "Misguided Effort with Elusive Implications," Perspectives on Psychological Science 11 (2016): 574. Метаанализы этих исследований стали настолько многочисленными — и привели при этом к противоречивым выводам относительно реальности эффекта, — что теперь существуют даже метаанализы метаанализов: S. Harrison et al., "Exploring Strategies to Operationalize Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of Reviews," Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 37 (2015): 253. Я не в состоянии оценить дебаты вокруг социально-психологических аспектов этих исследований, не говоря уже об анализе данных; я чувствую себя увереннее, оценивая их биологические аспекты. Поэтому, на мой взгляд стороннего наблюдателя, эффекты эти зачастую реальны, но, как правило, они значительно меньше, чем предполагалось в ранних исследованиях. Это, конечно, не первый случай, когда в науке возникает необходимость в такого рода пересмотре.

 W. Hofmann, W. Rauch & B. Gawronski, "And Deplete Us Not into Temptation: Automatic Attitudes, Dietary Restraint, and Self-Regulatory Resources as Determinants of Eating Behavior," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007): 497.

 H. Kato, A. Jena & Y. Tsugawa, "Patient Mortality after Surgery on the Surgeon's Birthday: Observational Study," British Medical Journal 371 (2020): m4381.

 M. Kouchaki & I. Smith, "The Morning Morality Effect: The Influence of Time of Day on Unethical Behavior," Psychological Sciences 25 (2014): 95; F. Gino et al., "Unable to Resist Temptation: How Self-Control Depletion Promotes Unethical Behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 115 (2011): 191–92; N. Mead et al., "Too Tired to Tell the Truth: Self-Control Resource Depletion and Dishonesty," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (2009): 594. Те же эффекты в сфере медицины: T. Johnson et al., "The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias," Academy of Emergency Medicine 23 (2016): 29; P. Trinh, D. Hoover & F. Sonnenberg, "Time-of-Day Changes in Physician Clinical Decision Making: A Retrospective Study," PLoS One 16 (2021): e0257500; H. Nephrash & M. Barnett, "Association of Primary Care Clinic Appointment Time with Opioid Prescribing," JAMA Open Network 2 (2019): e1910373.

 S. Danziger, J. Levav & L. Avnaim-Pesso, "Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): 6889.

К сноске: Эффект голодного судьи: K. Weinshall-Margel & J. Shapard, "Overlooked Factors in the Analysis of Parole Decisions," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): E833. См. также: A. Glöckner, "The Irrational Hungry Judge Effect Revisited: Simulations Reveal That the Magnitude of the Effect Is Overestimated," Judgment and Decision Making 11 (2016): 601. Дополнительные исследования: D. Hangartner, D. Kopp & M. Siegenthaler, "Monitoring Hiring Discrimination through Online Recruitment Platforms," Nature 589 (2021): 572. См. также: P. Hunter, "Your Decisions Are What You Eat: Metabolic State Can Have a Serious Impact on Risk-Taking and Decision-Making in Humans and Animals," EMBO Reports 14 (2013): 505. Между тем последующие исследования предложили новую версию влияния неявных факторов на судебные решения: в среднем судьи выносят более мягкие приговоры в день рождения подсудимого. Например, в залах суда Нового Орлеана длительность тюремного срока сокращается примерно на 15%; при этом эффект примерно вдвое выше, если судья и подсудимый принадлежат к одной расе. А если за день до или в день после дня рождения? Никаких шансов, никакого эффекта. И что еще более показательно, но не удивительно, ни один судья не упомянул в своем судебном решении такого понятия, как день рождения. В названии статьи точно подмечено, что здесь перед нами случай столкновения ценностей: «преступники должны быть наказаны» против «мы должны быть добры к людям в их день рождения». D. Chen & P. Arnaud, "Clash of Norms: Judicial Leniency on Defendant Birthdays" SSRN (2020), or .

 D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013). Чтобы глубже понять мысль Канемана, см. также: H. Nohlen, F. van Harreveld & W. Cunningham, "Social Evaluations under Conflict: Negative Judgments of Conflicting Information Are Easier Than Positive Judgments," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14 (2019): 709.

 К сноске: T. Baer & S. Schnall, "Quantifying the Cost of Decision Fatigue: Suboptimal Risk Decisions in Finance," Royal Society Open Science 5 (2021): 201059.

 I. Beaulieu-Boire & A. Lang, "Behavioral Effects of Levodopa," Movement Disorders 30 (2015): 90.

 L. R. Mujica-Parodi et al., "Chemosensory Cues to Conspecific Emotional Stress Activate Amygdala in Humans," Public Library of Science One 4, no. 7 (2009): e6415. Переход улицы в неположенном месте: B. Pawlowski, R. Atwal & R. Dunbar, "Sex Differences in Everyday Risk-Taking Behavior in Humans," Evolutionary Psychology 6 (2008): 29.

К сноске: L. Chang et al., "The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships: The MatingWarring Association in Men," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37 (2011): 976; S. Ainsworth & J. Maner, "Sex Begets Violence: Mating Motives, Social Dominance, and Physical Aggression in Men," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103 (2012): 819; W. Iredale, M. van Vugt & R. Dunbar, "Showing Off in Humans: Male Generosity as a Mating Signal," Evolutionary Psychology 6 (2008): 386; M. Van Vugt & W. Iredale, "Men Behaving Nicely: Public Goods as Peacock Tails," British Journal of Psychology 104 (2013): 3. Ох уж эти скейтбордисты: R. Ronay & W. von Hippel, "The Presence of an Attractive Woman Elevates Testosterone and Physical Risk Taking in Young Men," Social Psychological and Personality Science 1 (2010): 1.

 J. Ferguson et al., "Oxytocin in the Medial Amygdala Is Essential for Social Recognition in the Mouse," Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): 8278; R. Griksiene & O. Ruksenas, "Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Mental Rotation and Verbal Fluency," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 36 (2011): 1239–1248; R. Norbury et al., "Estrogen Therapy and Brain Muscarinic Receptor Density in Healthy Females: A SPET Study," Hormones and Behavior 5 (2007): 249.

 Влияние стресса на силу лобной функции: S. Qin et al., "Acute Psychological Stress Reduces Working Memory–Related Activity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex," Biological Psychiatry 66 (2009): 25; L. Schwabe et al., "Simultaneous Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Disrupts the Neural Basis of Goal-Directed Action in the Human Brain," Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2012): 10146; A. Arnsten, M. Wang & C. Paspalas, "Neuromodulation of Thought: Flexibilities and Vulnerabilities in Prefrontal Cortical Network Synapses," Neuron 76 (2012): 223; A. Arnsten, "Stress Weakens Prefrontal Networks: Molecular Insults to Higher Cognition," Nature Neuroscience 18 (2015): 1376; E. Woo et al., "Chronic Stress Weakens Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: Architectural and Molecular Changes," Chronic Stress 5 (2021), doi:2470547­0211029254.

 Влияние тестостерона на лобную кору: P. Mehta & J. Beer, "Neural Mechanisms of the Testosterone-Aggression Relation: The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (2010): 2357; E. Hermans et al., "Exogenous Testosterone Enhances Responsiveness to Social Threat in the Neural Circuitry of Social Aggression in Humans," Biological Psychiatry 63 (2008): 263; G. van Wingen et al., "Testosterone Reduces AmygdalaOrbitofrontal Cortex Coupling," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 35 (2010): 105; I. Volman et al., "Endogenous Testosterone Modulates Prefrontal-Amygdala Connectivity during Social Emotional Behavior," Cerebral Cortex 21 (2011): 2282; P. Bos et al., "The Neural Mechanisms by Which Testosterone Acts on Interpersonal Trust," Neuroimage 61 (2012): 730; P. Bos et al., "Testosterone Reduces Functional Connectivity during the 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' Test," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 68 (2016): 194; R. Handa, G. Hejnaa, & G. Murphy, "Androgen Inhibits Neurotransmitter Turnover in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat Following Exposure to a Novel Environment," Brain Research 751 (1997): 131; T. Hajszan et al., "Effects of Androgens and Estradiol on Spine Synapse Formation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Normal and Testicular Feminization Mutant Male Rats," Endocrinology 148 (2007): 1963.

Влияние окситоцина на лобную кору: N. Ebner et al., "Oxytocin's Effect on Resting-State Functional Connectivity Varies by Age and Sex," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 69 (2016): 50; S. Dodhia et al., "Modulation of Resting-State Amygdala-Frontal Functional Connectivity by Oxytocin in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder," Neuro­psychopharmacology 39 (2014): 2061.

Влияние эстрогена на лобную кору: R. Hill et al., "Estrogen Deficiency Results in Apoptosis in the Frontal Cortex of Adult Female Aromatase Knockout Mice," Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 41 (2009): 1; R. Brinton et al., "Equilin, a Principal Component of the Estrogen Replacement Therapy Premarin, Increases the Growth of Cortical Neurons via an NMDA Receptor–Dependent Mechanism," Experimental Neurology 147 (1997): 211.

 Влияние различных видов негативного опыта на лобную кору. Депрессия: E. Belleau, M. Treadway & D. Pizzagalli, "The Impact of Stress and Major Depressive Disorder on Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Morphology," Biological Psychiatry 85 (2019): 443; F. Calabrese et al., "Neuronal Plasticity: A Link between Stress and Mood Disorders," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 34, supp. 1 (2009): S208; S. Chiba et al., "Chronic Restraint Stress Causes Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors, Downregulates Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression, and Attenuates Glutamate Release Induced by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Prefrontal Cortex," Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 39 (2012): 112; J. Radley et al., "Chronic Stress-Induced Alterations of Dendritic Spine Subtypes Predict Functional Decrements in an Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal-Inhibitory Prefrontal Circuit," Journal of Neuroscience 33 (2013): 14379.

Тревожность и посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство: L. Mah, C. Szabuniewicz, and A. Fletcco, "Can Anxiety Damage the Brain?," Current Opinions in Psychiatry 29 (2016): 56; K. Moench & C. Wellman, "StressInduced Alterations in Prefrontal Dendritic Spines: Implications for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder," Neuroscience Letters 5 (2015): 601.

Социальная нестабильность: M. Breach, K. Moench & C. Wellman, "Social Instability in Adolescence Differentially Alters Dendritic Morphology in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Its Response to Stress in Adult Male and Female Rats," Developmental Neurobiology 79 (2019): 839.

 Влияние алкоголя и каннабиса на лобную кору: C. Shields & C. Gremel, "Review of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Alcohol Dependence: A Disrupted Cognitive Map?," Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research 44 (2020): 1952; D. Eldreth, J. Matochik & L. Cadet, "Abnormal Brain Activity in Prefrontal Brain Regions in Abstinent Marijuana Users," Neuroimage 23 (2004): 914; J. Quickfall & D. Crockford, "Brain Neuroimaging in Cannabis Use: A Review," Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 18 (2006): 318; V. Lorenzetti et al., "Does Regular Cannabis Use Affect Neuroanatomy? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Studies," European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 269 (2019): 59. Подобные исследования подтверждают правильность принятого мной в 15 лет решения никогда не употреблять алкоголь и наркотики (и строго придерживаться этого выбора).

Физическая активность и лобная кора: D. Moore et al., "Interrelationships between Exercise, Functional Connectivity, and Cognition among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review," Psychophysiology (2022): e14014; J. Graban, N. Hlavacova & D. Jezova, "Increased Gene Expression of Selected Vesicular and Glial Glutamate Transporters in the Frontal Cortex in Rats Exposed to Voluntary Wheel Running," Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68 (2017): 709; M. Ceftis et al., "The Effect of Exercise on Memory and BDNF Signaling Is Dependent on Intensity," Brain Structure and Function 224 (2019): 1975.

Расстройства пищевого поведения и лобная кора: B. Donnelly et al., Neuroimaging in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review," Journal of Eating Disorders 6 (2018): 3; V. Alfano et al., "Multimodal Neuroimaging in Anorexia Nervosa," Journal of Neuroscience Research 98 (2020): 2178. И еще одно действительно интересное исследование: F. Lederbogen et al., "City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans," Nature 474 (2011): 498.

 E. Durand et al., "History of Traumatic Brain Injury in Prison Populations: A Systematic Review," Annals of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine 60 (2017): 95; E. Shiroma, P. Ferguson & E. Pickelsimer, "Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in an Offender Population: A Meta-analysis," Journal of Corrective Health Care 16 (2010): 147; M. Linden, M. Lohan & J. BatesGaston, "Traumatic Brain Injury and Co-occurring Problems in Prison Populations: A Systematic Review," Brain Injury 30 (2016): 839; E. De Geus et al., "Acquired Brain Injury and Interventions in the Offender Population: A Systematic Review," Frontiers of Psychiatry 12 (2021): 658328.

К сноске: J. Pemment, "Psychopathy versus Sociopathy: Why the Distinction Has Become Crucial," Aggression and Violent Behavior 18 (2013): 458.

 E. Pascoe & L. Smart Richman, "Perceived Discrimination and Health: A Meta-analytic Review," Psychological Bulletin 135 (2009): 531; U. Clark, E. Miller & R. R. Hegde, "Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated with Greater Resting Amygdala Activity and Functional Connectivity," Biological Psychiatry and Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroimaging 3 (2018): 367; C. Masten, E. Telzer & N. Eisenberger, "An FMRI Investigation of Attributing Negative Social Treatment to Racial Discrimination," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23 (2011): 1042; N. Fani et al., "Association of Racial Discrimination with Neural Response to Threat in Black Women in the US Exposed to Trauma," JAMA Psychiatry 78 (2021): 1005.

 Превратности отрочества: K. Yamamuro et al., "A Prefrontal-Paraventricular Thalamus Circuit Requires Juvenile Social Experience to Regulate Adult Sociability in Mice," Nature Neuroscience 23 (2020): 10; C. Drzewiecki et al., "Adolescent Stress during, but Not after, Pubertal Onset Impairs Indices of Prepulse Inhibition in Adult Rats," Developmental Psychobiology 63 (2021): 837; M. Breach, K. Moench & C. Wellman, "Social Instability in Adolescence Differentially Alters Dendritic Morphology in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Its Response to Stress in Adult Male and Female Rats," Developmental Neurobiology 79 (2019): 839; M. Leussis et al., "The Enduring Effects of an Adolescent Social Stressor on Synaptic Density, Part II: Poststress Reversal of Synaptic Loss in the Cortex by Adinazolam and MK-801," Synapse 62 (2008): 185; K. Zimmermann, R. Richardson & K. Baker, "Maturational Changes in Prefrontal and Amygdala Circuits in Adolescence: Implications for Understanding Fear Inhibition during a Vulnerable Period of Development," Brain Science 9 (2019): 65; L. Wise et al., "Long-Term Effects of Adolescent Exposure to Bisphenol A on Neuron and Glia Number in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Differences between the Sexes and Cell Type," Neurotoxicology 53 (2016): 186.

 T. Koseki et al., "Exposure to Enriched Environments during Adolescence Prevents Abnormal Behaviours Associated with Histone Deacetylation in Phencyclidine-Treated Mice," International Journal of Psycho­neuropharmacology 15 (2012): 1489; F. Sadegzadeh et al., "Effects of Exposure to Enriched Environment during Adolescence on Passive Avoidance Memory, Nociception, and Prefrontal BDNF Level in Adult Male and Female Rats," Neuroscience Letters 732 (2020): 135133; J. McCreary, Z. Erikson & Y. Hao, "Environmental Intervention as a Therapy for Adverse Programming by Ancestral Stress," Science Reports 6 (2016): 37814.

 Влияние детских травм и стресса на лобную кору: C. Weems et al., "Post-traumatic Stress and Age Variation in Amygdala Volumes among Youth Exposed to Trauma," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10 (2015): 1661; A. Garrett et al., "Longitudinal Changes in Brain Function Associated with Symptom Improvement in Youth with PTSD," Journal of Psychiatric Research 114 (2019): 161; V. Carrion et al., "Reduced Hippocampal Activity in Youth with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: An fMRI Study," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 35 (2010): 559; V. Carrion et al., "Converging Evidence for Abnormalities of the Prefrontal Cortex and Evaluation of Midsagittal Structures in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An MRI Study," Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 172 (2009): 226; K. Richert et al., "Regional Differences of the Prefrontal Cortex in Pediatric PTSD: An MRI Study," Depression and Anxiety 23 (2006): 17; A. Tomoda et al., "Reduced Prefrontal Cortical Gray Matter Volume in Young Adults Exposed to Harsh Corporal Punishment," Neuroimage 47 (2009): T66; A. Chocyk et al., "Impact of Early-Life Stress on the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Functions — a Search for the Pathomechanisms of Anxiety and Mood Disorders," Pharmacology Reports 65 (2013): 1462; A. Chocyk et al., "Early-Life Stress Affects the Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Adolescent Rats," European Journal of Neuroscience 38 (2013): 2089; A. Chocyk et al., "Early Life Stress Affects the Structural and Functional Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Adolescent Rats," European Journal of Neuroscience 38 (2013): 2089 (заметьте, молодой Том Хэнкс дебютировал в этом фильме в качестве голоса дорсолатеральной префронтальной коры); M. Lopez et al., "The Social Ecology of Childhood and Early Life Adversity," Pediatric Research 89 (2021): 353; V. Carrion & S. Wong, "Can Traumatic Stress Alter the Brain? Understanding the Implications of Early Trauma on Brain Development and Learning," Journal of Adolescent Health 51 (2013): S23.

Влияние соседского окружения, в котором растет ребенок: X. Zhang et al., "Childhood Urbanicity Interacts with Polygenic Risk for Depression to Affect Stress-Related Medial Prefrontal Function," Translation Psychiatry 11 (2021): 522; B. Ramphal et al., "Associations between Amygdala-Prefrontal Functional Connectivity and Age Depend on Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status," Cerebral Cortex Communications 1 (2020): tgaa033.

Влияние стиля материнского воспитания на созревание лобной коры: D. Liu et al., "Maternal Care, Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress," Science 277 (1997); S. Uchida et al., "Maternal and Genetic Factors in Stress-Resilient and -Vulnerable Rats: A Cross-Fostering Study," Brain Research 1316 (2010): 43.

В этой обширной и безрадостной литературе ставится вопрос, чем является такое положение дел — патологией или адаптацией. Тяжелые испытания, пережитые в раннем возрасте, заставляют мозг взрослого излишне остро реагировать на угрозу и стресс, с трудом отключать бдительность, плохо справляться с долгосрочным планированием, откладыванием вознаграждения и так далее. Можно ли считать такой мозг патологически дисфункциональным? Или же это именно тот тип мозга, который в данном случае и требуется (если детство было трудным, лучше иметь мозг, готовый к тому, что и взрослая жизнь будет не проще)? Этот вопрос рассматривается в следующей статье: M. Teicher, J. Samson & K. Ohashi, "The Effects of Childhood Maltreatment on Brain Structure, Function and Connectivity," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17 (2016): 652.

 D. Kirsch et al., "Childhood Maltreatment, Prefrontal-Paralimbic Gray Matter Volume, and Substance Use in Young Adults and Interactions with Risk for Bipolar Disorder," Science Reports 11 (2021): 123; M. Monninger et al., "The Long-Term Impact of Early Life Stress on Orbitofrontal Cortical Thickness," Cerebral Cortex 30 (2020): 1307; A. Van Harmelen et al., "Hypoactive Medial Prefrontal Cortex Functioning in Adults Reporting Childhood Emotional Maltreatment," Scan 9 (2014): 2026; A. Van Harmelen et al., "Childhood Emotional Maltreatment Severity Is Associated with Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex Responsivity to Social Exclusion in Young Adults," PLoS One 9 (2014): E85107; M. Underwood, M. Bakalian & V. Johnson, "Less NMDA Receptor Binding in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Associated with Reported Early-Life Adversity but Not Suicide," International Journal of Neuro­psychopharmacology 23 (2020): 311; R. Salokangas et al., "Effect of Childhood Physical Abuse on Social Anxiety Is Mediated via Reduced Frontal Lobe and Amygdala-Hippocampus Complex Volume in Adult Clinical High-Risk Subjects," Schizophrenia Research 22 (2021): 101; M. Kim et al., "A Link between Childhood Adversity and Trait Anger Reflects Relative Activity of the Amygdala and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex," Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 3 (2018): 644; T. Kraynak et al., "Retrospectively Reported Childhood Physical Abuse, Systemic Inflammation, and Resting Corticolimbic Connectivity in Midlife Adults," Brain, Behavior and Immunity 82 (2019): 203.

 C. Hendrix, D. Dilks & B. McKenna, "Maternal Childhood Adversity Associates with Frontoamygdala Connectivity in Neonates," Biological Psychiatry, Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 6 (2021): 470.

 M. Monninger, E. Kraaijenvanger & T. Pollok, "The Long-Term Impact of Early Life Stress on Orbitofrontal Cortical Thickness," Cerebral Cortex 30 (2020): 1307; N. Bush et al., "Kindergarten Stressors and Cumulative Adrenocortical Activation: The 'First Straws' of Allostatic Load?," Developmental Psychopathology 23 (2011): 1089; A. Conejero et al., "Frontal Theta Activation Associated with Error Detection in Toddlers: Influence of Familial Socioeconomic Status," Developmental Science 21 (2018), doi:10.1111/­desc.12494; S. Lu, R. Xu & J. Cao, "The Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Volume Is Reduced in Adults Reporting Childhood Trauma Independent of Depression Diagnosis," Journal of Psychiatric Research 12 (2019): 12; L. Betancourt, N. Brodsky & H. Hurt, "Socioeconomic (SES) Differences in Language Are Evident in Female Infants at 7 Months of Age," Early Human Development 91 (2015): 719.

 Y. Moriguchi & I. Shinohara, "Socioeconomic Disparity in Prefrontal Development during Early Childhood," Science Reports 9 (2019): 2585; M. Varnum & S. Kitayama, "The Neuroscience of Social Class," Current Opinion in Psychology 18 (2017): 147; K. Muscatell et al., "Social Status Modulates Neural Activity in the Mentalizing Network," Neuroimage 60 (2012): 1771; K. Sarsour et al., "Family Socioeconomic Status and Child Executive Functions: The Roles of Language, Home Environment, and Single Parenthood," Journal of International Neuropsychology 17 (2011): 120; M. Monninger, E. Kraaijenvanger & T. Pollok, "The Long-Term Impact of Early Life Stress on Orbitofrontal Cortical Thickness," Cerebral Cortex 30 (2020): 1307; N. Hair et al., "Association of Child Poverty, Brain Development, and Academic Achievement," JAMA Pediatrics 169 (2015): 822.

 L. Machlin, K. McLaughlin & M. Sheridan, "Brain Structure Mediates the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," Developmental Science 23 (2020): e12844; K. Sarsour et al., "Family Socioeconomic Status and Child Executive Functions: The Roles of Language, Home Environment, and Single Parenthood," Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17 (2011): 120; M. Kim et al., "A Link between Childhood Adversity and Trait Anger Reflects Relative Activity of the Amygdala and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex," Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroimaging 3 (2019): 644; B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children (Brooke, 1995); E. Hoff, "How Social Contexts Support and Shape Language Development," Developmental Review 26 (2006): 55.

К сноске: J. Reed, E. D'Ambrosio & S. Marenco, "Interaction of Childhood Urbanicity and Variation in Dopamine Genes Alters Adult Prefrontal Function as Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)," PLoS One 13, no. 4 (2018): e0195189; B. Besteher et al., "Associations between Urban Upbringing and Cortical Thickness and Gyrification," Journal of Psychiatry Research 95 (2017): 114; J. Xu et al., "Global Urbanicity Is Associated with Brain and Behavior in Young People," Nature Human Behaviour 6 (2022): 279; V. Steinheuser et al., "Impact of Urban Upbringing on the (Re)activity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis," Psychosomatic Medicine 76 (2014): 678; F. Lederbogen, P. Kirsch & L. Haddad, "City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans," Nature 474 (2011): 498.

 C. Franz et al., "Adult Cognitive Ability and Socioeconomic Status as Mediators of the Effects of Childhood Disadvantage on Salivary Cortisol in Aging Adults," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 38 (2013): 2127; D. Barch et al., "Early Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive and Adaptive Outcomes at the Transition to Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Gray Matter Development across 5 Scan Waves," Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 7 (2021): 34; M. Farah, "Socioeconomic Status and the Brain: Prospects for Neuroscience-Informed Policy," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19 (2018): 428.

 J. Herzog & C. Schmahl, "Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Consequences on Neurobiological, Psychosocial, and Somatic Conditions across the Lifespan," Frontiers of Psychiatry 9 (2018): 420.

 Разнообразные негативные нейробиологические последствия пренатального стресса: Y. Lu, K. Kapse & N. Andersen, "Association between Socioeconomic Status and In Utero Fetal Brain Development," JAMA Network Open 4 (2021): e213526.

Влияние на риск психиатрических заболеваний: A. Converse et al., "Prenatal Stress Induces Increased Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding in Adult Nonhuman Primates," Biological Psychiatry 74 (2013): 502; C. Davies et al., "Prenatal and Perinatal Risk and Protective Factors for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Lancet Psychiatry 7 (2010): 399; J. Markham & J. Koenig, "Prenatal Stress: Role in Psychotic and Depressive Diseases," Psychopharmacology 214 (2011): 89; B. Van den Bergh et al., "Prenatal Developmental Origins of Behavior and Mental Health: The Influence of Maternal Stress in Pregnancy," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 117 (2020): 26.

Каким образом материнский стресс во время беременности оказывает такое негативное влияние на мозг плода во взрослой жизни? Повышенный уровень глюкокортикоидов, попадающих из материнской системы кровообращения в систему кровообращения плода, повышенный уровень повреждающих медиаторов воспаления, снижение притока крови к плоду. См.: A. Kinnunen, J. Koenig & G. Bilbe, "Repeated Variable Prenatal Stress Alters Pre- and Postsynaptic Gene Expression in the Rat Frontal Pole," Journal of Neurochemistry 86 (2003): 736; B. Van den Bergh, R. Dahnke & M. Mennes, "Prenatal Stress and the Developing Brain: Risks for Neurodevelopmental Disorders," Development and Psychopathology 30 (2018): 743.

 G. Winterer & D. Goldman, "Genetics of Human Prefrontal Function," Brain Research Reviews 43 (2003): 134.

 A. Heinz et al., "Amygdala-Prefrontal Coupling Depends on a Genetic Variation of the Serotonin Transporter," Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005): 20; L. Passamonti et al., "Monoamine Oxidase-a Genetic Variations Influence Brain Activity Associated with Inhibitory Control: New Insight into the Neural Correlates of Impulsivity," Biological Psychiatry 59 (2006): 334; M. Nomura & Y. Nomura, "Psychological, Neuroimaging, and Biochemical Studies on Functional Association between Impulsive Behavior and the 5-HT2A Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Humans," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1086 (2006): 134. Чем больше генных вариантов из кластера, связанного с рискованным поведением, тем меньше длПФК: G. Avdogan et al., "Genetic Underpinnings of Risky Behavior Relate to Altered Neuroanatomy," Nature Human Behaviour 5 (2021): 787.

 K. Bruce et al., "Association of the Promoter Polymorphism -1438G/A of the 5-HT2A Receptor Gene with Behavioral Impulsiveness and Serotonin Function in Women with Bulimia Nervosa," American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 137B (2005): 40.

 K. Honnegger & B. de Bivot, "Stoachasticity, Individuality and Behavior," Current Biology 28 (2018): R8; J. Ayroles et al., "Behavioral Idiosyncrasy Reveals Genetic Control of Phenotypic Variability," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (20150): 6706. См. также: G. Linneweber et al., "A Neurodevelopmental Origin of Behavioral Individual in the Drosophila Visual System," Science 367 (2020): 1112.

 J. Chiao et al., "Neural Basis of Individualistic and Collectivistic Views of Self," Human Brain Mapping 30 (2009): 2813.

 S. Han & Y. Ma, "Cultural Differences in Human Brain Activity: A Quantitative Metaanalysis," Neuroimage 99 (2014): 293; Y. Ma et al., "Sociocultural Patterning of Neural Activity during Self-Reflection," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9 (2014): 73; Lu, Kapse & Andersen, "Association between Socioeconomic Status."

 P. Chen et al., "Medial Prefrontal Cortex Differentiates Self from Mother in Chinese: Evidence from Self-Motivated Immigrants," Culture and Brain 1 (2013): 3.

 Общий обзор: J. Sasaki & H. Kim, "Nature, Nurture, and Their Interplay: A Review of Cultural Neuroscience," Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48 (2016): 4.

Взаимовлияние культуры и генов: M. Palmatier, A. Kang & K. Kidd, "Global Variation in the Frequencies of Functionally Different Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Alleles," Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999): 557; Y. Chiao & K. Blizinsky, "Culture-Gene Coevolution of Individualism-Collectivism and the Serotonin Transporter Gene," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277 (2010): 22; K. Ishii et al., "Culture Modulates Sensitivity to the Disappearance of Facial Expression Associated with Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR)," Culture and Brain 2 (2014): 72; J. LeClair et al., "Gene-Culture Interaction: Influence of Culture and Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) Polymorphism on Loneliness," Culture and Brain 4 (2016): 21; S. Luo et al., "Interaction between Oxytocin Receptor Polymorphism and Interdependent Culture Values on Human Empathy," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10 (2015): 1273.

 K. Norton & M. Lilieholm, "The Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates a Preference for High-Agency Environments," Journal of Neuroscience 40 (2020): 4401. См. также: J. Parvizi et al., "The Will to Persevere Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Cingulate Gyrus," Neuron 80 (2013): 1359.

Глава 5. ОСНОВЫ ТЕОРИИ ХАОСА

 Эти концепции обсуждаются в статье: A. Maar, "Kinds of Determinism in Science," Principia 23 (2019): 503.

 E. Lorenz, "Deterministic Non-periodic Flow," Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 20 (1963): 130.

 Смехотворные байки: R. Bishop, "What Could Be Worse Than the Butterfly Effect?," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 38 (2008): 519. Странные аттракторы не только притягивают, но и отталкивают: J. Hobbs, "Chaos and Indeterminism," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21 (1991): 141.

 «И грянул гром», рассказ Р. Брэдбери.

 К сноске: M. Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour (Oxford University Press, 2009).

 Особенно ясное и понятное обсуждение этих идей см.: M. Bedau, Weak Emergence," Philosophical Perspectives 11 (1997): 375.

 C. Gu et al., "Three-Dimensional Cellular Automaton Simulation of Coupled Hydrogen Porosity and Microstructure during Solidification of Ternary Aluminum Alloys," Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 13099. На YouTube есть несколько видео, иллюстрирующих работу клеточных автоматов; зрелище завораживающее. Например: Softology, "3D Cellular Automata," December 5, 2017, YouTube video, 2:30, ; Softology, "3D Accretor Cellular Automata," January 26, 2018, YouTube video, 4:45, youtube.com/watch?v=_W-n510Pca0.

К сноске: S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science (Wolfram Media, 2002). Здесь я должен кое в чем признаться. На стр. 146 изображен хаотичный, совершенно непредсказуемый сложный клеточный автомат, который, как там написано, можно получить при помощи правила 22. Вот мое признание: на самом деле он получен не с помощью правила 22, а с помощью тесно связанного с ним правила 90. Визуальное изображение безумно сложной замечательной версии правила 22 было очень плохого качества, я не смог найти ничего лучше, не смог добиться от Wolfram Empire изображения с хорошим разрешением... и глухой ночью, в момент проверки на прочность, когда время неумолимо шло, я решил использовать вместо нужного качественное изображение паттерна, созданного с помощью правила 90. В этом тоже есть смысл: зная начальное состояние и правило воспроизведения (90 — в данном случае), вы не сможете предсказать, как будет выглядеть сложная версия. Фактически это делает тезис о хаотичности клеточных автоматов еще весомее — никто (очень надеюсь), глядя на него, не сможет сказать, в результате применения какого правила возник этот сложный паттерн — правила 22 или правила 90. Ну вот, просто камень с души свалился.

Глава 6. ХАОТИЧНА ЛИ СВОБОДА ВОЛИ?

 Эти идеи обсуждаются в статье: D. Porush, "Making Chaos: Two Views of a New Science," New England Review and Bread Loaf Quarterly 12 (1990): 439.

 Некоторые примеры: M. Cutright, Chaos Theory and Higher Education: Leadership, Planning, and Policy (Peter Lang, 2001); S. Sule & S. Nilhan, Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2018: Explorations of Chaotic and Complexity Theory (Springer, 2020); E. Peters, Fractal Market Analysis: Applying Chaos Theory to Investment and Economics (Wiley, 1994); R. Pryor, The Chaos Theory of Careers (Routledge, 2011); K. Yas et al., "From Natural to Artificial Selection: A Chaotic Reading of Shelagh Stephenson's An Experiment with an Air Pump (1998)," International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7 (2018): 23; A. McLachlan, "Same but Different: Chaos and TV Drama Narratives" (doctoral thesis, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, 2019), . Теологические раздумья: D. Gray, Toward a Theology of Chaos: The New Scientific Paradigm and Some Implications for Ministry (Citeseer, 1997); D. Steenburg, "Chaos at the Marriage of Heaven and Hell," Harvard Theological Review 84 (1991): 447; J. Eigenauer, "The Humanities and Chaos Theory: A Response to Steenburg's 'Chaos at the Marriage of Heaven and Hell,'" Harvard Theological Review 86 (1993): 455; D. Steenburg, "A Response to John D. Eigenauer," Harvard Theological Review 86 (1993): 471.

К сноске: J. Bassingthwaight, L. Liebovitch & B. West, Fractal Physiology (American Physiological Society, 1994); N. Schweighofer et al., "Chaos May Enhance Information Transmission in the Inferior Olive," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (2004): 4655.

 Simpsons Wiki,"Chaos Theory in Baseball Analysis," ; M. Farmer, Chaos Theory, Nerds of Paradise book 2 (Amazon.com Services, 2017).

 G. Eilenberger, "Freedom, Science, and Aesthetics," in The Beauty of Fractals, ed. H. Peitgen & P. Richter (Springer, 1986), p. 179.

 K. Clancy, "Your Brain Is on the Brink of Chaos", Nautilus, Fall 2014, 144.

 Слова Фармера взяты из работы: James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (Viking, 1987) p. 251.

 Steenburg, "Chaos at the Marriage."

 Eilenberger, "Freedom, Science, and Aesthetics," p. 176.

 A. Maar, "Kinds of Determinism in Science," Principia 23 (2019): 503. Сравнение всеобъемлющего и индивидуального детерминизма см.: J. Doomen, "Cornering 'Free Will,'" Journal of Mind and Behavior 32 (2011): 165; H. Atmanspacher, "Determinism Is Ontic, Determinability Is Epistemic," Between Chance and Choice: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Determinism, ed. R. Bishop & H. Atmanspacher (Imprint Academic, 2002). Чтобы разобраться с такими понятиями, как частичный детерминизм и адекватный детерминизм, см.: J. Earman, A Primer on Determinism (Reidel, 1986); S. Kellert, In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamic Systems (University of Chicago Press, 1993).

 S. Caprara & A. Vulpiani, "Chaos and Stochastic Models in Physics: Ontic and Epistemic Aspects," in Models and Inferences in Science. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, vol. 25, ed. E. Ippoliti, F. Sterpetti & T. Nickles (Springer, 2016), p. 133; G. Hunt, "Determinism, Predictability and Chaos," Analysis 47 (1987): 129; M. Stone, "Chaos, Prediction and Laplacean Determinism," American Philosophical Quarterly 26 (1989): 123; V. Batitsky & Z. Domotor, "When Good Theories Make Bad Predictions," Synthese 157 (2007): 79.

 W. Seeley, "Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia," Continuum 25 (2019): 76; R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (Norton, 1986), p. 9.

 W. Farnsworth & M. Grady, Torts: Cases and Questions, 3rd ed. (Wolters Kluwer, 2019).

 R. Sapolsky, "Measures of Life," The Sciences, March/April 1994, p. 10.

 M. Shandlen, "Comment on Adina Roskies," Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014), p. 139.

Глава 7. ОСНОВЫ ЭМЕРДЖЕНТНОСТИ

 К сноске: Подробнее об этой концепции см.: R. Carneiro, "The Transition from Quantity to Quality: A Neglected Causal Mechanism in Accounting for Social Evolution," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (2000): 12926.

 Несколько впечатляющих примеров: W. Tschinkel, "The Architecture of Subterranean Ant Nests: Beauty and Mystery Underfoot," Journal of Bioeconomics 17 (2015): 271; M. Bollazzi & F. Roces, "The Thermoregulatory Function of Thatched Nests in the South American Grass-Cutting Ant, Acromyrmex heyeri," Journal of Insect Science 10 (2010): 137; I. Guimarгes et al., "The Complex Nest Architecture of the Ponerinae Ant Odontomachus chelifer," PLoS One 13 (2018): e0189896; N. Mlot, C. Tovey & D. Hu, "Diffusive Dynamics of Large Ant Rafts," Communicative and Integrative Biology 5 (2012): 590. Теория эмерджентности на примере муравьев: D. Gordon, "Control without Hierarchy," Nature 446 (2007): 143. Быть муравьем не так-то весело: N. Stroeymeyt et al., "Social Network Plasticity Decreases Disease Transmission in a Eusocial Insect," Science 363 (2018): 941 (авторы показывают, что связи внутри муравейника меняются так, что больные муравьи [экспериментально зараженные грибком] изгоняются, чтобы ограничить распространение инфекции).

 P. Anderson, "More Is Different," Science 177 (1972): 393. Кроме того, что одна молекула воды не может обладать свойством «мокроты», она еще не может обладать поверхностным натяжением (эмерджентное свойство воды, позволяющее ящерицам вида шлемоносный василиск бегать по поверхности пруда).

 Передвижение людей в толпе схоже с гидродинамикой водопадов, см.: N. Bain and D. Bartolo, "Dynamic Response and Hydrodynamics of Polarized Crowds," Science 363 (2019): 46. Что-то похожее, но у муравьев: A. Dussutour et al., "Optimal Travel Organization in Ants under Crowded Conditions," Nature 428 (2003): 70.

 К сноске: Подробно обсуждается в: P. Hiesenger, The Self-Assembling Brain: How Neural Networks Grow Smarter (Princeton University Press, 2021).

 M. Bedau, "Is Weak Emergence Just in the Mind?," Minds and Machines 18 (2008): 443; J. Kim, "Making Sense of Emergence," Philosophical Studies 95 (1999): 3; O. Sartenaer, "Sixteen Years Later: Making Sense of Emergence (Again)," Journal of General Philosophical Sciences 47 (2016): 79.

 E. Bonabeau & G. Theraulaz, "Swarm Smarts," Scientific American 282, no. 3 (2000): 72; M. Dorigo & T. Stutzle, Ant Colony Optimization (MIT Press, 2004); S. Garnier, J. Gautrais & G. Theraulaz, "The Biological Principles of Swarm Intelligence," Swarm Intelligence 1 (2007): 3. (Первая статья, опубликованная в этом журнале, — что логично, учитывая его название.)

 L. Chen, D. Hall & D. Chklovskii, "Wiring Optimization Can Relate Neuronal Structure and Function," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (2006): 4723; M. Rivera-Alba et al., "Wiring Economy and Volume Exclusion Determine Neuronal Placement in the Drosophila Brain," Current Biology 21 (2011): 2000; J. White et al., "The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 314 (1986): 1; V. Klyachko & C. Stevens, "Connectivity Optimization and the Positioning of Cortical Areas," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2003): 7937; G. Mitchison, "Neuronal Branching Patterns and the Economy of Cortical Wiring," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 245 (1991): 151.

 Y. Takeo et al., "GluD2- and Cbln1-Mediated Competitive Interactions Shape the Dendritic Arbor of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells," Neuron 109 (2020): 629.

 S. Camazine & J. Sneyud, "A Model of Collective Nectar Source Selection by Honey Bees: Self-Organization through Simple Rules," Journal of Theoretical Biology 149 (1991): 547.

К сноске: K. von Frisch, The Dancing Bees: An Account of the Life and Senses of the Honey Bee (Harvest Books, 1953).

 P. Visscher, "How Self-Organization Evolves," Nature 421 (2003): 799; M. Myerscough, "Dancing for a Decision: A Matrix Model for Net-Site Choice by Honey Bees," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270 (2003): 577; D. Gordon, "The Rewards of Restraint in the Collective Regulation of Foraging by Harvester Ant Colonies," Nature 498 (2013): 91; D. Gordon, "The Ecology of Collective Behavior," PLOS Biology 12, no. 3 (2014): e1001805. Дополнительные исследования в этой области см.: J. Deneubourg & S. Goss, "Collective Patterns and Decision Making," Ethology Ecology and Evolution 1 (1989): 295; S. Edwards & S. Pratt, "Rationality in Collective Decision-Making by Ant Colonies," Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 (2009): 3655; E. Bonabeau et al., "Self-Organization in Social Insects," Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12 (1997): 188.

К сноске: G. Sherman & P. Visscher, "Honeybee Colonies Achieve Fitness through Dancing," Nature 419 (2002): 920.

Ко второй сноске: R. Goldstone, M. Roberts & T. Gureckis, "Emergent Processes in Group Behavior," Current Directions in the Psychological Sciences 17 (2008): 10; C. Doctorow, "A Catalog of Ingenious Cheats Developed by Machine-Learning Systems," BoingBoing, November 12, 2018, boingboing.net/2018/11/12/local-optima-r-us.html.

 C. Reid & M. Beekman, "Solving the Towers of Hanoi — How an Amoeboid Organism Efficiently Constructs Transport Networks," Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (2013): 1546; C. Reid & T. Latty, "Collective Behaviour and Swarm Intelligence in Slime Moulds," FEMS Microbiology Reviews 40 (2016): 798.

 S. Tero et al., "Rules for Biologically Inspired Adaptive Network Design," Science 327 (2010): 439.

 Еще примеры со слизевиками: L. Tweedy et al., "Seeing around Corners: Cells Solve Mazes and Respond at a Distance Using Attractant Breakdown," Science 369 (2020): 1075.

 К сноске: Hiesenger, Self-Assembling Brain. Пример отталкивания см.: D. Pederick et al., "Reciprocal Repulsions Instruct the Precise Assembly of Parallel Hippocampal Networks," Science 372 (2021): 1058. См. также: L. Luo, "Actin Cytoskeleton Regulation in Neuronal Morphogenesis and Structural Plasticity," Annual Review of Cellular Developmental Biology 18 (2002): 601; J. Raper & C. Mason, "Cellular Strategies of Axonal Pathfinding," Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 (2010): a001933.

Как нейроны, соединяясь между собой, определяют, к какой части нейрона-мишени нужно подключиться (проксимальныe или дистальные дендритные шипики, тело клетки, аксон в случае некоторых нейромедиаторов)? Нейроны обладают способностью контролировать, какие ветви их аксонов получают белки, необходимые для формирования синапсов: S. Falkner & P. Scheiffele, "Architects of Neuronal Wiring," Science 364 (2019): 437; O. Urwyler et al., "Branch-Restricted Localization of Phosphatase Prl-1 Specifies Axonal Synaptogenesis Domains," Science 364 (2019): 454; E. Favuzzi et al., "Distinct Molecular Programs Regulate Synapse Specificity in Cortical Inhibitory Circuits," Science 363 (2019): 413.

 T. More, A. Buffo & M. Gotz, "The Novel Roles of Glial Cells Revisited: The Contribution of Radial Glia and Astrocytes to Neurogenesis," Current Topics in Developmental Biology 69 (2005): 67; P. Malatesta, I. Appolloni & F. Calzolari, "Radial Glia and Neural Stem Cells," Cell and Tissue Research 331 (2008): 165; P. Oberst et al., "Temporal Plasticity of Apical Progenitors in the Developing Mouse Neocortex," Nature 573 (2019): 370.

 Молекулярная биология ювелирно точного расчета времени при взаимодействии нейронов с радиальной глией: K. Yoon et al., "Temporal Control of Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by m6A Methylation," Cell 171 (2017): 877.

К сноске: N. Ozel et al., "Serial Synapse Formation through Filopodial Competition for Synaptic Seeding Factors," Developmental Cell 50 (2019): 447; M. Courgeon & C. Desplan, "Coordination between Stochastic and Deterministic Specification in the Drosophila Visual System," Science 366 (2019): 325.

 T. Huxley, "On the Hypothesis That Animals Are Automata, and Its History," Nature 10 (1874): 362. На фоне всех этих отсылок к новейшим научным достижениям даже приятно сослаться на научную публикацию XIX в.

 Если хотите узнать больше, читайте великолепную книгу Глика: J. Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (Viking, 1987).

 Семьдесят семь тысяч километров: J. Castro, "11 Surprising Facts about the Circulatory System," LiveScience, August 8, 2022, .

 Теоретические основы модели: D. Iber & D. Menshykau, "The Control of Branching Morphogenesis," Open Biology 3 (2013): 130088130088; D. Menshykau, C. Kraemer & D. Iber, "Branch Mode Selection during Early Lung Development," PLOS Computational Biology 8 (2012): e1002377. Что показали лабораторные исследования: R. Metzger et al., "The Branching Programme of Mouse Lung Development," Nature 453 (2008): 745.

 A. Lindenmayer, "Developmental Algorithms for Multicellular Organisms: A Survey of L-Systems," Journal of Theoretical Biology 54 (1975): 3.

 A. Ochoa-Espinosa & M. Affolter, "Branching Morphogenesis: From Cells to Organs and Back," Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4 (2004): a008243; P. Lu & Z. Werb, "Patterning Mechanisms of Branched Organs," Science 322 (2008): 1506–9.

К сноске: A. Turing, "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 237 (1952): 37.

Ко второй сноске: E. Azpeitia et al., "Cauliflower Fractal Forms Arise from Perturbations of Floral Gene Networks," Science 373 (2021): 192.

 G. Vogel, "The Unexpected Brains behind Blood Vessel Growth," Science 307 (2005): 665; Metzger et al., "Branching Programme of Mouse Lung Development"; P. Carmeliet & M. Tessier-Lavigne, "Common Mechanisms of Nerve and Blood Vessel Wiring," Nature 436 (2005): 193. Второй автор, великолепный нейробиолог и мой коллега по кафедре Марк Тессье-Лавинь, несколько лет назад вписал в свое резюме должность президента Стэнфордского университета.

 J. Bassingthwaighte, L. Liebovitch & B. West, Fractal Physiology, Methods in Physiology (American Physiological Society, 1994).

 "The World Religions Tree," .

 E. Favuzi et al., "Distinct Molecular Programs Regulate Synapse Specificity in Cortical Inhibitory Circuits," Science 363 (2019): 413; V. Hopker et al., "Growth-Cone Attraction to Netrin-1 Is Converted to Repulsion by Laminin-1," Nature 401 (1999): 69; J. Dorskind & A. Kolodkin, "Revisiting and Refining Roles of Neural Guidance Cues in Circuit Assembly," Current Opinion in Neurobiology 66 (2020): 10; S. McFarlane, "Attraction vs. Repulsion: The Growth Cones Decides," Biochemistry and Cell Biology 78 (2000): 563.

 A. Bassem, A. Hassan & P. R. Hiesinger, "Beyond Molecular Codes: Simple Rules to Wire Complex Brains," Cell 163 (2015): 285. О системе двух правил, построенной на механических ограничениях и объясняющей один из аспектов развития человеческого мозга: E. Karzbrun et al., "Human Neural Tube Morphogenesis in Vitro by Geometric Constraints," Nature 599 (2021): 268.

 D. Miller et al., "Full Genome Viral Sequences Inform Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Spread into and within Israel," Nature Communications 11 (2020): 5518; D. Adam et al., "Clustering and Superspreading Potential of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) Infections in Hong Kong," Nature Medicine 26 (2020): 1714.

 Общие сведения: A. Barabasi, "Scale-Free Networks: A Decade and Beyond," Science 325 (2009): 412; A. Barabasi & R. Albert, "Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks," Science 286 (1999): 509; C. Song, S. Havlin & H. Makse, "Self-Similarity of Complex Networks," Nature 433 (2005): 392; P. Drew & L. Abbott, "Models and Properties of Power-Law Adaptation in Neural Systems," Journal of Neurophysiology 96 (2006): 826.

Степенное и другие похожие распределения в мозге: G. Buzsaki & A. Draguhn, "Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks," Science 304 (2004): 1926; Степенной закон и количество пузырьков нейромедиатора, высвобождающихся в ответ на потенциал действия: J. Lamanna et al., "A Pre-docking Source for the Power-Law Behavior of Spontaneous Quantal Release: Application to the Analysis of LTP," Frontiers of Cellular Neuroscience 9 (2015): 44.

Степенные распределения и:

Распространение ковида: D. Miller et al., "Full Genome Viral Sequences Inform Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Spread into and within Israel," Nature Communications 11 (2020): 5518; D. Adam et al., "Clustering and Superspreading Potential of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infections in Hong Kong," Nature Medicine 26 (2020): 1714.

Землетрясения: F. Meng, L. Wong & H. Zhou, "Power Law Relations in Earthquakes from Microscopic to Macroscopic Scales," Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 10705.

Боевые действия и группировки ненависти: N. Gilbert, "Modelers Claim Wars Are Predictable," Nature 462 (2009): 836; N. Johnson et al., "Hidden Resilience and Adaptive Dynamics of the Global Online Hate Ecology," Nature 573 (2019): 261; M. Schich et al., "Quantitative Social Science: A Network Framework of Cultural History," Science 345 (2014): 558.

Вот тема, в которой я едва разбираюсь, но хочу похвастаться, что смог заставить себя прочесть несколько статей, ей посвященных. Паттерн может быть высоко­структурированным, с повторяющимися структурными элементами; его сигнал в частотном спектре называется белым шумом. Это сродни плотным, однородным маленьким взаимосвязанным скоплениям нейронов, изолированным друг от друга. Другая крайность: случайный паттерн порождает коричневый шум (названный в честь броуновского движения (brown — коричневый. — Прим. пер.), о котором рассказывается в главе 9); таковы связи между нейронами, которые тянутся на разную длину в разных направлениях и бывают разной силы. Кроме того, подобно каше, не слишком горячей и не слишком холодной (ссылка на английскую сказку «Златовласка и три медведя», аналогичную русской «Маша и три медведя». — Прим. пер.), существуют паттерны, расположенные меж двух крайностей — их называют розовым шумом (или 1/f-шумом). Это сети мозга, балансирующие между надежностью и эффективностью небольших, структурированных локальных сетей — и креативностью и пластичностью, свойственной сетям большой протяженности. Гипотеза критического мозга утверждает, что мозг эволюционировал, чтобы достичь этого идеала, и что эта критичность оптимизирует самые разные функции мозга. Более того, согласно этой модели, мозг способен корректировать себя по мере того, как под влиянием обстоятельств идеальная точка равновесия смещается; это пример очень модной нынче «самоорганизованной критичности». Ее можно продемонстрировать при помощи ряда мучительных методов матанализа; к настоящему времени оформилась небольшая научная подобласть, исследующая критичность мозга в нормальных и нездоровых условиях. Например, при эпилепсии баланс смещается в сторону белого шума, отражая излишнюю синхронность в работе групп нейронов (и действительно, наблюдается удивительное сходство между распределением частоты и тяжести припадков и землетрясений). Согласно тому же принципу, расстройствам аутистического спектра, по-видимому, свойственен другой тип смещения в сторону белого шума, что отражает относительную изолированность функциональных полуостровков в коре головного мозга. На другом конце спектра болезнь Альцгеймера и смещение баланса в сторону коричневого шума: спорадическая гибель нейронов начинает разрушать структуру (и эффективность) нейронных сетей. См.: J. Beggs & D. Plenz, "Neuronal Avalanches in Neocortical Circuits," Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 11167; P. Bak, C. Tang & K. Wiesenfeld, "Self-Organized Criticality: An Explanation of the 1/f Noise," Physics Review Letters 59 (1987): 381; L. Cocchi et al., "Criticality in the Brain: A Synthesis of Neurobiology, Models and Cognition," Progress in Neurobiology 158 (2017): 132; M. Gardner, "White and Brown Music, Fractal Curves and One-Over-f Fluctuation," Scientific American, April 1978; M. Belmonte et al., "Autism and Abnormal Development of Brain Connectivity," Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004): 9228.

К сноске: Веб-сайт, воспевающий математику чисел Бейкона: . Прекрасная и легкая в чтении биография Пала Эрдёша: P. Hoffman, The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdцs and the Search for Mathematical Truth (Hyperion, 1998).

 См., например: J. Couzin et al., "Effective Leadership and Decision-Making in Animal Groups on the Move," Nature 433 (2005): 7025.

К сноске: См., например: C. Candia et al., "The Universal Decay of Collective Memory and Attention," Nature Human Behaviour 3 (2018): 82. Также см.: V. Verbavatz & M. Barthelemy, "The Growth Equation of Cities," Nature 587 (2020): 397.

 C. Song, S. Havlin & H. Makse, "Self-Similarity of Complex Networks," Nature 433 (2005): 392.

Эмерджентность в контексте экологии: M. Buchanan, "Ecological Modeling: The Mathematical Mirror to Animal Nature," Nature 453 (2008): 714; N. Humphries et al., "Environmental Context Explains Levy and Brownian Movement Patterns of Marine Predators," Nature 465 (2010): 1066; J. Banavar et al., "Scaling in Ecosystems and the Linkage of Macroecological Laws," Physical Review Letters 98 (2007): 068104; B. Houchmandzadeh & M. Vallade, "Clustering in Neutral Ecology," Physical Reviews E 68 (2003): 061912.

Эмерджентность и поведение (в том числе «поведение» белых кровяных телец): "The Emergent Properties of a Dolphin Social Network," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, no supp. 2 (2003): S186; T. Harris et al., "Generalized Levy Walks and the Role of Chemokines in Migration of Effector CD8 (+) T Cells," Nature 486 (2012): 545.

Эмерджентность в нейронах и нейронных сетях: D. Lusseau, S. Romano & M. Eguia, "Characterization of Degree Frequency Distribution in Protein Interaction Networks," Physical Reviews E 71 (2005): 031901; D. Bray, "Molecular Networks: The Top-Down View," Science 301 (2003): 1864; B. Fulcher & A. Fornito, "A Transcriptional Signature of Hub Connectivity in the Mouse Connectome," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (2016): 1435.

 Степенной закон и эволюционное давление, направленное на оптимизацию эффективности связей в мозге: S. Neubauer et al., "Evolution of Brain Lateralization: A Shared Hominid Pattern of Endocranial Asymmetry Is Much More Variable in Humans Than in Great Apes," Science Advances 6 (2020): eaax9935; I. Wang & T. Clandinin, "The Influence of Wiring Economy on Nervous System Evolution," Current Biology 26 (2016): R1101; T. Namba et al., "Metabolic Regulation of Neocortical Expansion in Development and Evolution," Neuron 109 (2021): 408; K. Zhang & T. Sejnowski, "A Universal Scaling Law between Gray Matter and White Matter of Cerebral Cortex," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (2000): 5621.

В качестве примера дискуссии о том, какой вклад в работу мозга вносят кластеры тесно взаимодействующих между собой нейронов, см.: J. Cohen & F. Tong, "The Face of Controversy," Science 293 (2001): 2405; P. Downing et al., "A Cortical Area Selective for Visual Processing of the Human Body," Science 293 (2001): 2470; J. Haxby et al., "Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex," Science 293 (2001): 2425.

Оценить силу эволюционного давления, оптимизировавшего пространственные аспекты развития мозга, можно исходя из того факта, что общая длина нервных волокон в мозге человека составляет больше 96 000 км: C. Filley, "White Matter and Human Behavior," Science 372 (2021): 1265.

К сноске: См., например: A. Wissa, "Birds Trade Flight Stability for Manoeuvrability," Nature 603 (2022): 579.

Ко второй сноске: Сети «тесного мира»: D. Bassett & E. Bullmore, "Small-World Brain Networks," Neuroscientist 12 (2006): 512; D. Bassett & E. Bullmore, "Small-World Brain Networks Revisited," Neuroscientist 23 (2017): 499; D. Watts & S. Strogatz, "Collective Dynamics of 'Small-World' Networks," Nature 393 (1998): 440. Две статьи о том, насколько важны единичные нервные волокна большой протяженности: J. Giles, "Making the Links," Nature 488 (2012): 448; M. Granovetter, "The Strength of Weak Ties," American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360.

 К сноске: V. Zimmern, "Why Brain Criticality Is Clinically Relevant: A Scoping Review," Frontiers in Neural Circuits 26 (2020), .

 К сноске: Стигмерия: J. Korb, "Termite Mound Architecture, from Function to Construction," in Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis, ed. D. Bignell, Y. Roisin & N. Lo (Springer, 2010), p. 349; J. Turner, "Termites as Models of Swarm Cognition," Swarm Intelligence 5 (2011): 19; E. Bonabeau et al., "Self-Organization in Social Insects," Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12 (1997): 188.

Что касается машинного обучения: J. Korb, "Robots Acting Locally and Building Globally," Science 343 (2014): 742.

Что касается феномена «мудрости толпы»: A. Woolley et al., "Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups," Science 330 (2010): 686; D. Wilson, J. Timmel & R. Miller, "Cognitive Cooperation," Human Nature 15 (2004): 225. Демонстрация того факта, что чисто эгалитарные феномены «мудрости толпы» не всегда являются наилучшими: P. Tetlock, B. Mellers & J. Scoblic, "Bringing Probability Judgments into Policy Debates via Forecasting Tournaments," Science 355 (2017): 481.

Системы восходящего модерирования: J. Giles, "Internet Encyclopedias Go Head to Head," Nature 438 (2005): 900; J. Beck, "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia," Atlantic, March 5, 2014.

 Ряд самых впечатляющих находок в этой области: M. Lancaster et al., "Cerebral Organoids Model Human Brain Development and Microcephaly," Nature 501 (2013): 373; J. Camp et al., "Human Cerebral Organoids Recapitulate Gene Expression Programs of Fetal Neocortex Development," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 112 (2015): 15672; F. Birey, J. Andersen & C. Makinson, "Assembly of Functionally Integrated Human Forebrain Spheroids," Nature 545 (2017): 54; S. Pasca, "The Rise of Three-Dimensional Human Brain Cultures," Nature 533 (2018): 437; S. Pasca, "Assembling Human Brain Organoids," Science 363 (2019): 126; C. Trujillo et al., "Complex Oscillatory Waves Emerging from Cortical Organoids Model Early Human Brain Network Development," Cell Stem Cell 25 (2019): 558; Frankfurt Radio Symphony, Manfred Honeck, conductor; L. Pelegrini et al., "Human CNS Barrier-Forming Organoids with Cerebrospinal Fluid Production," Science 369 (2020): 6500; I. Chiaradia & M. Lancaster, "Brain Organoids for the Study of Human Neurobiology at the Interface of in Vitro and in Vivo," Nature Neuroscience 23 (2020): 1496.

К сноске: Впечатляющее описание различных типов органоидов мозга, полученных от разных видов приматов: Z. Kronenberg et al., "High-Resolution Comparative Analysis of Great Ape Genomes," Science 360 (2018): 6393; C. Trujillo, E. Rice & N. Schaefer, "Reintroduction of the Archaic Variant of NOVA1 in Cortical Organoids Alters Neurodevelopment," Science 371 (2021): 6530; A. Gordon et al., "Long-Term Maturation of Human Cortical Organoids Matches Key Early Postnatal Transitions," Nature Neuroscience 24 (2021): 331.

Ко второй сноске: S. Giandomenico et al., "Cerebral Organoids at the Air-Liquid Interface Generate Diverse Nerve Tracts with Functional Output," Nature Neuroscience 22 (2019): 669; V. Marx, "Reality Check for Organoids in Neuroscience," Nature Methods 17 (2020): 961; R. Menzel & M. Giurfa, "Cognitive Architecture of a Mini-Brain: The Honeybee," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (2001): 62; S. Reardon, "Can Lab-Grown Brains Become Conscious?," Nature 586 (2020): 658; J. Koplin & J. Savulescu, "Moral Limits of Brain Organoid Research," Journal of Law and Medical Ethics 47 (2019): 760.

 J. Werfel, K. Petersen & R. Nagpal, "Designing Collective Behavior in a Termite-Inspired Robot Construction Team," Science 343 (2014): 754; W. Marwan, "Amoeba-Inspired Network Design," Science 327 (2019): 419; L. Shimin et al., "Slime Mould Algorithm: A New Method for Stochastic Optimization," Future Generation Computer Systems 111 (2020): 300; T. Umedachi et al., "Fully Decentralized Control of a Soft-Bodied Robot Inspired by True Slime Mold," Biological Cybernetics 102 (2010): 261. Интересный случай, когда ученик преподает урок учителю: J. Halloy et al., "Social Integration of Robots into Groups of Cockroaches to Control Self-Organized Choices," Science 318 (2007): 5853.

К последней сноске: S. Bazazi et al., "Collective Motion and Cannibalism in Locust Migratory Bands," Current Biology 18 (2008): 735. На случай, если вы считали, что каннибализм саранчи уже не новость: когда эта книга готовилась к печати, печатный пресс пришлось останавливать; 5 мая 2023 г. вышла статья о том, что у саранчи развились феромональные сигнальные механизмы, снижающие вероятность быть съеденной особью, что движется следом за ней: H. Chang et al., "A Chemical Defense Defers Cannibalism in Migratory Locusts," Science 380 (2023) 537.

Глава 8. МОЖЕТ ЛИ СВОБОДА ВОЛИ ВОЗНИКНУТЬ САМА ПО СЕБЕ?

 C. List, "The Naturalistic Case for Free Will: The Challenge," Brains Blog, August 12, 2019, ; R. Kane, "Rethinking Free Will: New Perspectives on an Ancient Problem," in The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. R. Kane (Oxford University Press, 2002), 134.

 С. List, "The Naturalistic Case for Free Will: The Challenge."

 C. List & M. Pivato, "Emergent Chance," Philosophical Review 124 (2015): 119, p. 122.

 List & Pivato, "Emergent Chance," p. 133. Кроме книги Why Free Will Is Real (Harvard University Press, 2019), Лист развивает эти же идеи в следующих публикациях: C. List, "Free Will, Determinism, and the Possibility of Doing Otherwise," Nous 48 (2014): 156; C. List & P. Menzies, "My Brain Made Me Do It: The Exclusion Argument against Free Will, and What's Wrong with It," in Making a Difference: Essays on the Philosophy of Causation, ed. H. Beebee, C. Hitchcock & H. Price (Oxford University Press, 2017).

 W. Glannon, "Behavior Control, Meaning, and Neuroscience," in Neuroexistentialism, ed. G. Caruso & W. Flannagan (Oxford University Press, 2018). Цитаты Шадлена и Роскис взяты из: M. Shadlen & A. Roskies, "The Neurobiology of Decision-Making and Responsibility: Reconciling Mechanism and Mindedness," Frontiers of Neuroscience 6 (2012), .

 M. Bedau, "Weak Emergence," in Philosophical Perspectives: Mind, Causation, and World, ed. J. Tomberlin (Blackwell, 1997), p. 375, p. 376 & 397; D. Chalmers, "Strong and Weak Emergence," in The Re-emergence of Emergence, ed. P. Clayton & P. Davies (Oxford University Press, 2006); S. Carroll, The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself (Dutton, 2016); Ш. Кэрролл, личный разговор, 5/22/2019.

К сноске: G. Gomes, "Free Will, the Self, and the Brain," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 25 (2007): 221; p. 233.

 G. Berns et al., "Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence during Mental Rotation," Biology Psychiatry 58 (2005): 245.

К сноске: P. Rozin, "Social Psychology and Science: Some Lessons from Solomon Asch," Personality and Social Psychology Review 5 (2001): 2.

 К сноске: H. Chua, J. Boland & R. Nisbett, "Cultural Variation in Eye Movements during Scene Perception," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005): 12629.

 M. Mascolo & E. Kallio, "Beyond Free Will: The Embodied Emergence of Conscious Agency," Philosophical Psychology 32 (2019): 437.

 Mascolo & Kallio, "Beyond Free Will"; J. Bonilla, "Why Emergent Levels Will Not Save Free Will (1)," Mapping Ignorance, September 30, 2019, .

 К сноске: См., например, C. Voyatzis, "'Even a Brick Wants to Be Something' — Louis Kahn," Yatzer, June 9, 2013, .

Глава 9. ВВЕДЕНИЕ В КВАНТОВУЮ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТЬ

 S. Janusonis et al., "Serotonergic Axons as Fractional Brownian Motion Paths: Insights into the Self-Organization of Regional Densities," Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 14 (2020), ; H. Zhang & H. Peng, "Mechanism of Acetylcholine Receptor Cluster Formation Induced by DC Electric Field," PLoS One 6 (2011): e26805; M. Vestergaard et al., "Detection of Alzheimer's Amyloid Beta Aggregation by Capturing Molecular Trails of Individual Assemblies," Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communications 377 (2008): 725.

 C. Finch & T. Kirkwood, Chance, Development, and Aging (Oxford University Press, 2000).

 B. Brembs, "Towards a Scientific Concept of Free Will as a Biological Trait: Spontaneous Actions and Decision-Making in Invertebrates," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 (2011): 930; A. Nimmerjahn, F. Kirschhoff & F. Helmchen, "Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo," Science 308 (2005): 1314.

 К сноске: M. Heisenberg, "The Origin of Freedom in Animal Behavior," in Is Science Compatible with Free Will? Exploring Free Will and Consciousness in the Light of Quantum Physics and Neuroscience, ed. A. Suarez & P. Adams (Springer, 2013).

 T. Hellmuth et al., "Delayed-Choice Experiments in Quantum Interference," Physics Reviews A 35 (1987): 2532.

 A. Ananthaswamy, Through Two Doors at Once: The Elegant Experiment That Captures the Enigma of Our Quantum Reality (Dutton, 2018); о представлении о множественности миров см.: Y. Nomura, "The Quantum Multiverse," Scientific American, May 2017.

 J. Yin et al., "Satellite-Based Entanglement Distribution over 1200 Kilometers," Science 356 (2017): 1140; J. Ren et al., "Ground-to-Satellite Quantum Teleportation," Nature 549 (2017): 70; G. Popkin, "China's Quantum Satellite Achieves 'Spooky Action' at Record Distance," Science, June 15, 2017.

 К сноске: D. Simonton, Creativity in Science: Chance, Logic, Genius, and Zeitgeist (Cambridge University Press, 2004); R. Sapolsky, "Open Season," New Yorker, March 30, 1998.

 C. Marletto et al., "Entanglement between Living Bacteria and Quantized Light Witnessed by Rabi Splitting," Journal of Physics: Communications 2 (2018): 101001; P. Jedlicka, "Revisiting the Quantum Brain Hypothesis: Toward Quantum (Neuro)biology?," Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 10 (2017): 366.

К сноске: J. O'Callaghan, "'Schrodinger's Bacterium' Could Be a Quantum Biology Milestone," Scientific American, 29.10.2018.

Глава 10. СЛУЧАЙНА ЛИ ВАША СВОБОДА ВОЛИ?

 Краткий экскурс по паноптикуму квантовой неопределенности: R. Boni, Quantum Christian Realism: How Quantum Mechanics Underwrites and Realizes Classical Christian Theism (Wipf and Stock, 2019); D. O'Murchu, Quantum Theology: Spiritual Implications of the New Physics (Crossroads, 2004); I. Barbour, Issues in Science and Religion (Prentice Hall, 1966); «нью-эйдж физик»: Амит Госвами, цитата взята из фильма "What the #$*! Do We Know?!" и с его веб-сайта ; P. Fisher, "Quantum Cognition: The Possibility of Processing with Nuclear Spins in the Brain," Annals of Physics 362 (2015): 593; H. Hu & M. Wu, "Action Potential Modulation of Neural Spin Networks Suggests Possible Role of Spin," NeuroQuantology 2 (2004): 309; S. Tarlaci & M. Pregnolato, "Quantum Neurophysics: From Non-living Matter to Quantum Neurobiology and Psychopathology," International Journal of Psychophysiology 103 (2016): 161; E. Basar & B. Guntekin, "A Breakthrough in Neuroscience Needs a 'Nebulous Cartesian System' Oscillations, Quantum Dynamics and Chaos in the Brain and Vegetative System," International Journal of Psychophysiology 64 (2006): 108; M. Cocchi et al., "Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder: The Concept of Symmetry Breaking," NeuroQuantology 10 (2012): 676; P. Zizzi & M. Pregnolato, "Quantum Logic of the Unconscious and Schizophrenia," NeuroQuantology 10 (2012): 566. Представьте, есть еще и квантовая диета: L. Fritz, The Quantum Weight Loss Blueprint (New Hope Health, 2020). И вот это не упустите: A. Amarasingam, "New Age Spirituality, Quantum Mysticism and Self-Psychology: Changing Ourselves from the Inside Out," Mental Health, Religion & Culture 12 (2009): 277.

К сноске: G. Pennycook et al., "On the Reception and Detection of Pseudo-profound Bullshit," Judgment and Decision Making 10 (2015): 549.

 Goswami, .

 Journal Citation Reports поставил журнал NeuroQuantology на 253-е место из 261 журнала по нейронауке по показателю влияния на работы других ученых. Диву даешься, на что же тогда похожи журналы с рейтингом с 254 по 261.

К сноске: J. T. Ismael, Why Physics Makes Us Free (Oxford University Press, 2016).

 Цитата из: P. Kitcher, "The Mind Mystery," New York Times, February 4, 1990; еще одна страдальческая рецензия, на этот раз за авторством нейробиолога: J. Hobson, "Neuroscience and the Soul: The Dualism of John Carew Eccles," Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on Brain Science 6 (2004): 61.

К сноске: J. Eccles, "Hypotheses Relating to the Brain-Mind Problem," Nature 168 (1951): 53.

 G. Engel, T. Calhoun & E. Read, "Evidence for Wavelike Energy Transfer through Quantum Coherence in Photosynthetic Systems," Nature 446 (2007): 782.

 P. Tse, "Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain," in Neuroexistentialism, ed. G. Caruso & O. Flanagan (Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 170.

 J. Schwartz, H. Stapp & M. Beauregard, "Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology: A Neurophysical Model of Mind-Brain Interaction," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, Biological Sciences 360 (2005): 1309; Z. Ganim, A. Tokmako & A. Vaziri, "Vibrational Excitons in Ionophores; Experimental Probes for Quantum Coherence — Assisted Ion Transport and Selectivity in Ion Channels," New Journal of Physics 13 (2011): 113030; A. Vaziri & M. Plenio, "Quantum Coherence in Ion Channels: Resonances, Transport and Verification," New Journal of Physics 12 (2010): 085001.

 S. Hameroff, "How Quantum Biology Can Rescue Conscious Free Will," Frontiers of Integrative Neuroscience 6 (2012): 93; S. Hameroff & R. Penrose, "Orchestral Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: A Model for Consciousness," Mathematical and Computational Simulation 40 (1996): 453; E. Dent & P. Baas, "Microtubules in Neurons as Information Carriers," Journal of Neurochemistry 129 (2014): 235; R. Tas & L. Kapitein, "Exploring Cytoskeletal Diversity in Neurons," Science 361 (2018): 231.

 M. Tegmark, "Why the Brain Is Probably Not a Quantum Computer," Information Science 128 (2000): 155; M. Tegmark, "Importance of Quantum Coherence in Brain Processes," Physical Review E 61 (2000): 4194; M. Kikkawa et al., "Direct Visualization of the Microtubule Lattice Seam Both in Vitro and in Vivo," Journal of Cell Biology 127 (1994): 1965; C. De Zeeuw, E. Hertzberg & E. Mugnaini, "The Dendritic Lamellar Body: New Neuronal Organelle Putatively Associated with Dendrodendritic Gap Junctions," Journal of Neuroscience 15 (1995): 1587.

 J. Tanaka et al., "Number and Density of AMPA Receptors in Single Synapses in Immature Cerebellum," Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005): 799; M. West & H. Gundersen, "Unbiased Stereological Estimation of the Number of Neurons in the Human Hippocampus," Comparative Neurology 296 (1990): 1.

 J. Hobbs, "Chaos and Indeterminism," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21 (1991): 141; D. Lindley, Where Does the Weirdness Go? Why Quantum Mechanics Is Strange, but Not as Strange as You Think (Basic Books, 1996).

 L. Amico et al., "Many-Body Entanglement," Review of Modern Physics 80 (2008): 517; Tarlaci & Pregnolato, "Quantum Neurophysics."

 B. Katz, "On the Quantal Mechanism of Neural Transmitter Release" (Nobel Lecture, Stockholm, December 12, 1970), ; Y. Wang et al., "Counting the Number of Glutamate Molecules in Single Synaptic Vesicles," Journal of the American Chemical Society 141 (2019): 17507.

К сноске: J. Schwartz et al., "Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology: A Neurophysical Model of Mind-Brain Interactions," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B I360 (2005): 1309, цитату можно найти на с. 1319.

 C. Wasser & E. Kavalali, "Leaky Synapses: Regulation of Spontaneous Neurotransmission in Central Synapses," Journal of Neuroscience 158 (2008): 177; E. Kavalali, "The Mechanisms and Functions of Spontaneous Neurotransmitter Release," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16 (2015): 5; C. Williams & S. Smith, "Calcium Dependence of Spontaneous Neurotransmitter Release," Journal of Neuroscience Research 96 (2018): 335.

 Williams & Smith, "Calcium Dependence of Spontaneous Neurotransmitter Release"; K. Koga et al., "SCRAPPER Selectively Contributes to Spontaneous Release and Presynaptic Long-Term Potentiation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex," Journal of Neuroscience 37 (2017): 3887; R. Schneggenburger & C. Rosenmund, "Molecular Mechanisms Governing Ca (2+) Regulation of Evoked and Spontaneous Release," Nature Neuroscience 18 (2015): 935; K. Hausknecht et al., "Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Persistently Alters Endocannabinoid Signaling and Endocannabinoid-Mediated Excitatory Synaptic Plasticity in Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons," Journal of Neuroscience 37 (2017): 5798.

 Детерминированная недетерминированность, подверженная воздействию:

Гормонов и стресса: L. Liu et al., "Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Urocortin I Modulate Excitatory Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission," Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004): 4020; H. Tan, P. Zhong & Z. Yan, "Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Acute Stress Prolongs Serotonergic Regulation of GABA Transmission in Prefrontal Cortical Pyramidal Neurons," Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004): 5000.ohol.

Алкоголя: Renteria et al., "Selective Alterations of NMDAR Function and Plasticity in D1 and D2 Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell Following Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure," Neuropharmacology 112 (2017): 164; 1983: Technicolor, 116 минут, в ролях Роберт де Ниро, Дайан Китон, в роли шестого слева нейрона лобной коры дебютирует юный Райан Гослинг; R. Shen, "Ethanol Withdrawal Reduces the Number of Spontaneously Active Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons in Conscious Animals," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 307 (2003): 566.

Других факторов: J. Ribeiro, "Purinergic Inhibition of Neurotransmitter Release in the Central Nervous System," Pharmacology and Toxicology 77 (1995): 299; J. Li et al., "Regulation of Increased Glutamatergic Input to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons by mGluR5 in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain," Journal of Neurochemistry 112 (2010): 162; A. Goel et al., "Cross-Modal Regulation of Synaptic AMPA Receptors in Primary Sensory Cortices by Visual Experience," Nature Neuroscience 9 (2006): 1001.

Намек на еще одну область детерминированной недетерминированности в мозге: время от времени отдельные участки ДНК копируются, после чего копия случайным образом помещается в другое место генома (когда-то скептики уничижительно называли их «прыгающими генами», но в 1983 г. неоцененная в свое время первооткрывательница «транспозонов» Барбара Мак-Клинток получила за них Нобелевскую премию). Оказалось, что мозг может регулировать время возникновения таких случайных событий (например, в моменты стресса, с помощью глюкокортикоидов). См.: R. Hunter et al., "Stress and the Dynamic Genome: Steroids, Epigenetics, and the Transposome," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (2014): 6828.

 См. статью Кавалали в сноске 14; F. Varodayan et al., "CRF Modulates Glutamate Transmission in the Central Amygdala of Naive and Ethanol-Dependent Rats," Neuropharmacology 125 (2017): 418; J. Earman, A Primer on Determinism (Reidel, 1986).

 Спонтанный выброс нейромедиатора: D. Crawford et al., "Selective Molecular Impairment of Spontaneous Neurotransmission Modulates Synaptic Efficacy," Nature Communications 10 (2017): 14436; M. Garcia-Bereguiain et al., "Spontaneous Release Regulates Synaptic Scaling in the Embryonic Spinal Network in Vivo," Journal of Neuroscience 36 (2016): 7268; A. Blankenship & M. Feller, "Mechanisms Underlying Spontaneous Patterned Activity in Developing Neural Circuits," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11 (2010): 18; C. O'Donnell & M. van Rossum, "Spontaneous Action Potentials and Neural Coding in Unmyelinated Axons," Neural Computation 27 (2015): 801; L. Andreae & J. Burrone, "The Role of Spontaneous Neurotransmission in Synapse and Circuit Development," Journal of Neuroscience Research 96 (2018): 354.

 M. Raichle et al., "A Default Mode of Brain Function," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (2001): 676; M. Raichle & A. Snyder, "A Default Mode of Brain Function: A Brief History of an Evolving Idea," NeuroImage 37 (2007): 1083. Интересный взгляд на обстоятельства, при которых мозг активно и целенаправленно заставляет вас мечтать, см.: V. Axelrod et al., "Increasing Propensity to Mind-Wander with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (2015): 3314. Еще статьи на эту тему: R. Pena, M. Zaks, & A. Roque, "Dynamics of Spontaneous Activity in Random Networks with Multiple Neuron Subtypes and Synaptic Noise: Spontaneous Activity in Networks with Synaptic Noise," Journal of Computational Neuroscience 45 (2018): 1; A. Tozzi, M. Zare & A. Benasich, "New Perspectives on Spontaneous Brain Activity: Dynamic Networks and Energy Matter," Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 10 (2016): 247.

 J. Searle, "Free Will as a Problem in Neurobiology," Philosophy 76 (2001): 491; M. Shadlen & A. Roskies, "The Neurobiology of Decision-Making and Responsibility: Reconciling Mechanism and Mindedness," Frontiers in Neuroscience 6 (2021), ; S. Blackburn, Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 60. Хороший пример, подтверждающий, что индивидуальность опирается на целостность мозга, а не на случайность: T. Kurikawa et al., "Neuronal Stability in Medial Frontal Cortex Sets Individual Variability in Decision-Making," Nature Neuroscience 21 (2018): 1764.

К сноске: M. Bakan, "Awareness and Possibility," Review of Metaphysics 14 (1960): 231.

 D. Dennett, Freedom Evolves (Viking, 2003), p. 123; Tse: сноска 6, p. 123.

 Z. Blount, R. Lenski & J. Losos, "Contingency and Determinism in Evolution: Replaying Life's Tape," Science 362 (2018): 655; D. Noble, "The Role of Stochasticity in Biological Communication Processes," Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 162 (2020): 122; R. Noble & D. Noble, "Harnessing Stochasticity: How Do Organisms Make Choices?," Chaos 28 (2018): 106309. Авторы последней работы — Денис Нобл из Оксфорда и Рэймонд Нобл из Университетского колледжа Лондона; я провел небольшое расследование и пришел к выводу, что они отец и сын (Денис — отец, Рэймонд — сын), что ужасно мило; но и это еще не все: они оба увлекаются средневековыми английскими балладами — вместе поют и вместе публикуют научные труды по стохастике. Раз уж мы затронули эту тему и читать этого никто наверняка не станет (вы-то зачем читаете? Пойдите лучше прогуляйтесь на свежем воздухе), еще есть работа C. McEwen & B. McEwen, "Social Structure, Adversity, Toxic Stress, and Intergenerational Poverty: An Early Childhood Model", Annual Review of Sociology 43 (2017): 445; ее авторы братья: Крейг, социолог из Колледжа Боудин, и Брюс, нейробиолог из Университета Рокфеллера. Отличное междисциплинарное исследование и прекрасные семейные отношения. Брюс, необычайно одаренный ученый, был моим научным руководителем, наставником и отцовской фигурой на протяжении почти 40 лет. Он умер в 2020 г., и мне его до сих пор не хватает.

 Dennett, Brainstorms, p. 295.

 Shadlen & Roskies, "Neurobiology of Decision-Making and Responsibility."

 К сноске: Обезьяна-рекордсмен: процитировано в: D. Wershler-Henry, Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting (McClelland and Stewart, 2005); R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design (Norton, 1986); Рассказ Борхеса: J. Borges, Collected Fictions (Viking, 1998). Подозреваю, что запойное чтение этих трех произведений подряд может погрузить читателя в довольно любопытное состояние ума.

 K. Mitchel, "Does Neuroscience Leave Room for Free Will?," Trends in Neurosciences 41 (2018): 573.

 R. Kane, The Significance of Free Will (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 130.

 Цзе: см. сноску 6.

 R. Kane, "Libertarianism" in Four Views on Free Will, ed. J. Fischer et al. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2007), p. 26.

 Противопоставление описание/предписание исследуется в: P. Cryle & E. Stephens, Normality: A Critical Genealogy (University of Chicago Press, 2017). Интересное чтение, противоречащее рассуждениям этой главы: J. Horgan, "Does Quantum Mechanics Rule Out Free Will?," Scientific American, March 2022. Кстати, Хорган одобрительно ссылается на физика Сабину Хоссенфельдер; и я поддерживаю его мнение. Посмотрите ее лекцию на YouTube "You Don't Have Free Will, but Don't Worry" (). Лекция великолепная. Честно говоря, лучше посмотреть ее, чем читать эту книгу.

Глава 10.5. ИНТЕРЛЮДИЯ

 H. Sarkissian et al., "Is Belief in Free Will a Cultural Universal?", Mind & Language 25 (2010): 346.

К сноске: W. Phillips et al., "'Unwilling' versus 'Unable': Capuchin Monkeys' (Cebus apella) Understanding of Human Intentional Action," Developmental Science 12 (2009): 938; J. Call et al., "'Unwilling' versus 'Unable': Chimpanzees' Understanding of Human Intentional Action," Developmental Science 7 (2004): 488; E. Furlong & L. Santos, "Evolutionary Insights into the Nature of Choice: Evidence from Nonhuman Primates," in Moral Psychology, vol. 4, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong (MIT Press, 2014), p.347.

 Лёба зарезал в тюрьме другой заключенный, который сказал, что Лёб агрессивно к нему приставал. Убийцу оправдали.

 Society for Neuroscience, "Timeline," n.d., sfn.org/about/history-of-sfn/1969–2019/timeline. Философ Томас Надельхоффер прямо пишет об этой «угрозе сужения субъектности»: T. Nadelhoffer, "The Threat of Shrinking Agency and Free Will Disillusionism," in Conscious Will and Responsibility: A Tribute to Benjamin Libet, ed. L. Nadel & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Oxford University Press, 2011).

Глава 11. НЕ ВПАДЕМ ЛИ МЫ В АМОК?

 D. Walker, Rights in Conflict: The Walker Report (Bantam Books, 1968); N. Steinberg, "The Whole World Watched: 50 Years after the 1968 Chicago Convention," Chicago Sun Times, August 17, 2018; J. Schultz, No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968 (University of Chicago Press, 1969); H. Johnson, "1968 Democratic Convention: The Bosses Strike Back," Smithsonian, August 2008. Разбор связи между анонимностью и ростом насилия в традиционных культурах см.: Сапольски Р. Биология добра и зла: Как наука объясняет наши поступки. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2019.

 M. L. Saint Martin, "Running Amok: A Modern Perspective on a Culture-Bound Syndrome," Primary Care Companion for the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1 (1999): 66.

 Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul (Scribner, 1994), p. 1.

 К сноске: см. E. Seto & J. Hicks, "Disassociating the Agent from the Self: Undermining Belief in Free Will Diminishes True Self-Knowledge," Social Psychological and Personality 7 (2016): 726.

 D. Rigoni et al., "Inducing Disbelief in Free Will Alters Brain Correlates of Preconscious Motor Preparation Whether We Believe in Free Will or Not," Psychological Science 22 (2011): 613.

 D. Rigoni, G. Pourtois & M. Brass, "'Why Should I Care?' Challenging Free Will Attenuates Neural Reaction to Errors," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10 (2015): 262; D. Rigoni et al., "When Errors Do Not Matter: Weakening Belief in Intentional Control Impairs Cognitive Reaction to Errors," Cognition 127 (2013): 264.

 K. Vohs & J. Schooler, "The Value of Believing in Free Will," Psychological Science 19 (2002) 49; A. Shariff & K. Vohs, "The World without Free Will," Scientific American, June 2014; M. MacKenzie, K. Vohs & R. Baumeister, "You Didn't Have to Do That: Belief in Free Will Promotes Gratitude," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40 (2014): 14223; B. Moynihan, E. Igou & A. Wijnand, "Free, Connected, and Meaningful: Free Will Beliefs Promote Meaningfulness through Belongingness," Personality and Individual Differences 107 (2017): 54. См. также: Seto & Hicks, "Disassociating the Agent from the Self"; R. Baumeister, E. Masicampo & C. DeWall, "Prosocial Benefits of Feeling Free: Disbelief in Free Will Increases Aggression and Reduces Helpfulness," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (2009): 260.

 M. Lynn et al., "Priming Determinist Beliefs Diminishes Implicit (but Not Explicit) Components of Self-Agency," Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), .

К сноске: S. Obhi & P. Hall, "Sense of Agency in Joint Action: Influence of Human and Computer Co-actors," Experimental Brain Research 211 (2011): 663–70.

 A. Vonash et al., "Ordinary People Associate Addiction with Loss of Free Will," Addictive Behavior Reports 5 (2017): 56; K. Vohs & R. Baumeiser, "Addiction and Free Will," Addiction Research and Theory 17 (2009): 231; G. Heyman, "Do Addicts Have Free Will? An Empirical Approach to a Vexing Question," Addictive Behavior Reports 5 (2018): 85; E. Racine, S. Sattler & A. Escande, "Free Will and the Brain Disease Model of Addiction: The Not So Seductive Allure of Neuroscience and Its Modest Impact on the Attribution of Free Will to People with an Addiction," Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017): 1850.

 T. Nadelhoffer et al., "Does Encouraging a Belief in Determinism Increase Cheating? Reconsidering the Value of Believing in Free Will," Cognition 203 (2020): 104342; A. Monroe, G. Brady & B. Malle, "This Isn't the Free Will Worth Looking For: General Free Will Beliefs Do Not Influence Moral Judgments, Agent-Specific Choice Ascriptions Do," Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 (2017): 191; D. Wisniewski et al., "Relating Free Will Beliefs and Attitudes," Royal Society Open Science 9 (2022): 202018.

 См.: Nadelhoffer et al., "Does Encouraging a Belief in Determinism"; Monroe, Brady & Malle, "This Isn't the Free Will"; J. Harms et al., "Free to Help? An Experiment on Free Will Belief and Altruism," PLoS One 12 (2017): e0173193; L. Crone & N. Levy, "Are Free Will Believers Nicer People? (по результатам четырех исследований можно предположить, что это не так)," Social Psychological and Personality Science 10 (2019): 612; E. Caspar et al., "The Influence of (Dis)belief in Free Will on Immoral Behaviour," Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017): 20. Метаанализ: O. Genschow, E. Cracco & J. Schneider, "Manipulating Belief in Free Will and Its Downstream Consequences: A Meta-analysis," Personality and Social Psychology Review 27 (2022): 52; B. Nosek, "Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Inference," Science 349 (2015), DOI:10.1126/­science.aac4716.

К сноске: O. Genschow et al., "Professional Judges' Disbelief in Free Will Does Not Decrease Punishment," Social Psychological and Personality Science 12 (2020): 357.

 A. Norenzayan, Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict (Princeton University Press, 2013). Интересная рецензия на эту книгу специалиста в области популяционной динамики Петра Турчина: P. Turchin, "From Big Gods to the Big Brother," Cliodynamica (blog), 4.09.2015, .

 P. Edgell et al., "Atheists and Other Cultural Outsiders: Moral Boundaries and the Nonreligious in the United States," Social Forces 95 (2016): 607; E. Volokh, "Parent-Child Speech and Child Custody Speed Restrictions," New York University Law Review 81 (2006): 631; A. Furnham, N. Meader & A. McCelland, "Factors Affecting Nonmedical Participants' Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources," Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 12 (1996): 735; J. Hunter, "The Williamsburg Charter Survey: Methodology and Findings," Journal of Law and Religion 8 (1990): 257; M. Miller & B. Bornstein, "The Use of Religion in Death Penalty Sentencing Trials," Law and Human Behavior 30 (2006): 675. Пример предвидения: J. Joyner, "Black President More Likely Than Mormon or Atheist," Outside the Beltway, February 20, 2007, .

К сноске: S. Weber et al., "Psychological Distress among Religious Nonbelievers: A Systematic Review," Journal of Religion and Health 51 (2012): 72.

 W. Gervais & M. Najle, "Nonreligious People in Religious Societies," in The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, ed. P. Zuckerman & J. Shook (Oxford University Press, 2017); "USPS Discrimination against Atheism?," . Пугающие новости: R. Evans, "Atheists Face Death in 13 Countries, Global Discrimination: Study," Reuters, 9.12.2013, ; International Humanist and Ethical Union, "You Can Be Put to Death for Atheism in 13 Countries around the World," 12.10.2013, ; Human Rights Watch, "Saudi Arabia: New Terrorism Regulations Assault Rights," March 20, 2014, .

 C. Tamir et al., "The Global God Divide," Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020; S. Weber et al., "Psychological Distress among Religious Nonbelievers," Journal of Religion and Health 51 (2012): 72; M. Gervais, "Everything Is Permitted? People Intuitively Judge Immorality as Representative of Atheists," PLoS One 9, no. 4 (2014): e92302; R. Ritter & J. Preston, "Representations of Religious Words: Insights for Religious Priming Research," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52 (2013): 494; W. Gervais et al., "Global Evidence of Extreme Intuitive Moral Prejudice against Atheists," Nature Human Behaviour 1 (2017): 0151.

К сноске: B. Rutjens & S. Heine, "The Immoral Landscape? Scientists Are Associated with Violations of Morality," PLoS One 11 (2016): e0152798.

 См. Weber et al., "Psychological Distress among Religious Nonbelievers."

 К сноске: A. Norenzayan & W. Gervais, "The Origins of Religious Disbelief," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 (2013): 20; G. Pennycook et al., "On the Reception and Detection of Pseudo-profound Bullshit," Judgment and Decision Making 10 (2015): 549; A. Shenhav, D. Rand & J. Greene, "Divine Intuition: Cognitive Style Influences Belief in God," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141 (2011): 423; W. Gervais & A. Norenzayan, "Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief," Science 336 (2012): 493; A. Jack et al., "Why Do You Believe in God? Relationships between Religious Belief, Analytic Thinking, Mentalizing and Moral Concern," PLoS One 11 (2016): e0149989; Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, "2008 U. S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic," religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf.

 Опросы: B. Pelham & S. Crabtree, "Worldwide, Highly Religious More Likely to Help Others," Gallup, October 8, 2008, news.gallup.com/poll/111013/worldwide-highly-religious-more-likely-help-others.aspx; M. Donahue & M. Nielsen, "Religion, Attitudes, and Social Behavior," in Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, ed. R. Paloutzian & C. Park (Guilford, 2005); I. Pichon & V. Saroglou, "Religion and Helping: Impact of Target, Thinking Styles and Just-World Beliefs," Archive for the Psychology of Religion 31 (2009): 215. Желание произвести хорошее впечатление: L. Galen, "Does Religious Belief Promote Prosociality? A Critical Examination," Psychological Bulletin 138 (2012): 876; R. Putnam & R. Campbell, American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

 Религиозность и просоциальность: V. Saroglou, "Religion's Role in Prosocial Behavior: Myth or Reality?," Psychology of Religion Newsletter 31 (2006): 1; V. Saroglou et al., "Prosocial Behavior and Religion: New Evidence Based on Projective Measures and Peer Ratings," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 44 (2005): 323; L. Anderson & J. Mellor, "Religion and Cooperation in a Public Goods Experiment," Economics Letters 105 (2009): 58; C. Ellison, "Are Religious People Nice People? Evidence from the National Survey of Black Americans," Social Forces 71 (1992): 411.

Религиозность и самоприукрашивание: K. Eriksson & A. Funcke, "Humble Self-Enhancement: Religiosity and the Better-Than-Average Affect," Social Psychological and Personality Science 5 (2014): 76; C. Sedikides & J. Gebauer, "Religiosity as Self-Enhancement: A Meta-analysis of the Relation between Socially Desirable Responding and Religiosity," Personality and Social Psychology Review 14 (2010): 17; P. Brenner, "Identity Importance and the Over-Reporting of Religious Service Attendance: Multiple Imputation of Religious Attendance Using the American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50 (2011): 103; P. Brenner, "Exceptional Behavior or Exceptional Identity? Over-Reporting of Church Attendance in the U. S.," Public Opinion Quarterly 75 (2011): 19.

Религиозность и удовлетворенность жизнью: E. Diener, L. Tay & D. Myers, "The Religion Paradox: If Religion Makes People Happy, Why Are So Many Dropping Out?," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101 (2011): 1278; C. Sabatier et al., "Religiosity, Family Orientation, and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents in Four Countries," Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42 (2011): 1375.

 Благотворительность: R. Gillum & K. Master, "Religiousness and Blood Donation: Findings from a National Survey," Journal of Health Psychology 15 (2010): 163; P. Grossman & M. Parrett, "Religion and Prosocial Behaviour: A Field Test," Applied Economics Letters 18 (2011): 523; McCullough & Worthington, "Religion and the Forgiving Personality"; G. Pruckner & R. Sausgruber, "Honesty on the Streets: A Field Experiment on Newspaper Purchasing," Journal of the European Economic Association 11 (2008): 661; A. Tsang, A. Schulwitz & R. Carlisle, "An Experimental Test of the Relationship between Religion and Gratitude," Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 4 (2011): 40.

Религиозность и агрессивность: J. Blogowska, C. Lambert & V. Saroglou, "Religious Prosociality and Aggression: It's Real," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52 (2013): 524. Мстительность: T. Greer et al., "We Are a Religious People; We Are a Vengeful People," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 44 (2005): 45; M. Leach, M. Berman & L. Eubanks, "Religious Activities, Religious Orientation, and Aggressive Behavior," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47 (2008): 311.

 L. Galen & J. Kloet, "Personality and Social Integration Factors Distinguishing Nonreligious from Religious Groups: The Importance of Controlling for Attendance and Demographics," Archive for the Psychology of Religion 33 (2011): 205; L. Galen, M. Sharp & A. McNulty, "The Role of Nonreligious Group Factors versus Religious Belief in the Prediction of Prosociality," Social Indicators Research 122 (2015): 411; R. Stark, "Physiology and Faith: Addressing the 'Universal' Gender Difference in Religious Commitment," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41 (2002): 495; M. Argyle, Psychology and Religion: An Introduction (Routledge, 2000); G. Lenski, "Social Correlates of Religious Interest," American Sociological Review 18 (1953): 533; A. Miller & J. Hoffmann, "Risk and Religion: An Explanation of Gender Differences in Religiosity," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34 (1995): 63.

 Putnam & Campbell, American Grace; T. Smith, M. McCullough & J. Poll, "Religiousness and Depression: Evidence for a Main Effect and the Moderating Influence of Stressful Life Events," Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003): 614; L. Galen & J. Kloet, "Mental Well-Being in the Religious and the Non-religious: Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship," Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14 (2011): 673; M. McCullough & T. Smith, "Religion and Depression: Evidence for a Main Effect and the Moderating Influence of Stress Life Events," Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003): 614; L. Manning, "Gender and Religious Differences Associated with Volunteering in Later Life," Journal of Women and Aging 22 (2010): 125.

 Pichon & Saroglou, "Religion and Helping"; N. Mazar, O. Ami & D. Ariely, "The Dishonesty of Honest People: A Theory of Self-Concept Maintenance," Journal of Marketing Research 45 (2008): 633; M. Lang et al., "Moralizing Gods, Impartiality and Religious Parochialism across 15 Societies," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (2019): 20190202; A. Shariff et al., "Religious Priming: A Meta-analysis with a Focus on Prosociality," Personality and Social Psychology Review 20 (2016): 27.

 Pichon & Saroglou, "Religion and Helping"; A. Shariff & A. Norenzayan, "God Is Watching You: Priming God Concepts Increases Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game," Psychological Science 18 (2007): 803; K. Laurin, A. Kay & G. Fitzsimons, "Divergent Effects of Activating Thoughts of God on Self-Regulation," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2012): 4; K. Rounding et al., "Religion Replenishes Self-Control," Psychological Science 23 (2012): 635; J. Saleam & A. Moustafa, "The Influence of Divine Rewards and Punishments on Religious Prosociality," Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016): 1149.

 Shariff & Norenzayan, "God Is Watching You"; B. Randolph-Seng & M. Nielsen, "Honesty: One Effect of Primed Religious Representations," International Journal of Psychology and Religion 17 (2007): 303.

К сноске: M. Quirin, J. Klackl & E. Jonas, "Existential Neuroscience: A Review and Brain Model of Coping with Death Awareness," in Handbook of Terror Management Theory, ed. C. Routledge & M. Vess (Elsevier, 2019).

 J. Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Pantheon, 2012); J. Weedon & R. Kurzban, "What Predicts Religiosity? A Multinational Analysis of Reproductive and Cooperative Morals," Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2012): 440; P. Zuckerman, Society without God (New York University Press, 2008).

 M. Regnerus, C. Smith & D. Sikkink, "Who Gives to the Poor? The Influence of Religious Tradition and Political Location on Personal Generosity of Americans toward the Poor," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 (1998): 481; J. Jost & M. Krochik, "Ideological Differences in Epistemic Motivation: Implications for Attitude Structure, Depth of Information Processing, Susceptibility to Persuasion, and Stereotyping," Advances in Motivation Science 1 (2014): 181; F. Grupp & W. Newman, "Political Ideology and Religious Preference: The John Birch Society and Americans for Democratic Action," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 12 (1974): 401.

 Центр глобального развития, "Commitment to Development Index 2021," ; Центр глобального развития, "Ranking the Rich," Foreign Policy 142 (2004): 46; Центр глобального развития, "Ranking the Rich," Foreign Policy 150 (2005): 76; Zuckerman, Society without God; P. Norris & R. Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge University Press, 2004); S. Bruce, Politics and Religion (Polity, 2003).

К сноске: Центр глобального развития, "Ranking the Rich," Foreign Policy 150 (2005): 76.

 P. Zuckerman, "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions," Sociology Compass 3 (2009): 949; B. Beit-Hallahmi, "Atheists: A Psychological Profile," in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. M. Martin, Cambridge Companions to Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2007); S. Crabtree & B. Pelham, "More Religious Countries, More Perceived Ethnic Intolerance," Gallup, April 7, 2009, gallup.com/poll/117337/Religious-CountriesPerceived-Ethnic-Intolerance.aspx; J. Lyne, "Who's No. 1? Finland, Japan and Korea, Says OECD Education Study," Site Selection, 10.12.2001, siteselection.com/ssinsider/snapshot/sf011210.htm; Управление ООН по наркотикам и преступности, "UNODC Statistics Online."

 Inglehart & Norris, Sacred and Secular.

 H. Tan & C. Vogel, "Religion and Trust: An Experimental Study," Journal of Economic Psychology 29 (2008): 332; J. Preston & R. Ritter, "Different Effects of Religion and God on Prosociality with the Ingroup and Outgroup," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39 (2013): 1471; A. Ahmed, "Are Religious People More Prosocial? A Quasi-experimental Study with Madrasah Pupils in a Rural Community in India," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48 (2009): 368; A. Ben-Ner et al., "Identity and In-group/Out-group Differentiation in Work and Giving Behaviors: Experimental Evidence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 72 (2009): 153; C. Fershtman, U. Gneezy & F. Verboven, "Discrimination and Nepotism: The Efficiency of the Anonymity Rule," Journal of Legal Studies 34 (2005): 371; R. Reich, Just Giving: Why Philanthropy Is Failing Democracy and How It Can Do Better (Princeton University Press, 2018).

 Lang et al., "Moralizing Gods, Impartiality and Religious Parochialism."

 J. Blogowska & V. Saroglou, "Religious Fundamentalism and Limited Prosociality as a Function of the Target," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50 (2011): 44; M. Johnson et al., "A Mediational Analysis of the Role of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Religious Fundamentalism in the Religiosity-Prejudice Link," Personality and Individual Differences 50 (2011): 851.

 D. Gay & C. Ellison, "Religious Subcultures and Political Tolerance: Do Denominations Still Matter?," Review of Religious Research 34 (1993): 311; T. Vilaythong, N. Lindner & B. Nosek, "'Do unto Others': Effects of Priming the Golden Rule on Buddhists' and Christians' Attitudes toward Gay People," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 49 (2010): 494; J. LaBouff et al., "Differences in Attitudes towards Outgroups in a Religious or Non-religious Context in a Multi-national Sample: A Situational Context Priming Study," International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 22 (2012): 1; M. Johnson, W. Rowatt & J. LaBouff, "Priming Christian Religious Concepts Increases Racial Prejudice," Social Psychological and Personality Science 1 (2010): 119; Pichon & Saroglou, "Religion and Helping"; R. McKay et al., "Wrath of God: Religious Primes and Punishment," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278 (2011): 1858; G. Tamarin, "The Influence of Ethnic and Religious Prejudice on Moral Judgment," New Outlook 9 (1996): 49; J. Ginges, I. Hansen & A. Norenzayan, "Religion and Support for Suicide Attacks," Psychological Science 20 (2009): 224. Leach, Berman & Eubanks, "Religious Activities, Religious Orientation"; H. Ledford, "Scriptural Violence Can Foster Aggression," Nature 446 (2007): 114; B. Bushman et al., "When God Sanctions Killing: Effect of Scriptural Violence on Aggression," Psychological Science 18 (2007): 204.

 Crone & Levy, "Are Free Will Believers Nicer People?"

 C. Ma-Kellams & J. Blascovich, "Does 'Science' Make You Moral? The Effects of Priming Science on Moral Judgments and Behavior," PLoS One 8 (2013): e57989.

 См. две статьи Бреннера, указанные в сноске 19; A. Keysar, "Who Are America's Atheists and Agnostics?," in Secularism and Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives, ed. B. Kosmin 7 A. Keysar (Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture, 2007).

 Galen, Sharp & McNulty, "The Role of Nonreligious Group Factors"; A. Jorm & H. Christensen, "Religiosity and Personality: Evidence for Non-linear Associations," Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2004): 1433; D. Bock & N. Warren, "Religious Belief as a Factor in Obedience to Destructive Demands," Review of Religious Research 13 (1972): 185; F. Curlin et al., "Do Religious Physicians Disproportionately Care for the Underserved?," Annals of Family Medicine 5 (2007): 353; S. Oliner & P. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (Free Press, 1988).

Глава 12. ДРЕВНИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ВНУТРИ НАС: КАК ПРОИСХОДЯТ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ?

 Монументальный (единственное подходящее слово) обзор работы, которой Эрик Кандел посвятил жизнь, содержится в его нобелевской лекции; см. печатную версию: E. Kandel, "The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue between Genes and Synapses," Science 294 (2001): 1030.

 E. Alnajjar & K. Murase, "A Simple Aplysia-Like Spiking Neural Network to Generate Adaptive Behavior in Autonomous Robots," Adaptive Behavior 16 (2008): 306.

 К сноске: H. Boele et al., "Axonal Sprouting and Formation of Terminals in the Adult Cerebellum during Associative Motor Learning," Journal of Neuroscience 33 (2013): 17897.

 К сноске: M. Srivastava et al., "The Amphimedon queenslandica Genome and the Evolution of Animal Complexity," Nature 466 (2010): 720.

 J. Medina et al., "Parallels between Cerebellum- and Amygdala-Dependent Conditioning," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002): 122.

 M. Kalinichev et al., "Long-Lasting Changes in Stress-Induced Corticosterone Response and Anxiety-Like Behaviors as a Consequence of Neonatal Maternal Separation in Long-Evans Rats," Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 73 (2002): 13; B. Aisa et al., "Cognitive Impairment Associated to HPA Axis Hyperactivity after Maternal Separation in Rats," Psycho­neuroendocrinology 32 (2007): 256; B. Aisa et al., "Effects of Maternal Separation on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses, Cognition and Vulnerability to Stress in Adult Female Rats," Neuroscience 154 (2008): 1218; M. Moffett et al., "Maternal Separation Alters Drug Intake Patterns in Adulthood in Rats," Biochemical Pharmacology 73 (2007): 321. Интересно, что влияние временной разлуки с матерью на развитие мозга и поведение потомства в значительной степени обусловлено изменениями в поведении матери после возвращения: R. Alves et al., "Maternal Separation Effects on Mother Rodents' Behaviour: A Systematic Review," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 117 (2019): 98.

 A. Wilber, G. Lin & C. Wellman, "Glucocorticoid Receptor Blockade in the Posterior Interpositus Nucleus Reverses Maternal Separation-Induced Deficits in Adult Eyeblink Conditioning," Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 94 (2010): 263; A. Wilber et al., "Neonatal Maternal Separation Alters Adult Eyeblink Conditioning and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in the Interpositus Nucleus of the Cerebellum," Developmental Neurobiology 67 (2011): 751.

 J. LeDoux, "Evolution of Human Emotion," Progress in Brain Research 195 (2012): 431; также смотрите любую из превосходных книг Леду на эту тему, например: J. LeDoux, The Deep History of Ourselves: The Four-Billion-Year Story of How We Got Conscious Brains (Viking, 2019); L. Johnson et al., "A Recurrent Network in the Lateral Amygdala: A Mechanism for Coincidence Detection," Frontiers in Neural Circuits 2 (2008): 3; W. Haubensak et al., "Genetic Dissection of an Amygdala Microcircuit That Gates Conditioned Fear," Nature 468 (2010): 270.

 P. Zhu & D. Lovinger, "Retrograde Endocannabinoid Signaling in a Postsynaptic Neuron/Synaptic Bouton Preparation from Basolateral Amygdala," Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005):6199; M. Monsey et al., "Chronic Corticosterone Exposure Persistently Elevates the Expression of Memory-Related Genes in the Lateral Amygdala and Enhances the Consolidation of a Pavlovian Fear Memory," PLoS One 9 (2014): e91530; R. Sobota et al., "Oxytocin Reduces Amygdala Activity, Increases Social Interactions, and Reduces Anxiety-Like Behavior Irrespective of NMDAR Antagonism," Behavioral Neuroscience 129 (2015): 389; O. Kozanian et al., "Long-Lasting Effects of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Fear Learning and Development of the Amygdala," Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12 (2018): 200; E. Perez-Villegas et al., "Mutation of the HERC 1 Ubiquitin Ligase Impairs Associative Learning in the Lateral Amygdala," Molecular Neurobiology 55 (2018): 1157.

 К сноске: T. Moffitt et al., "Deep-Seated Psychological Histories of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitance and Resistance," PNAS Nexus 1 (2022): pgac034.

 A. Baddeley, "Working Memory: Looking Back and Looking Forward," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4 (2003): 829; J. Jonides et al., "The Mind and Brain of Short-Term Memory," Annual Review of Psychology 59 (2008): 193.

 Примеры реальных нейронных связей мозга, обладающих такими свойствами, см.: D. Zeithamova, A. Dominick & A. Preston, "Hippocampal and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Activation during Retrieval-Mediated Learning Supports Novel Inference," Neuron 75 (2012): 168; D. Cai et al., "A Shared Neural Ensemble Links Distinct Contextual Memories Encoded Close in Time," Nature 534 (2016): 115.

К сноске: J. Alvarez, In the Time of the Butterflies (Algonquin Books, 2010).

К сноске: J. Harris, "Anorexia Nervosa and Anorexia Miracles: Miss K. R— and St. Catherine of Siena," JAMA Psychiatry 71 (2014): 12; F. Forcen, "Anorexia Mirabilis: The Practice of Fasting by Saint Catherine of Siena in the Late Middle Ages," American Journal of Psychiatry 170 (2013): 370; F. Galassi, N. Bender & M. Habicht, "St. Catherine of Siena (1347–1380 AD): One of the Earliest Historic Cases of Altered Gustatory Perception in Anorexia Mirabilis," Neurological Sciences 39 (2018): 939.

 На фотографии справа — рядовой Дональд Браун, который погиб в 1944 г. во Франции в возрасте 24 лет, когда его танк «Шерман» был уничтожен огнем нацистов. Останки экипажа танка были найдены в 1947 г., но только в 2018 г. личность Брауна была установлена с помощью анализа ДНК. В пресс-релизе о его идентификации ничего не говорится о том, сколько членов его семьи сошли в могилу за эти 74 года, так и не узнав, что с ним случилось. Я благодарю Агентство по делам военнопленных и пропавших без вести за разрешение использовать его фотографию в качестве иллюстрации. Более 72 000 американских солдат всё еще числятся пропавшими без вести в боях Второй мировой войны. (Пресс-релиз можно прочесть на сайте dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/1647847/funeral-announcement-for-soldier-killed-during-world-war-ii-brown-d/). Антропологический анализ желания знать, что случилось с нашими умершими, а также личную историю 27-летнего ожидания возможности узнать см. в статье Р. Сапольски «Почему мы хотим вернуть их тела», Discover, 31 января 2002 г., которая также вошла в книгу R. Sapolsky, Monkeyluv and Other Essays on Our Lives as Animals (Simon & Schuster/Scribner, 2005).

Глава 13. МЫ ТАК УЖЕ ДЕЛАЛИ

 E. Magiorkinis et al., "Highlights in the History of Epilepsy: The Last 200 Years," Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 582039.

 J. Rho & H. White, "Brief History of Anti-seizure Drug Development," Epilepsia Open 3 (2018): 114.

К сноске: J. Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages (Cornell University Press, 1972), p. 234.

 См., например: R. Sapolsky & G. Steinberg, "Gene Therapy for Acute Neurological Insults," Neurology 10 (1999): 1922.

 A. Walker, "Murder or Epilepsy?," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 133 (1961): 430; J. Livingston, "Epilepsy and Murder," Journal of the American Medical Association 188 (1964): 172; M. Ito et al., "Subacute Postictal Aggression in Patients with Epilepsy," Epilepsy & Behavior 10 (2007): 611; J. Gunn, "Epileptic Homicide: A Case Report," British Journal of Psychiatry 132 (1978): 510; C. Hindler, "Epilepsy and Violence," British Journal of Psychiatry 155 (1989): 246; N. Pandya et al., "Epilepsy and Homicide," Neurology 57 (2001): 1780.

 S. Fazel et al., "Risk of Violent Crime in Individuals with Epilepsy and Traumatic Brain Injury: A 35-Year Swedish Population Study," PLoS Medicine 8 (2011): e1001150; C. Alstrom, Study of Epilepsy and Its Clinical, Social and Genetic Aspects (Monksgaard, 1950); J. Kim et al., "Characteristics of Epilepsy Patients Who Committed Violent Crimes: Report from the National Forensic Hospital," Journal of Epilepsy Research 1 (2011): 13; D. Treiman, "Epilepsy and Violence: Medical and Legal Issues," Epilepsia 27 (1986): S77; D. Hill & D. Pond, "Reflections on One Hundred Capital Cases Submitted to Electroencephalography," Journal of Mental Science 98 (1952): 23; E. Rodin, "Psychomotor Epilepsy and Aggressive Behavior," Archives of General Psychiatry 28 (1973): 210.

 J. Falret, "De l'etat mental des epileptiques," Archives generales de medicine 16 (1860): 661.

К сноске: P. Pichot, "Circular Insanity, 150 Years On," Bulletin de l'academie nationale de medecine 188 (2004): 275.

 S. Fernandes et al., "Epilepsy Stigma Perception in an Urban Area of a Limited-Resource Country," Epilepsy & Behavior 11 (2007): 25; A. Jacoby, "Epilepsy and Stigma: An Update and Critical Review," Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8 (2008): 339; G. Baker et al., "Perceived Impact of Epilepsy in Teenagers and Young Adults: An International Survey," Epilepsy and Behavior 12 (2008): 395; R. Kale, "Bringing Epilepsy Out of the Shadows," British Medical Journal 315 (1997): 2.

 G. Krauss, L. Ampaw & A. Krumholz, "Individual State Driving Restrictions for People with Epilepsy in the US," Neurology 57 (2001): 1780.

 C. Bonanos, "What New York Should Learn from the Park Slope Crash That Killed Two Children," Intelligencer, New York, March 30, 2018.

 T. Moore & K. Sheehy, "Driver in Crash That Killed Two Kids Suffers from MS, Seizures," New York Post, March 6, 2018.

 C. Moynihan, "Driver Charged with Manslaughter in Deaths of 2 Children," New York Times, May 3, 2018; A. Winston, "Driver Who Killed Two Children in Brooklyn Is Found Dead," New York Times, November 7, 2018.

 L. Italiano, "Judge Gives Trash-Haul Killer Life," New York Post, November 19, 2009; B. Aaron, "Driver Who Killed 3 People on Bronx Sidewalk Charged with Manslaughter," StreetsBlog NYC, September 20, 2016; B. Aaron, "Cab Driver Pleads to Homicide for Killing 2 on Bronx Sidewalk While Off Epilepsy Meds," StreetsBlog NYC, November 13, 2017.

К сноске: S. Billakota, O. Devinsky & K. Kim, "Why We Urgently Need Improved Epilepsy Therapies for Adult Patients," Neuropharmacology 170 (2019): 107855; K. Meador et al., "Neuropsychological and Neurophysiologic Effects of Carbamazepine and Levetiracetam," Neurology 69 (2007): 2076; D. Buck et al., "Factors Influencing Compliance with Antiepileptic Drug Regimes," Seizure 6 (1997): 87.

 Italiano, "Judge Gives Trash-Haul Killer Life."

 Ко второй сноске: Weil, The Natural Mind: An Investigation of Drugs and the Higher Consciousness (Houghton Mifflin, 1998), p. 211.

К третьей сноске: D. Rosenhan, "On Being Sane in Insane Places," Science 179 (1973): 250; S. Cahalan, The Great Pretender (Canongate Trade, 2019); см. также: A. Abbott, "On the Troubling Trail of Psychiatry's Pseudopatients Stunt," Nature 574 (2019): 622.

 P. Maki et al., "Predictors of Schizophrenia — a Review," British Medical Bulletin 73 (2005): 1; S. Stilo, M. Di Forti & R. Murray, "Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia: Implications for Prevention," Neuropsychiatry 1 (2011): 457; E. Walker & R. Lewine, "Prediction of Adult-Onset Schizophrenia from Childhood Home Movies of the Patients," American Journal of Psychiatry 147 (1990): 1052.

 S. Bo et al., "Risk Factors for Violence among Patients with Schizophrenia," Clinical Psychology Reviews 31 (2014): 711; B. Rund, "A Review of Factors Associated with Severe Violence in Schizophrenia," Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 72 (2018): 561.

 J. Lieberman & O. Ogas, Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry (Little Brown, 2015); E. Torrey, Freudian Fraud: The Malignant Effect of Freud's Theory on American Thought and Culture (HarperCollins, 1992).

 A. Harrington, Mind Fixers: Psychiatry's Troubled Search for the Biology of Mental Illness (Norton, 2019); см.: Torrey, Freudian Fraud.

 Цитата, отражающая концептуальный переход к обвинению шизофреногенных семей целиком, а не одних только женщин, взята из: P. Bart, "Sexism and Social Science: From the Gilded Cage to the Iron Cage, or, the Perils of Pauline," Journal of Marriage and the Family (November 1971), 741.

 Stilo, Di Forti & Murray, "Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia"; Maki et al., "Predictors of Schizophrenia."

 R. Gentry, D. Schuweiler & M. Roesch, "Dopamine Signals Related to Appetitive and Aversive Events in Paradigms That Manipulate Reward and Avoidability," Brain Research 1713 (2019): 80; P. Glimcher, "Understanding Dopamine and Reinforcement Learning: The Dopamine Reward Prediction Error Hypothesis," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, supp. 3 (2011): 15647; M. Happel, "Dopaminergic Impact on Local and Global Cortical Circuit Processing during Learning," Behavioral Brain Research 299 (2016): 32.

 A. Boyd et al., "Dopamine, Cognitive Biases and Assessment of Certainty: A Neurocognitive Model of Delusions," Clinical Psychology Review 54 (2017): 96; C. Chun, P. Brugger & T. Kwapil, "Aberrant Salience across Levels of Processing in Positive and Negative Schizotypy," Frontiers of Psychology 10 (2019): 2073; T. Winton-Brown et al., "Dopaminergic Basis of Salience Dysregulation in Psychosis," Trends in Neurosciences 37 (2014): 85.

 P. Mallikarjun et al., "Aberrant Salience Network Functional Connectivity in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A First Episode Psychosis Sample," Translational Psychiatry 8 (2018): 69; K. Schonauer et al., "Hallucinatory Modalities in Prelingually Deaf Schizophrenic Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 67 Cases," Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 98 (1998): 377; J. Atkinson, "The Perceptual Characteristics of Voice-Hallucinations in Deaf People: Insights into the Nature of Subvocal Thought and Sensory Feedback Loops," Schizophrenia Bulletin 32 (2006): 701; E. Anglemyer & C. Crespi, "Misinterpretation of Psychiatric Illness in Deaf Patients: Two Case Reports," Case Reports in Psychiatry 2018 (2018): 3285153; B. Engmann, "Peculiarities of Schizophrenic Diseases in Prelingually Deaf Persons," MMW Fortschritte der Medizin 153 supp. 1 (2011): 10. Принято считать (и я не исключение), что у каждого человека в голове звучит внутренний голос; оказалось, что это не так: D. Coffey, "Does Everyone Have an Inner Monologue?," Livescience, June 12, 2021. Я должен поблагодарить Хиллари Робертс, которая познакомила меня с этой статьей.

 S. Lawrie et al., "Brain Structure and Function Changes during the Development of Schizophrenia: The Evidence from Studies of Subjects at Increased Genetic Risk," Schizophrenia Bulletin 34 (2008): 330; C. Pantelis et al., "Neuroanatomical Abnormalities Before and After Onset of Psychosis: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal MRI Comparison," Lancet 361 (2003): 281.

 J. Harris et al., "Abnormal Cortical Folding in High-Risk Individuals: A Predictor of the Development of Schizophrenia?," Biological Psychiatry 56 (2004): 182; R. Birnbaum & D. Weinberger, "Functional Neuroimaging and Schizophrenia: A View towards Effective Connectivity Modeling and Polygenic Risk," Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 15 (2022): 279.

 D. Eisenberg & K. Berman, "Executive Function, Neural Circuitry, and Genetic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia," Neuro­psychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2010): 258.

 B. Birur et al., "Brain Structure, Function, and Neurochemistry in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder — a Systematic Review of the Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging Literature," NPJ Schizophrenia 3 (2017): 15; J. Fitzsimmons, M. Kubicki & M. Shenton, "Review of Functional and Anatomical Brain Connectivity Findings in Schizophrenia," Current Opinions in Psychiatry 26 (2013): 172; K. Karlsgodt, D. Sun & T. Cannon, "Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia," Current Directions in Psychological Sciences 19 (2010): 226.

 К сноске: Некоторые проблемы, связанные с попытками разобраться в случаях пациентов, страдающих от шизофрении и болезни Паркинсона одновременно: J. Waddington, "Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism in Antipsychotic-Naive Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychosis: Clinical, Nosological and Pathobiological Challenges," Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 41 (2020): 464.

 К сноске: K. Terkelsen, "Schizophrenia and the Family: II. Adverse Effects of Family Therapy," Family Processes 22 (1983): 191.

 A. McLean, "Contradictions in the Social Production of Clinical Knowledge: The Case of Schizophrenia," Social Science and Medicine 30 (1990): 969. Печальную и ужасающую историю семьи, пораженной шизофренией как ни одна другая в Америке, см.: R. Kolker, Hidden Valley Road: Inside the Mind of an American Family (Doubleday, 2020). (Русский перевод: Колкер Р. «Что-то не так с Гэлвинами. Идеальная семья, разрушенная безумием». — М.: Бомбора, 2021. — Прим. ред.)

 T. McGlashan, "The Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study. II. Long-Term Outcome of Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders," Archives of General Psychiatry 41 (1984): 586. Сатира Тори: E. Fuller Torrey, "A Fantasy Trial about a Real Issue," Psychology Today (March 1977), 22.

Даты интервью с Элеонорой Оуэн, Лори Флинн и Роном Хонбергом: 23.07.2019, 24.07.2019 и 25.07.2019 соответственно.

К сноске: M. Sheridan et al., "The Impact of Social Disparity on Prefrontal Function in Childhood," PLoS One 7 (2012): e35744; J. L. Hanson et al., "Structural Variations in Prefrontal Cortex Mediate the Relationship between Early Childhood Stress and Spatial Working Memory," Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2012): 7917; R. Sapolsky, "Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Atrophy in Neuropsychiatric Disorders," Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000): 925.

 Bruno Bettelheim, Surviving — and Other Essays (Knopf, 1979), p. 110. (Русский перевод: Беттельхейм Б. Пустая крепость. Детский аутизм и рождение Я/Под ред. Н. Б. Асановой; Пер. с англ. Б. Орлова. 4-е изд. — М.: Академический проект, 2019. — Прим. ред.)

 M. Finn, "In the Case of Bruno Bettelheim," First Things, June 1997; R. Pollak, The Creation of Dr. B: A Biography of Bruno Bettelheim (Simon & Schuster, 1997).

 D. Kaufer et al., "Acute Stress Facilitates Long-Lasting Changes in Cholinergic Gene Expression," Nature 393 (1998): 373; A. Friedman et al., "Pyridostigmine Brain Penetration under Stress Enhances Neuronal Excitability and Induces Early Immediate Transcriptional Response," Nature Medicine 2 (1996): 1382; R. Sapolsky, "The Stress of Gulf War Syndrome," Nature 393 (1998): 308; C. Amourette et al., "Gulf War Illness: Effects of Repeated Stress and Pyridostigmine Treatment on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Cholinesterase Activity in Rat Brain," Behavioral Brain Research 203 (2009): 207; P. Landrigan, "Illness in Gulf War Veterans: Causes and Consequences," Journal of the American Medical Association 277 (1997): 259.

 E. Klingler et al., "Mapping the Molecular and Cellular Complexity of Cortical Malformations," Science 371 (2021): 361; S. Mueller et al., "The Neuroanatomy of Transgender Identity: Mega-analytic Findings from the ENIGMA Transgender Persons Working Group," Journal of Sexual Medicine 18 (2021): 1122.

Глава 14. РАДОСТЬ НАКАЗАНИЯ

 B. Tuchman, A Distant Mirror (Random House, 1994); P. Shipman, "The Bright Side of the Black Death," American Science 102 (2014): 410.

 "In the Middle Ages There Was No Such Thing as Childhood," Economist, January 3, 2019; J. Robb et al., "The Greatest Health Problem of the Middle Ages? Estimating the Burden of Disease in Medieval England," International Journal of Paleopathology 34 (2021): 101; M. Shirk, "Violence and the Plague in Aragуn, 1348–1351," Quidditas 5 (1984): article 5.

 The Lepers' Plot: S. Tibble, "Medieval Strategy? The Great 'Leper Conspiracy' of 1321," Yale University Books, September 11, 2020, ; D. Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton University Press, 1996); I. Ritzmann, "The Black Death as a Cause of the Massacres of Jews: A Myth of Medical History?," Medizin, Gesellschaft und Geschichte 17 (1998): 101; M. Barber, "Lepers, Jews and Moslems: The Plot to Overthrow Christendom in 1321," History 66 (1989): 1; T. Barzilay, "Early Accusations of Well Poisoning against Jews: Medieval Reality or Historiographical Fiction?," Medieval Encounters 22 (2016): 517.

 Weyer: V. Hoorens, "The Link between Witches and Psychiatry: Johan Weyer," KU Lueven News, September 9, 2011, ; , s.v. "Weyer, Johan," .

 Казнь Робера Дамьена, Версальский дворец: "Assassination Attempt on King Louis XV by Damiens, 1757," н.д., en.chateauversailles.fr/ discover/history/key-dates/assassination-attempt-king-louis-xv-damiens-1757; "Letter from a Gentleman in Paris to His Friend in London," in Anonymous, A Particular and Authentic Narration of the Life, Examination, Torture, and Execution of Robert Francis Damien [sic], trans. Thomas Jones (London, 1757), доступно также на: revolution.chnm.org/d/238. Аренда мест богачами: "The Truly Horrific Execution of Robert-Fransois Damiens," Unfortunate Ends, June 25, 2021, YouTube video, 14:40, ; .

 A. Lollini, Constitutionalism and Transitional Justice in South Africa (Human Rights in Context, vol. 5) (Berghahn Books, 2011). Исследование психологического воздействия процесса по установлению истины и примирению: P. Gobodo-Madikizela, A Human Being Died That Night (Houghton-Mifflin, 2003).

 Положительные отзывы о восстановительном правосудии: V. Camp & J. Wemmers, "Victim Satisfaction with Restorative Justice: More Than Simply Procedural Justice," International Review of Victimology 19 (2013): 117; L. Walgrave, "Investigating the Potentials of Restorative Justice Practice," Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 36 (2011): 91.

 F. Marineli et al., "Mary Mallon (1869–1938) and the History of Typhoid Fever," Annals of Gastroenterology 26 (2013): 132; J. Leavitt, Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health (Putnam, 1996).

 Недавние убедительные высказывания в пользу карантинных моделей борьбы с преступностью: D. Pereboom, Wrongdoing and the Moral Emotions (Oxford University Press, 2021); G. Caruso & D. Pereboom, Moral Responsibility Reconsidered (Cambridge University Press, 2022); G. Caruso, Rejecting Retributivism (Cambridge University Press, 2021); G. Caruso, "Free Will Skepticism and Criminal Justice: The Public Health-Quarantine Model," in Oxford Handbook of Moral Responsibility, ed. D. Nelkin & D. Pereboom (Oxford University Press, 2022).

 M. Powers & R. Faden, Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy (Oxford University Press, 2006).

 S. Smilansky, "Hard Determinism and Punishment: A Practical Reductio,' Law and Philosophy 30 (2011): 353. Опасения, что карантинные модели приведут к бесконечному содержанию под стражей: M. Corrado, "Fichte and the Psychopath: Criminal Justice Turned Upside Down," in Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society, ed. E. Shaw, D. Pereboom & G. Caruso (Cambridge University Press, 2019).

 К сноске: D. Zweig, "They Were the Last Couple in Paradise. Now They're Stranded," New York Times, April 5, 2020, . На Гугл-картах видно, что величина этого их курортного острова Дьявола с коктейлями май-тай примерно 300 на 180 м.

 R. Dundon, "Photos: Less Than a Century Ago, 20,000 People Traveled to Kentucky to See a White Woman Hang a Black Man," Timeline, Medium, February 22, 2018, timeline.com/rainy-bethea-last-public-execution-in-america-lischia-edwards-6f035f61c229; "Denies Owning Ring Found in Widow's Room," Messenger-Inquirer (Owensboro, KY), June 11, 1936; "Negro's Second Confession Bares Hiding Place," Owensboro (KY) Messenger, June 13, 1936; "10,000 See Hanging of Kentucky Negro; Woman Sheriff Avoids Public Appearance as Expoliceman Springs Trap. CROWD JEERS AT CULPRIT Some Grab Pieces of Hood for Souvenirs as Doctors Pronounce Condemned Man Dead," New York Times, August 15, 1936; "Souvenir Hunters at Hanging Tear Hood Face," Evening Star (Washington, DC), August 14, 1936; C. Pitzulo, "The Skirted Sheriff: Florence Thompson and the Nation's Last Public Execution," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 115 (2017): 377.

 P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902; Graphic Editions, 2020). Отличная биография Кропоткина: G. Woodcock, Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel (Black Rose Books, 1990).

 K. Foster et al., "Pleiotropy as a Mechanism to Stability Cooperation," Nature 431 (2004): 693.

К сноске: Слияние эукариотических клеток и митохондрий — одно из важнейших событий в истории жизни на Земле; впервые это предположение выдвинула эволюционный биолог Линн Маргулис. Естественно, оно долгие годы отвергалось и высмеивалось большинством специалистов в этой области, пока современные молекулярные методы полностью его не подтвердили. Вот ее оригинальная статья (опубликованная под именем Линн Саган, поскольку в то время она была замужем за астрономом Карлом Саганом): L. Sagan, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells," Journal of Theoretical Biology 14 (1967): 255.

W. Eberhard, "Evolutionary Consequences of Intracellular Organelle Competition," Quarterly Review of Biology 55 (1980): 231; J. Agren & S. Wright, "Co-evolution between Transposable Elements and Their Hosts: A Major Factor in Genome Size," Chromosome Research 19 (2011): 777. Эгоистичные митохондрии: J. Havird, "Selfish Mitonuclear Conflict," Current Biology 29 (2019): PR496.

 Шимпанзе: F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics (Allen & Unwin, 1982). Крапивники: R. Mulder & N. Langmore, "Dominant Males Punish Helpers for Temporary Defection in Superb Fairy-Wrens," Animal Behavior 45 (1993): 830. Голые землекопы: H. Reeve, "Queen Activation of Lazy Workers in Colonies of the Eusocial Naked Mole-Rat," Nature 358 (1992): 147. Рифовые рыбы и губаны: R. Bshary & A. Grutter, "Punishment and Partner Switching Cause Cooperative Behaviour in a Cleaning Mutualism," Biology Letters 1 (2005): 396. Социальные бактерии: Foster et al., "Pleiotropy as a Mechanism to Stability Cooperation." Гегемония транспозонов: E. Kelleher, D. Barbash & J. Blumenstiel, "Taming the Turmoil Within: New Insights on the Containment of Transposable Elements," Trends in Genetics 36 (2020): 474; J. Agren, N. Davies & K. Foster, "Enforcement Is Central to the Evolution of Cooperation," Nature Ecology and Evolution 3 (2019): 1018. Эгоистичные транспозоны: E. Kelleher, "Reexamining the P-Element Invasion of Drosophila melanogaster through the Lens of piRNA Silencing," Genetics 203 (2016): 1513.

 R. Boyd, H. Gintis & S. Bowles, "Coordinated Punishment of Defectors Sustains Cooperation and Can Proliferate When Rare," Science 328 (2010): 617.

 R. Axelrod & W. D. Hamilton, "The Evolution of Cooperation," Science 211 (1981): 1390. См. также: J. Henrich & M. Muthukrishna, "The Origins and Psychology of Human Cooperation," Annual Review of Psychology 72 (2021): 207. Бо́льшая часть литературы по теории игр исходит из социального равенства игроков. Анализ процессов, которые сводят сотрудничество на нет, когда в игру вступают неравные, см.: O. Hauser et al., "Social Dilemmas among Unequals," Nature 572 (2019): 524.

 G. Aydogan et al., "Oxytocin Promotes Altruistic Punishment," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12 (2017): 1740; T. Yamagishi et al., "Behavioural Differences and Neural Substrates of Altruistic and Spiteful Punishment," Science Reports 7 (2017): 14654; T. Baumgartner et al., "Who Initiates Punishment, Who Joins Punishment? Disentangling Types of Third-Party Punishers by Neural Traits," Human Brain Mapping 42 (2021): 5703; O. Klimeck, P. Vuilleumier & D. Sander, "The Impact of Emotions and Empathy-Related Traits on Punishment Behavior: Introduction and Validation of the Inequality Game," PLoS One 11 (2016): e0151028.

Альтруистическое наказание у детей: Y. Kanakogi et al., "Third-Party Punishment by Preverbal Infants," Nature Human Behaviour 6 (2022): 1234; G. D. Salali, M. Juda & J. Henrich, "Transmission and Development of Costly Punishment in Children," Evolution and Human Behavior 36, no. 2 (2015): 86–94.

Только у людей: K. Riedl et al., "No Third-Party Punishment in Chimpanzees," PNAS 109, no. 37 (2012): 14824–29.

 B. Herrmann, C. Thoni & S. Gachter, "Antisocial Punishment across Societies," Science 319 (2008): 1362; J. Henrich & N. Henrich, "Fairness without Punishment: Behavioral Experiments in the Yasawa Island, Fiji," in Experimenting with Social Norms: Fairness and Punishment in Cross-Cultural Perspective, ed. J. Ensminger & J. Henrich (Russell Sage Foundation, 2014); J. Engelmann, E. Herrmann & M. Tomasello, "Five-Year Olds, but Not Chimpanzees, Attempt to Manage Their Reputations," PLoS One 7 (2012): e48433; R. O'Gorman, J. Henrich & M. Van Vugt, "Constraining Free Riding in Public Goods Games: Designated Solitary Punishers Can Sustain Human Cooperation," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (2009): 323.

 A. Norenzayan, Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict (Princeton University Press, 2013); M. Lang et al., "Moralizing Gods, Impartiality and Religious Parochialism across 15 Societies," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (2019): 1898. См. также: J. Henrich et al., "Market, Religion, Community Size and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment," Science 327 (2010): 1480.

К сноске: Herrmann, Thoni & Gachter, "Antisocial Punishment across Societies"; M. Cinyabuguma, T. Page & L. Putterman, "Can Second-Order Punishment Deter Perverse Punishment?," Experimental Economics 9 (2006): 265.

 J. Jordan et al., "Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal of Trustworthiness," Nature 530 (2016): 473.

К сноске: Henrich & Henrich, "Fairness without Punishment."

 Издержки и выгоды третьего лица: Jordan et al., "Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal"; N. Nikiforakis & D. Engelmann, "Altruistic Punishment and the Threat of Feuds," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 78 (2011): 319; D. Gordon, J. Madden & S. Lea, "Both Loved and Feared: Third Party Punishers Are Viewed as Formidable and Likeable, but Those Reputational Benefits May Only Be Open to Dominant Individuals," PLoS One 27 (2014): e110045; M. Milinski, "Reputation, a Universal Currency for Human Social Interactions," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences 371 (2016): 20150100.

Появление наказания третьим лицом: K. Panchanathan & R. Boyd, "Indirect Reciprocity Can Stabilize Cooperation without the Second-Order Free Rider Problem," Nature 432 (2004): 499.

Особенности наказания третьим лицом у охотников-собирателей: C. Boehm, Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior (Harvard University Press, 1999).

 T. Kuntz, "Tightening the Nuts and Bolts of Death by Electric Chair," New York Times, 03.08.1997.

 Трезвое описание жизни Банди, суда над ним и казни: J. Nordheimer, "All-American Boy on Trial," New York Times, December 10, 1978; J. Nordheimer, "Bundy Is Put to Death in Florida after Admitting Trail of Killings," New York Times, January 25, 1989. См. также: B. Bearak, "Bundy Electrocuted after Night of Weeping, Praying: 500 Cheer Death of Murderer," Los Angeles Times, January 24, 1989; G. Bruney, "Here's What Happened to Ted Bundy after the Story Portrayed in Extremely Wicked Ended," Esquire, 4.05.2019, . Фотографии празднований в честь его казни см.: и , а также см.: M. Hodge, "THE DAY A MONSTER FRIED: How Ted Bundy's Electric Chair Execution Was Celebrated by Hundreds Shouting 'Burn, Bundy, Burn' Outside Serial Killer's Death Chamber," Sun (UK), January 16, 2019, .

Воспоминания коллеги, работавшего с ним в период убийств: A. Rule, The Stranger Beside Me (Norton, 1980). Анализ, проведенный пионером в области психологического изучения психопатии, см.: R. Hare, Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopath among Us (Guildford Press, 1999). Глубокий анализ нашей одержимости серийными убийцами: S. Marshall, "Violent Delights," Believer, December 22, 2022.

 N. Mendes et al., "Preschool Children and Chimpanzees Incur Costs to Watch Punishment of Antisocial Others," Nature Human Behaviour 2 (2018): 45. См.также: M. Cant et al., "Policing of Reproduction by Hidden Threats in a Cooperative Mammal," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (2014): 326; T. Clutton-Brock & G. Parker, "Punishment in Animal Societies," Nature 373 (1995): 209.

 К сноске: R. Deaner, A. Khera & M. Platt, "Monkeys Pay per View: Adaptive Valuation of Social Images by Rhesus Macaques," Current Biology 15 (2005): 543; K. Watson et al., "Visual Preferences for Sex and Status in Female Rhesus Macaques," Animal Cognition 15 (2012): 401; A. Lacreuse et al., "Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Looking Preferences for Faces in Female Rhesus Monkeys," Animal Cognition 10 (2007): 105.

 Y. Wu et al., "Neural Correlates of Decision Making after Unfair Treatment," Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 9 (2015): 123; E. Du & S. Chang, "Neural Components of Altruistic Punishment," Frontiers of Neuroscience 9 (2015): 26; A. Sanfey et al., "Neuroeconomics: Cross-Currents in Research on Decision-Making," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (2006): 108; M. Haruno & C. Frith, "Activity in the Amygdala Elicited by Unfair Divisions Predicts Social Value Orientation," Nature Neuroscience 13 (2010): 160; T. Burnham, "High-Testosterone Men Reject Low Ultimatum Game Offers," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (2007): 2327.

 G. Bellucci et al., "The Emerging Neuroscience of Social Punishment: Meta-analytic Evidence," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 113 (2020): 426; H. Ouyang et al., "Empathy-Based Tolerance towards Poor Norm Violators in Third-Party Punishment," Experimental Brain Research 239 (2021): 2171.

 D. de Quervain et al., "The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment," Science 305 (2004): 1254; B. Knutson, "Behavior. Sweet Revenge?," Science 305 (2004): 1246; D. Chester & C. DeWall, "The Pleasure of Revenge: Retaliatory Aggression Arises from a Neural Imbalance towards Reward," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11 (2016): 1173; Y. Hu, S. Strang & B. Weber, "Helping or Punishing Strangers: Neural Correlates of Altruistic Decisions as Third-Party and of Its Relation to Empathic Concern," Frontiers of Behavioral Neuroscience 9 (2015): 24; Baumgartner et al., "Who Initiates Punishment, Who Joins Punishment?"; G. Holstege et al., "Brain Activation during Human Male Ejaculation," Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 9185.

Вера в свободу воли может быть даже продиктована желанием оправдывать с ее помощью справедливое наказание: C. Clark et al., "Free to Punish: A Motivated Account of Free Will Belief," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106 (2014): 541. Противоположное мнение см.: A. Monroe & D. Ysidron, "Not So Motivated after All? Three Replication Attempts and a Theoretical Challenge to a Morally Motivated Belief in Free Will," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 150 (2021): e1.

 T. Hu et al., "Helping Others, Warming Yourself: Altruistic Behaviors Increase Warmth Feelings of the Ambient Environment," Frontiers of Psychology 7 (2016): 1359; Y. Wang et al., "Altruistic Behaviors Relieve Physical Pain," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 (2020): 950.

 Чтобы понять, откуда взялся Маквей, см.: N. McCarthy, "The Evolution of Anti-government Extremist Groups in the U. S.," Forbes, 18.01.2021.

Некоторые цифры, касающиеся взрыва: Office for Victims of Crime, Responding to Terrorism Victims: Oklahoma City and Beyond (U. S. Department of Justice, 2000), "Chapter I: Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building," .

Сообщения современников о теракте, устроенном Маквеем, о суде над ним и казни, см.: "Eyewitness Accounts of McVeigh's Execution," ABC News, 11.06.2001, abc-news.go.com/US/story?id=90542&page=1; "Eyewitness Describes Execution," Wired, 11.06.2001, ; P. Carlson, "Witnesses for the Execution," Washington Post, 11.04.2001, ; J. Borger, "A Glance, a Nod, Silence and Death," Guardian, 11.06.2001, .

Интересный момент, касающийся свидетелей казни: A. Freinkel, C. Koopman & D. Spiegel, "Dissociative Symptoms in Media Eyewitnesses of an Execution," American Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1994): 1335.

Стихотворение «Непокоренный» (Invictus) в оригинале можно прочесть на сайте: .

 A. Linders, The Execution Spectacle and State Legitimacy: The Changing Nature of the American Execution Audience, 1833–1937 (Law and Society Association, 2002); R. Bennett, Capital Punishment and the Criminal Corpse in Scotland, 1740–1834 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).

К сноске: M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Vintage, 1995); C. Alford, "What Would It Matter if Everything Foucault Said about Prison Were Wrong? Discipline and Punish after Twenty Years," Theory and Society 29 (2000): 125.

 S. Bandes, "Closure in the Criminal Courtroom: The Birth and Strange Career of an Emotion," in Research Handbook on Law and Emotion, ed. S. Bandes et al. (Edward Elgar, 2021); M. Armour & M. Umbreit, "Assessing the Impact of the Ultimate Penal Sanction on Homicide Survivors: A Two State Comparison," Marquette Law Review 96 (2012), . См. также: J. Madeira, "Capital Punishment, Closure, and Media," 2016, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, .

 "The Death Penalty and the Myth of Closure," Death Penalty Information Center, 19.01.2021, .

 Подробную историю жизни Андерса Брейвика, его террористических действий и их последствий можно найти в книге: A. Seierstad, One of Us: The Story of Anders Breivik and the Massacre in Norway (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015); подчеркивая ужас содеянного, в книге также приводятся краткие биографии некоторых из его многочисленных жертв. Все они были замечательными детьми — гуманными, прогрессивными, стремящимися посвятить свою жизнь добрым делам, и, скорее всего, у них бы все получилось.

Одновременно с книгой Сейерстада я читал книгу Маши Гессен «Братья: путь к американской трагедии» (The Brothers: The Road to an American Tragedy, Riverhead Books, 2015), рассказ о взрыве на Бостонском марафоне, устроенном братьями Царнаевыми. Лидером и заводилой явно был старший из них, Тамерлан; образ, который рисует Гессен, удивительно напоминает Брейвика; идеи ими владели настолько противоположные, насколько это вообще возможно, но оба они те же посредственности, которые тешили себя чувством, будто имеют право на славу и превосходство, и сваливали вину на других, когда ни того ни другого достичь не удается, — бесполезные, пустые сосуды, ожидающие, когда их наполнят каким-нибудь ядом — и тогда людям, наконец, придется с ними считаться. Эту же мысль исследовал Том Николс в статье "The Narcissism of the Angry Young Men," Atlantic, 29.01.2023: «Эти мужчины — невыросшие мальчики, которые, давно выйдя из отрочества, по-прежнему мучаются острым чувством эгоцентричного подросткового недовольства; они демонстрируют сочетание детской неуверенности и дерзкого высокомерия; они страдают от сексуальной и социальной неуверенности в себе. И что, вероятно, опаснее всего — их никто не замечает, пока эта бомба не взорвется». Немецкий писатель Ханс Магнус Энценсбергер очень точно назвал этих молодых людей «радикальными неудачниками».

Интересный анализ судебного процесса: B. de Graaf et al., "The Anders Breivik Trial: Performing Justice, Defending Democracy," Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies 4, no. 6 (2013), doi:10.19165/­2013.1.06. Слова Йенса Столтенберга: D. Rickman, "Norway's Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg: We Are Crying with You after Terror Attacks," Huffington Post, 24.07.2011, .

Насмешки над униформой Брейвика: G. Toldnes, L. K. Lundervold & A. Meland, "Slik skaffet han seg sin enmannshær" (на норвежском языке), Dagbladet Nyheter, 30.07.2011. Еще о реакции норвежцев на трагедию: N. Jakobsson & S. Blom, "Did the 2011 Terror Attacks in Norway Change Citizens' Attitudes towards Immigrants?," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 26 (2014): 475. Заявление ректора Университета: "Anders Breivik accepted at Norway's University of Oslo," BBC, 17.07.2015, bbc.com/news/world-europe-33571929. Брейвик будет общаться с отставными офицерами полиции: "Breivik saksøkte staten" (на норвежском языке), NRK, 23.10.2015.

Проливая свет буквально на каждую страницу этой книги, отец Брейвика, Йенс, на собственные средства опубликовал книгу «Моя вина?» (My Fault?).

 Стрельба в африканской методистской епископальной церкви Эммануэль: M. Schiavenza, "Hatred and Forgiveness in Charleston," Atlantic, 20.06.2015; "Dylann Roof Told by Charleston Shooting Survivor 'the Devil Has Come Back to Claim' Him," CBS News, 11.01.2017, ; "Families of Charleston Shooting Victims to Dylann Roof: We Forgive You," Yahoo! News, 19.06.2015, .

Стрельба в синагоге «Древо жизни»: K. Davis, "Not Guilty Plea Entered for Alleged Synagogue Shooter on 109 Federal Charges" San Diego Tribune, 14.05.2019, . Усилия, предпринятые евреями — сотрудниками госпиталя, куда привезли стрелка: D. Andone, "Jewish Hospital Staff Treated Synagogue Shooting Suspect as He Spewed Hate, Administrator Says," CNN, 1.11.2018, . Слова Джеффа Коэна: E. Rosenberg, "'I'm Dr. Cohen': The Powerful Humanity of the Jewish Hospital Staff That Treated Robert Bowers," Washington Post, 30.10.2018, .

Помощник мэра Осло: H. Mauno, "Fikk brev fra Breivik: 'Da jeg leste navnet ditt, fikk jeg frysninger nedover ryggen'" (на норвежском языке), Dagsavisen, 08.04.2021.

 В США и Великобритании возмущались тем, как мягко норвежцы наказывают преступников: S. Cottee, "Norway Doesn't Understand Evil," UnHerd, 8.02.2022, ; K. Weill, "All the Fun Things Anders Breivik Can Do in His 'Inhumane' Prison," Daily Beast, 13.04.2017, ; J. Kirchick, "Mocking Justice in Norway: The Breivik Trial Targets Contrarian Intellectuals," World Affairs 175 (2012): 75; H. Gass, "Anders Breivik: Can Norway Be Too Humane to a Terrorist?," Christian Science Monitor, 20.04.2016. Еще один, явно имеющий отношение к делу анализ и цитату «одного комментатора» см. в: S. Lucas, "Free Will and the Anders Breivik Trial," Humanist, 13.08.2012.

Трагедия 11 сентября в США и атака Брейвика были похожи, поскольку в результате этих двух террористических актов погиб примерно один и тот же процент населения страны; в обоих случаях глава государства в последующие дни обращался к скорбящей нации, и в обоих случаях речь длилась примерно пять минут. Вот тут-то и проявляются разительные отличия. Буш трижды упомянул Бога, четырежды — зло; Столтенберг упомянул зло один раз и ни разу — Бога. Буш использовал слова «презренный», «гнев» и «враг». Столтенберг, напротив, использовал слова «сострадание», «достоинство» и «любовь». Буш заявил, что этот террористический акт «не сможет пробить сталь американской решимости». Столтенберг обратился к близким жертв, сказав: «Мы плачем вместе с вами».

Хотя на Западе обезглавливание или публичное повешение ушли в прошлое, это прошлое не такое уж далекое: чтобы присутствовать на последнем публичном повешении в Великобритании в 1868 г., вы могли бы добраться до места на метро; в тот день, когда во Франции последний раз гильотинировали человека, вы могли бы провести вечер за просмотром фильма «Звездные войны» или танцуя под Bee Gees на дискотеке; это был 1977 г.

Превосходные обзоры, посвященные темам этой главы: M. Hoffman, The Punisher's Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury (Cambridge University Press, 2014), а также P. Alces, Trialectic: The Confluence of Law, Neuroscience, and Morality (University of Chicago Press, 2023).

Глава 15. ЕСЛИ ВЫ УМИРАЕТЕ В БЕДНОСТИ

 Чтобы заглянуть в мир пятидесятилетних, умирающих, по сути, от старости, см.: A. Case & A. Deaton, Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism (Princeton University Press, 2020).

 M. Shermer, Heavens on Earth: The Scientific Search for the Afterlife, Immortality, and Utopia (Henry Holt, 2018); M. Quirin, J. Klackl & E. Jonas, "Existential Neuroscience: A Review and Brain Model of Coping with Death Awareness," in Handbook of Terror Management Theory, ed. C. Routledge & M. Vess (Elsevier, 2019).

 L. Alloy & L. Abramson, "Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser?," Journal of Experimental Psychology 108 (1979): 441. Общий обзор этой темы см. в главе 13 книги R. Sapolsky Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers: A Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Disease and Coping, 3rd ed. (Holt, 2004). (Русский перевод: Сапольски Р. Почему у зебр не бывает инфаркта. Психология стресса». — СПб.: Питер, 2019. — Прим. ред.)

 R. Trivers, Deceit and Self-Deception: Fooling Yourself to Better Fool Others (Allen Lane, 2011).

 Цитата Гомеса: G. Gomes, "The Timing of Conscious Experience: A Critical Review and Reinterpretation of Libet's Research," Consciousness and Cognition 7 (1998): 559. Цитата Газзанига: M. Gazzaniga, "On Determinism and Human Responsibility," Neuroexistentialism: Meanings, Morals and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, ed. G. Caruso (Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 232. Цитата Деннета: G. Caruso & D. Dennett, "Just Deserts," Aeon, .

 Нападки Деннета на нейроученых, сомневающихся в существовании свободы воли, где он называет их гнусными и безответственными, см.: D. Dennett, "Daniel Dennett: Stop Telling People They Don't Have Free Will," н.д., Big Think video, 5:33, bigthink.com/videos/daniel-dennett-on-the-nefarious-neurosurgeon/.

К сноске: Jin Park, "Harvard Orator Jin Park | Harvard Class Day 2018," Harvard University, May 23, 2018, YouTube video, 10:23, youtube.com/watch?v= TlWgdLzTPbc.

 T. Chiang, "What's Expected of Us," Nature 436 (2005): 150. (Пер. К. Егоровой, . — Прим. ред.)

 R. Lake, "The Limits of a Pragmatic Justification of Praise and Blame," Journal of Cognition and Neuroethics 3 (2015): 229; P. Tse, "Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain," in Caruso, Neuroexistentialism; R. Bishop, "Contemporary Views on Compatibilism and Incompatibilism: Dennett and Kane," Mind and Matter 7 (2009): 91.

 К сноске: A. Sokal, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity," Social Text 46/47 (1996): 217.

 «Свобода воли» не имеет никакого отношения к биологии, психологии и социологии ожирения:

Генетические аспекты: S. Alsters et al., "Truncating Homozygous Mutation of Carboxypeptidase E in a Morbidly Obese Female with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Intellectual Disability and Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism," PLoS One 10 (2015): e0131417; G. Paz-Filho et al., "Whole Exam Sequencing of Extreme Morbid Obesity Patients: Translational Implications for Obesity and Related Disorders," Genes 5 (2014): 709; R. Singh, P. Kumar & K. Mahalingam, "Molecular Genetics of Human Obesity: A Comprehensive Review," Comptes rendus biologies 340 (2017): 87; H. Reddon, J. Gueant & D. Meyre, "The Importance of Gene-Environment Interactions in Human Obesity," Clinical Sciences (London) 130 (2016): 1571; D. Albuquerque et al., "The Contribution of Genetics and Environment to Obesity," British Medical Bulletin 123 (2017): 159.

Эволюционные аспекты: Z. Hochberg, "An Evolutionary Perspective on the Obesity Epidemic," Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 29 (2018): 819.

Роль низкого социально-экономического статуса: R. Wilkinson & K. Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better (Allen Lane, 2009); E. Goodman et al., "Impact of Objective and Subjective Social Status on Obesity in a Biracial Cohort of Adolescents," Obesity Research 11, no. 8 (2003): 1018–26.

К сноске: Dutch Hunger Winter: B. Heijmans et al., "Persistent Epigenetic Differences Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Famine in Humans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (2008): 17046. Аналогичный феномен показан в одной из прекрасных свежих работ. В ней исследователи изучали людей, чьи матери вынашивали их в период, когда общество находилось в тяжелейшем экономическом положении — во времена Великой депрессии; много десятилетий спустя для таких людей был характерен эпигенетический профиль, связанный с ускоренным старением. L. Schmitz & V. Duque, "In Utero Exposure to the Great Depression Is Reflected in Late-Life Epigenetic Aging Signatures — Accelerated Epigenetic Markers of Aging," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (2022): e2208530119.

 T. Charlesworth & M. Banaji, "Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: I. Long-Term Changes and Stability from 2007 to 2016," Psychological Sciences 30 (2019): 174; S. Phelan et al., "Implicit and Explicit Weight Bias in a National Sample of 4,732 Medical Students: The Medical Student CHANGES Study," Obesity 22 (2014): 1201; R. Carels et al., "Internalized Weight Stigma and Its Ideological Correlates among Weight Loss Treatment Seeking Adults," Eating and Weight Disorders 14 (2019): e92; M. Vadiveloo and J. Mattei, "Perceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load among US Adults," Annals of Behavioral Medicine 51 (2017): 94; R. Puhl & C. Heuer, "Obesity Stigma: Important Considerations for Public Health," American Journal of Public Health 100 (2010): 1019; L. Vogel, "Fat Shaming Is Making People Sicker and Heavier," CMAJ 191 (2019): E649.

 Слова Сэма: S. Finch, "9 Affirmations You Deserve to Receive if You Have a Mental Illness," Let's Queer Things Up!, 29.08.2015, . Слова Ариэль: D. Lavelle, "'I Assumed It Was All My Fault': The Adults Dealing with Undiagnosed ADHD," Guardian, 5.09.2017, . Слова Марианны: M. Eloise, "I'm Autistic. I Didn't Know Until I Was 27," New York Times, 05.12.2020, .

 Слова анонима: QuartetQuarter, "Is it my fault I'm short?," Reddit, 04.02.2020, . Слова Манаса: https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-get-past-the-fact-that-my-dad-blamed-me-for-being-short-and-not-pretty-I-shouldve-exercised-a-lot-more-and-eaten-a-lot-of-protein-while-growing-up-but-my-parents-are-short-too-Whose-fault-is-it.

 Слова Кэт и Эрин: sane.org/information-stories/the-sane-blog/wellbeing/how-has-diagnosis-affected-your-sense-of-self. Слова Мишель: Lavelle, "'I Assumed It Was All My Fault.'" Слова Марианны: Eloise, "I'm Autistic. I Didn't Know." Слова Сэма: S. Finch, "4 Ways People with Mental Illness Are 'Gaslit' into Self-Blame," Healthline, 30.07.2019, healthline.com/health/mental-health/gaslighting-mental-illness-self-blame?scrlybrkr=74e99dd8.

 Эпохальное исследование Левая: S. LeVay, "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (1991): 1034. Слова отца, переживающего из-за того, в какой летний лагерь он отправил сына: sane.org/information-stories/the-sane-blog/wellbeing/how-has-diagnosis-affected-your-sense-of-self. О гнусном проповеднике Фреде Фелпсе из печально известной баптистской церкви Вестборо см.: "Active U. S. Hate Groups (Kansas)," Southern Poverty Law Center. Заявление Американской психиатрической ассоциации, осуждающее конверсионную терапию как псевдонауку, см.: American Psychiatric Association, "APA Maintains Reparative Therapy Not Effective," 15.01.1999, psychiatricnews.org/pnews/99-01-15/therapy.html.

 Влияние стресса на репродуктивную психологию неоднозначно, см.: J. Wingfield & R. Sapolsky, "Reproduction and Resistance to Stress: When and How," Journal of Neuroendocrinology 15 (2003): 711.

Психологические последствия бесплодия: R. Clay, "Battling the Self-Blame of Infertility," APA Monitor 37 (2006): 44; A. Stanton et al., "Psychosocial Aspects of Selected Issues in Women's Reproductive Health: Current Status and Future Directions," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 (2002): 751; A. Domar, P. Zuttermeister & R. Friedman, "The Psychological Impact of Infertility: A Comparison with Patients with Other Medical Conditions," Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 14 (1993): 45.

 S. James, "John Henryism and the Health of African-Americans," Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18 (1994): 163.

 M. Sandel, The Tyranny of Merit: What's Become of the Common Good? (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020); E. Anderson, "It's Not Your Fault if You Are Born Poor, but It's Your Fault if You Die Poor," Medium, 21.01.2022, medium.com/illumination-curated/its-not-your-fault-if-you-are-born-poor-but-it-s-your-fault-if-you-die-poor-36cf3d56da3f.

 Текст на идиш и перевод на английский доступны на сайте genius.com/Daniel-kahn-and-the-painted-bird-mayn-rue-plats-where-i-rest-lyrics. Исполнение можно послушать на .

«Наука изучает статистические свойства популяций и не в состоянии давать достаточно точные прогнозы в отношении отдельных людей»; содержательное обсуждение этого представления о науке см.: D. Faigman et al., "Group to Individual (G2i) Inferences in Scientific Expert Testimony," University of Chicago Law Review 81 (2014): 417.

К сноске: D. Von Drehle, "No, History Was Not Unfair to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Owners," 20.12.2018, . Collapse of Rana Plaza: Wikipedia, s.v. "2013 Rana Plaza Factory Collapse," .

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