Примечания
1. Hongdong Song, Siqi Zhang, Ling Zhang, Bo Li, “Effect of Orally Administered Collagen Peptides from Bovine Bone on Skin Aging in Chronologically Aged Mice”, Nutrients 9 (2017).
2. D. Konig, S. Oesser, S. Scharla, et al., “Specifi c Collagen Peptides Improve Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in Postmenopausal Women – A Randomized Controlled Study”, Nutrients 10 (2018).
3. F. D. Choi, C. T. Sung, M. L. Juhasz, et al., “Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications”, Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 18 (2019): 9–16.
4. Ian J. Wallace, Steven Worthington, David T. Felson, et al., “Knee Osteoarthritis Has Doubled in Prevalence Since the Mid-20th Century”, PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (2017): 9332–9336.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arthritis National Statistics, February 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/data_statistics/national-statistics.html.
6. Stephanie L. Schnorr, Marco Candela, Simone Rampelli, et al., “Gut Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter– Gatherers”, Nature Communications 5 (2014).
7. Eric P. Plaisance, Frank L. Greenway, Anik Boudreau, et al., “Dietary Methionine Restriction Increases Fat Oxidation in Obese Adults with Metabolic Syndrome”, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (2011): E836-E840.
8. J. K. Virtanen, S. Voutilainen, T. H. Rissanen, et al., “High Dietary Methionine Intake Increases the Risk of Acute Coronary Events in Middle– Aged Men”, Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Disease 16 (2006): 113–120.
9. Wataru Yamadera, Kentaru Inagawa, Shinaro Chiba, et al., “Glycine Ingestion Improves Subjective Sleep Quality in Human Volunteers, Correlating with Polysomnographic Changes”, Sleep and Biological Rhythms 5 (2007): 126–131.
10. Osamu Hashizume, Sakiko Ohnishi, Takayuki Mito, et al., “Epigenetic Regulation of the Nuclear– Coded GCAT and SHMT2 Genes Confers Human Age– Associated Mitochondrial Respiration Defects”, Scientific Reports 5 (2015).
11. Yasutaka Shigemura, Daiki Kubomura, Yoshio Sato, et al. “Dose– Dependent Changes in the Levels of Free and Peptide Forms of Hydroxyproline in Human Plasma aft er Collagen Hydrolysate Ingestion”, Food Chemistry 159 (2014): 328–332.
12. T. Kawaguchi, P. N. Nanbu, and M. Kurokawa, “Distribution of Prolylhydroxyproline and Its Metabolites aft er Oral Administration in Rats”, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35 (2012): 422–427.
13. Jerome Asserin, Elian Lati, Toshiaki Shioya, et al., “Th e Eff ect of Oral Collagen Peptide Supplementation on Skin Moisture and the Dermal Collagen Network: Evidence from an Ex Vivo Model and Randomized, Placebo– Controlled Clinical Trials”, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 14 (2015): 291–301.
14. L. Duteil, C. Queille Roussel, Y. Maubert, et al., “Specifi c Natural Bioactive Type I Collagen Peptides Oral Intake Reverse Skin Aging Signs in Mature Women”, Journal of Aging Research & Clinical Practice (2016).
15. А. E. Postlethwaite, W. K. Wong, P. Clements, et al., “A Multicenter, Randomized, Double– Blind, Placebo– Controlled Trial of Oral Type I Collagen Treatment in Patients with Diff use Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis: Oral Type I Collagen Does Not Improve Skin in All Patients, but May Improve Skin in Late– Phase Disease”, Arthritis & Rheumatology 58 (2008): 1810–1822.
16. Q. A. Dar, E. M. Schott, S. E. Catheline, et al., “Daily Oral Consumption of Hydrolyzed Type I Collagen Is Chondroprotective and Antiinfl ammatory in Murine Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis”, PLOS One 12 (2017).
17. David C. Crowley, Francis C. Lau, Prachi Sharma, et al., “Safety and Effi cacy of Undenatured Type II Collagen in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Clinical Trial”, International Journal of Medical Sciences 6 (2009): 312–321.
18. David E. Trentham, Roselynn A. Dynesius– Trentham, E. John Orav, et al., “Effects of Oral Administration of Type II Collagen on Rheumatoid Arthritis”, Science 261 (1993): 1727–1730.
19. P. Betz, A. Nerlich, J. Wilske, et al., “Th e Time– Dependent Rearrangement of the Epithelial Basement Membrane in Human Skin Wounds – Immunohistochemical Localization of Collagen IV and VII”, International Journal of Legal Medicine 105 (1992): 93–97.
20. M. M. Hurley, D. J. Adams, L. Wang, et al., “Accelerated Fracture Healing in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Anabolic Isoform of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2”, Journal of Cell Biochemistry 117 (2016): 599–611.
21. Daniel O. Clegg, Domenic J. Reda, Crystal L. Harris, et al., “Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, and the Two in Combination for Painful Knee Osteoarthritis”, New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 795– BOS.
22. M. Rizwan, I. Rodriguez– Blanco, A. Harbottle, et al., “Tomato Paste Rich in Lycopene Protects against Cutaneous Photodamage in Humans In Vivo: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, British Journal of Dermatology 164 (2011): 154–162.
23. J. Orbe, J. A. Rodriguez, R. Arias, et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins Increase the Collagen Content and Reduce MMP-1 in a Porcine Model of Atherosclerosis: Implications for Plaque Stabilization”, Atherosclerosis 167 (2003): 45–53.
24. L. S. McAnulty, D. C. Nieman, C. L. Dumke, et al., “Eff ect of Blueberry Ingestion on Natural Killer Cell Counts, Oxidative Stress, and Infl ammation Prior to and aft er 2.5 H of Running”, Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism 36 (2011): 976–9B4.
25. V. E. Reeve, M. Allanson, S. J. Arun, et al., “Mice Drinking Goji Berry Juice (Lycium Barbarum) Are Protected from UV Radiation-Induced Skin Damage via Antioxidant Pathways”, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 9 (2010): 601–607.
26. B. O. Rennard, R. F. Ertl, G. L. Gossman, et al., “Chicken Soup Inhibits Neutrophil Chemotaxis In Vitro”, Chest 11B (2000): 1150–1157.
27. Bin Shan, Yizhong Z. Cai, Mei Sun, et al., “Antioxidant Capacity of 26 Spice Extracts and Characterization of Th eir Phenolic Constituents”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (2005): 7749–7759.
28. G. de Almeida Goncalves, A. B. de Sa– Nakanishi, J. F. Comar, et al., “Water Soluble Compounds of Rosmarinus Offi cinalis L. Improve the Oxidative and Infl ammatory States of Rats with Adjuvant– Induced Arthritis”, Food and Function 25 (201B): 232B-2340.
29. M. A. Khan, M. Subramaneyaan, V. K. Arora, et al., “Eff ect of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) Root Extract on Amelioration of Oxidative Stress and Autoantibodies Production in Collagen-i nduced Arthritic Rats”, Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 12 (2015): 117–125.
30. А. H. Kwon, Z. Qiu, M. Hashimoto, et al., “Effects of Medicinal Mushroom (Sparassis Crispa) on Wound Healing in Streptozotocin– Induced Diabetic Rats”, American Journal of Surgery 197 (2009): 503–509.
31. В. H. Marouf, S. A. Hussain, Z. S. Ali, et al., “Resveratrol Supplementation Reduces Pain and Infl ammation in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients Treated with Meloxicam: A Randomized Placebo– Controlled Trial”, Journal of Medicinal Food (2018).
32. Stoyan Dimitrov, Elaine Hulteng, and Suzi Hong, “Infl ammation and Exercise: Inhibition of Monocytic TNF Production by Acute Exercise Via B2-Adrenergic Activation”, Brain, Behavior and Immunity 61 (2017): 60–68.
33. Bente Klarlund Pedersen, “Anti-infl ammatory Effects of Exercise: Role in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease”, European Journal of Clinical Investigation 47 (2017): 600–611.
34. S. Y. Xu, Y. B. He, S. Y. Deng, et al., “Intensity– Dependent Eff ect of Treadmill Running on Rat Achilles Tendon”, Experimental and Th erapeutic Medicine 15 (2018): 5377–5383.
35. G. X. Ni, S. Y. Liu, L. Lei, et al., “Intensity– Dependent Eff ect of Treadmill Running on Knee Articular Cartilage in a Rat Model”, BioMed Research International (2013).
36. Grant S. Shields, Shari Young Kuchenbacker, Sarah D. Pressman, et al., “Better Cognitive Control of Emotional Information Is Associated with Reduced Pro-infl ammatory Cytokine Reactivity to Emotional Stress”, Stress 19 (2016): 63–68.
37. J. D. Creswell, A. A. Taren, E. K. Lindsay, et al., “Alterations in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Link Mindfulness Meditation with Reduced Interleukin-6: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Biological Psychiatry 80 (2016): 53–61.
38. D. S. Black, S. W. Cole, M. R. Irwin, et al., “Yogic Meditation Reverses NF-kB and I RF-Related Transcriptome Dynamics in Leukocytes of Family Dementia Caregivers in a Randomized Controlled Trial”, Psychoneuroimmunology 38 (2013): 348–355.
39. S. Amin, J. Niu, A. Guermazi, et al., “Cigarette Smoking and the Risk for Cartilage Loss and Knee Pain in Men with Knee Osteoarthritis”, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66 (2007): 18–22.
40. F. Davatchi, B. S. Abdollahi, M. Mohyeddin, et al., “Mesenchymal Stem Cell Th erapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: Preliminary Report in Four Patients”, International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 14 (2011): 211–215; F. Davatchi, B. Sadeghi Abdollahi, M. Mohyeddin, et al., “Mesenchymal Stem Cell Th erapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: 5 Years Follow– Up of Th ree Patients”, International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 19 (2016): 219–225.
41. А. Vega, M. A. Martin– Ferrero, F. Del Canto, et al., “Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Transplantation 99 (2015): 1681–1690. 42. С. Cramer, E. Freisinger, R. K. Jones, et al., “Persistent High Glucose Concentrations Alter the Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells”, Stem Cells and Development 19 (2010): 1875–1884.
43. T. Lo, J. H. Ho, M. H. Yang, et al., “Glucose Reduction Prevents Replicative Senescence and Increases Mitochondrial Respiration in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells”, Cell Transplantation 20 (2011): 813–825.
44. M. M. Mihaylova, C. W. Cheng, A. Q. Cao, et al., “Fasting Activates Fatty Acid Oxidation to Enhance Intestinal Stem Cell Function during Homeostatis and Aging”, Cell Stem Cell 22 (2018): 769–778.
45. Massimiliano Cerletti, Young C. Jang, Lydia W. S. Finley, et al., “ShortTerm Calorie Restriction Enhances Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Function”, Cell Stem Cell 10 (2012): 515–519.
46. Monika Maredziak, Agnieszka Smieszek, Klaudia Chrzastek, et al., “Physical Activity Increases the Total Number of Bone– Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Enhances Th eir Osteogenic Potential, and Inhibits Th eir Adipogenic Properties”, Stem Cells International (2015).
47. Asya Rolls, Wendy W. Pang, Ingrid Ibarra, et al., “Sleep Deprivation Impairs Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Mice”, Nature Communications 6 (2015).
48. X. Yang, Z. P. Han, S. S. Zhan, et al., “Chronic Restraint Stress Decreases the Repair Potential from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Liver Injury by Inhibiting TGF-B1 Generation”, Cell Death Discovery 5 (2014).
49. S. Hsu, W. B. Bollag, J. Lewis, et al., “Green Tea Polyphenols Induce Diff erentiation and Proliferation in Epidermal Keratinocytes”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Th erapeutics 306 (2003): 29–34.
50. Adam D. Bachstetter, Jennifer Jemberg, Andrea Schlunk, et al., “Spirulina Promotes Stem Cell Genesis and Protects against LPS Induced Declines in Neural Stem Cell Proliferation”, PLOS One 5 (2010).
51. Lei Zhu, Ya– Jun Liu, Hong Shen, et al., “Astragalus and Baicalein Regulate Infl ammation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)/ERK Pathway”, Medical Science Monitor 23 (2017): 3209–3216.
52. Q. Li, W. Xing, X. Gong, et al., “Astragalus Polysaccharide Promotes Proliferation and Osteogenic Diff erentiation of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Down– Regulation of MicroRNA-152”, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 115 (2019).
53. X. H. Wang, H. W. Du, X. H. Guo, et al., “Rehmannia Glutinosa Oligosaccharide Induces Diff erentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocyte– Like Cells”, Genetic and Molecular Research 15 (2016).
54. Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Wang, et al., “Effects of Rehmannia Glutinosa Oligosaccharide on Human Adipose– Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro”, Life Sciences 91 (2012): 1323–1327.
55. E. Proksch, M. Schunk, V. Zague, et al., “Oral Intake of Specifi c Bioactive Collagen Peptides Reduces Skin Wrinkles and Increases Dermal Matrix Synthesis”, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 27 (2014): 113–119.
56. Do– Un Kim, Hee– Chul Chung, Jia Choi, et al., “Oral Intake of Low-Molecular Weight Collagen Peptide Improves Hydration, Elasticity, and Wrinkling in Human Skin: A Randomized, Double– Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study”, Nutrients 10 (2018).
57. N. Inoue, F. Sugihara, and X. Wang, “Ingestion of Bioactive Collagen Hydrolysates Enhance Facial Skin Moisture and Elasticity and Reduce Facial Aging Signs in a Randomised Double– Blind Placebo– Controlled Clinical Study”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96 (2016): 4077–4081.
58. A. Czajka, E. M. Kania, L. Genovese, et al., “Daily Oral Supplementation with Collagen Peptides Combined with Vitamins and Other Bioactive Compounds Improves Skin Elasticity and Has a Benefi cial Eff ect on Joint and General Wellbeing”, Nutrition Research 57 (2018): 97–108.
59. Michael Schunck, Vivian Zague, Steffen Oesser, et al., “Dietary Supplementation with Specifi c Collagen Peptides Has a Body Mass lndex-Dependent Benefi cial Eff ect on Cellulite Morphology”, Journal of Medicinal Food 19 (2015): 1340–1348.
60. Naoki Ito, Shinobu Seki, and Fumitaka Ueda, “Effects of Composite Supplement Containing Collagen Peptide and Ornithine on Skin Conditions and Plasma IGF-1 Levels – A Randomized, Double– Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial”, Marine Drugs 16 (2018).
61. H. Matsumura et al., “Hair Follicle Aging Is Driven by Transepidermal Elimination of Stem Cells via COL17A1 Proteolysis”, Science 35 (2016)
62. G. Ablon and S. Kogan, “A Six– Month Randomized, Double– Blind, Placebo– Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of a Nutra-ceutical Supplement for Promoting Hair Growth in Women with SelfPerceived Th inning Hair”, Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 17 (2018): 558–565.
63. D. Hexsel et al., “Oral Supplementation with Specifi c Bioactive Collagen Peptides Improves Nail Growth and Reduces Symptoms of Brittle Nails”, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 16 (2017): 520–526.
64. Alexander Wunsch and Karsten Matuschka, “A Controlled Trial to Determine the Effi cacy of Red and Near– Infrared Light Treatment in Patient Satisfaction, Reduction of Fine Lines, Wrinkles, Skin Roughness, and Intradermal Collagen Density Increase”, Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 32 (2014): 93–100.
65. Pinar Avci, Guarav K. Gupta, Jason Clark, et al., “Low– Level Laser (Light) Th erapy (LLLT) for Treatment of Hair Loss”, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 46 (2014): 144–151.
66. Matthias C. Aust, Des Fernandes, Perkles Kolokythas, et al., “Percutaneous Collagen Induction Therapy: An Alternative Treatment for Scars, Wrinkles, and Skin Laxity”, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 121 (2008): 1421–1429.
67. Imran Majid, “Microneedling Th erapy in Atrophic Facial Scars: An Objective Assessment”, Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 2 (2009) 26–30.
68. Rachita Dhurat, M. S. Sukesh, Ganesh Avhad, et al., “A Randomized Evaluator Blinded Study of Eff ect of Microneedling in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Pilot Study”, International Journal of Trichology 5 (2013): 6–11.
69. Maha Sellami, Wissem Dhahbi, Lawrence D. Hayes, et al., “Combined Sprint and Resistance Training Abrogates Age Diff erences in Somatic Hormones”, PLOS One 12 (2017).
70. S. A. Lim and K. J. Cheong, “Regular Yoga Practice Improves Antioxidant Status, Immune Function and Stress Hormone Releases in Young Healthy People: A Randomized, Double– Blind, Controlled Pilot Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 21 (2015): 530–538.
71. Martina Barchitta, Andrea Maugeri, Giuliana Favara, et al., “Nutrition and Wound Healing: An Overview Focusing on the Benefi cial Effects of Curcumin”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (2019).
72. N. Takasao, K. Tsuji– Naito, S. Ishikura, et al., “Cinnamon Extract Promotes Type I Collagen Biosynthesis via Activition of IGF-I Signaling in Human Dermal Fibroblasts”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 1193–1200.
73. Narasimharao Bhagavathula, Roscoe L. Warner, Marissa DaSilva, et al., “A Combination of Curcumin and Ginger Extract Improves Abrasion Wound Healing in Corticosteroid– Damaged Hairless Rat Skin”, Wound Repair and Regeneration 17 (2009).
74. T. Fujii, M. Wakaizumi, T. Ikami, et al., “Amla (Emblica Offi cinalis Gaertn.) Extract Promotes Procollagen Production and Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Human Skin Fibroblasts”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 (2008): 53–57.
75. Jongsung Lee, Eunsun Jung, Jiyoung Lee, et al., “Panax Ginseng Induces Human Type I Collagen Synthesis during Activation of Smad Signaling”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109 (2007): 29–34.
76. M. F. Hsu and B. H. Chiang, “Stimulating Effects of Bacillus Subtilis Natto– Fermented Radix Astragali on Hyaluronic Acid Production in Human Skin Cells”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 125 (2009): 474–481.
77. Piergiacomo Calzavara– Pinton, Cristina Zane, Elena Facchinetti, et al., “Topical Besellic Acids for Treatment of Photo– Aged Skin”, Dermatologic Therapy 23 (2010).
78. H. M. Park, E. Moon, M. H. Kim, et al., “Extract of Punica Granatum Inhibits Skin Photoaging Induced by UVB Irradiation”, International Journal of Dermatology
83 (2007): 276–282.
79. E. Ranato, S. Martinotti, and B. Burlando, “Wound Healing Properties of Jojoba Liquid Wax: An In Vitro Study”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 (2011): 443–449.
80. Anita Berman, “Looking beyond Gluten Free: Choose a Gut– Supportive Diet for Long– Term Health with Celiac Disease”, Gluten Intolerance Group, Winter 2015, https://gluten.org/looking– beyond-gluten-freechoose-gut-supportive-diet-long-term-health– celiac-disease.
81. Alessio Fasano, “Leaky Gut and Autoimmune Disease”, Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 42 (2012): 71–78.
82. Ibid.
83. Q. Mu, H. Zhang, and X. M. Luo, “SLE: Another Autoimmune Disorder Infl uenced by Microbes and Diet?”, Frontiers in Immunology 6 (2006).
84. Aaron Lerner, Patricia Jeremias, and Th orsten Matthias, “Gut– Th yroid Axis and Celiac Disease”, Endocrine Connections 6 (2017): R52-R58.
85. Melinda Wenner Moyer, “Gut Bacteria May Play a Role in Autism”, Scientifi c American, September 2014, https://www.scientifi camerican.com/article/gut-bacteria-may-play-a-role-in-autism/?redirect=1.
86. M. Yamamoto, M. I. Pinto– Sanchez, P. Bercik, et al., “Metabolomics Reveals Elevated Urinary Excretion of Collagen Degradation and Epithelial Cell Turnover Products in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients”, Metabolomics 15 (2019).
87. Yulan Liu, Xiuying Wang, and Chien– An Andy Hu, “Th erapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Infl ammatory Bowel Disease”, Nutrients 9 (2017).
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Qianru Chen, Oliver Chen, Isabela M. Martins, et al., “Collagen Peptides Ameliorate Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Immunostimulatory Caco-2 Cell Monolayers via Enhancing Tight Junctions”, Food & Function 3 (2017).
91. Xiao Xu, Xiuying Wang, Huanting Wu, et al., “Glycine Relieves Intestinal Injury by Maintaining mTOR Signaling and Suppressing AMPK, TLR4, and NOD Signaling in Weaned Piglets aft er Lipopolysaccharide Challenge”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19 (2018).
92. I. Tsune, K. Ikejima, M. Hirose, et al., “Dietary Glycine Prevents Chemical-Induced Experimental Colitis in the Rat”, Gastroenterology 125 (2003): 775–785.
93. Zhi Zhong, Michael D. Wheeler, Xiangli Li, et al., “L-Glycine: A Novel Antiinfl ammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Cytoprotective Agent”, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 6 (2003): 229–240.
94. Y. Ji, Z. Dai, S. Sun, et al., “Hyrdoxyproline Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium– Induced Colitis in Mice: Involvement of the NF-kB Signaling and Oxidative Stress”, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 62 (2018).
95. J. Bertrand, I. Ghouzali, C. Guerin, et al., “Glutamine Restores Tight Junction Protein Claudin-1 Expression in Colonic Mucosa of Patients with Diarrhea– Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome”, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 40 (2016): 1170–1176.
96. Shanshan Kong, Yanhui H. Zhang, Weiqiang Zhang, et al., “Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Properties and Functions by Amino Acids”, BioMed Research International (2018).
97. Ibid.
98. M. Tariq and A. R. Al Moutaery, “Studies on the Antisecretory, Gastric Anti-Ulcer and Cytoprotective Properties of Glycine”, Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology
97 (1997): 185–198.
99. G. Sigthorsson, J. Tribble, J. Hayllar, et al., “Intestinal Permeability and Infl ammation in Patients on NSAIDs”, Gut 43 (1989): 506–511.
100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Joint Pain and Arthritis”, September 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/pain/index.htm.
101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Arthritis National Statistics”, February 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/data_statistics/national– statistics.html.
102. David E. Trentham, Roselynn Dynesius Trentham, E. John Orav, et al., “Effects of Oral Administration of Type II Collagen on Rheumatoid Arthritis”, Science 261 (1993): 1727–1730.
103. Kenji Sato, “How Collagen Hydrolysate Works on Your Skin and Joints”, Inform 29 (2018).
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. O. Bruyere, B. Zegels, L. Leonori, et al., “Eff ect of Collagen Hydrolysate in Articular Pain: A 6-Month Randomized, Double– Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study”, Complementary Th erapies in Medicine 20 (2012): 124–130.
107. P. Benito– Ruiz, M. M. Camacho– Zambrano, J. N. Carrillo– Arcentales, et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effi cacy and Safety of a Food Ingredient, Collagen Hydrolysate, for Improving Joint Discomfort”, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 60 (2009): 99–113.
108. A. Czajka, E. M. Kania, L. Genovese, et al., “Daily Oral Supplementation with Collagen Peptides Combined with Vitamins and Other Bioactive Compounds Improves Skin Elasticity and Has a Benefi cial Eff ect on Joint and General Wellbeing”, Nutrition Research 57 (2018): 97–108.
109. J. M. Garcia– Coronado, L. Martinez– Olivera, R. E. Elizondo– Omana, et al., “Effect of Collagen Supplementation on Osteoarthritis Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo– Controlled Trials”, International Orthopaedics 43 (2019): 531–538.
110. Qurratul-Ain Dar, Eric M. Schott, Sarah E. Catherine, et al., “Daily Oral Consumption of Hydrolyzed Type I Collagen Is Chondroprotec-tive and Anti-infl ammatory in Murine Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis”, PLOS One 12 (2017).
111. W. Wei, L. L. Zhang, J. H. Xu, et al., “A Multicenter, Double– Blind, Randomized, Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial of Chicken Type II Collagen in Rheumatoid Arthritis”, Arthritis Research & Th erapy 11 (2009).
112. Ronald J. Maughan, Louise M. Burke, Jiri Dvorak, et al., “IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High– Performance Athlete”, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28 (2018): 104–125.
113. Kristine L. Clark, Wayne Sebastianelli, Klaus R. Flechsenhar, et al., “24 Week Study on the Use of Collagen Hydrolysate as a Dietary Supplement in Athletes with Activity– Related Joint Pain”, Current Medical Research and Opinion 24 (2008): 1485–1496.
114. Ibid.
115. Stephan F. E. Praet, Craig R. Purdam, Marijke Welvaert, et al., “Oral Supplementation of Specifi c Collagen Peptides Combined with Calf-Strengthening Exercises Enhances Function and Reduces Pain in Achilles Tendinopathy Patients”, Nutrients 11 (2019).
116. Gregory Shaw, Ann Lee– Barthel, Megan L. R. Ross, et al., “Vitamin C-Enriched Gelatin Supplementation before Intermittent Activity Augments Collagen Synthesis”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105 (2017): 136–143.
117. Linda Rath, “CBD Oil: Should You Try It for Arthritis Symptoms?” Arthritis Foundation, https://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/treatments/natural/supplements– herbs/cannabidiol-oil.php.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid.
120. “One in Four Americans Develop Insomnia Each Year”, June 8, 2018, https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/one-four-americans-develops-insomnia-each-year.
121. Wataru Yamadera, Kentaru Inagawa, Shinaro Chiba, et al., “Glycine Ingestion Improves Subjective Sleep Quality in Human Volunteers, orrelating with Polysomnographic Changes”, Sleep and Biological Rhythms 5 (2007): 126–131.
122. Kentara Inagawa, Takenori Hiraoka, Tohru Kohda, et al., “Subjective Effects of Glycine Ingestion before Bedtime on Sleep Quality”, Sleep and Biological Rhythms 4 (2006): 75–77.
123. Makoto Bannai and Nobuhiro Kawai, “New Th erapeutic Strategy for Amino Acid Medicine: Glycine Improves the Quality of Sleep”, Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 118 (2012): 145–148.
124. “Facts & Statistics”, Anxiety and Depression Association of America, https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts– statistics.
125. Makato Bannai, Nobuhiro Kawai, Kenji Nagao, et al., “Oral Administration of Glycine Increases Extracellular Serotonin but Not Dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats”, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 65 (2011): 142–149.
126. Mareia Valles– Colomer, Gwen Falony, Youssef Darzi, et al., “Th e Neuroactive Potential of the Human Gut Microbiota in Quality of Life and Depression”, Nature Microbiology 4 (2019): 623–632.
127. I. G. S. Rubio, G. Castro, A. C. Zanini, et al., “Oral Ingestion of a Hydrolyzed Gelatin Meal in Subjects with Normal Weight and in Obese Patients: Postprandial Eff ect on Circulating Gut Peptides, Glucose and Insulin”, Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 13 (200B): 48–53.
128. Mohammed El Hafi di, Israel Perez, Jose Zamora, et al., “Glycine Intake Decreases Plasma Free Fatty Acids, Adipose Cell Size, and Blood Pressure in Sucrose– Fed Rats”, American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287 (2004): R13B7–R1393.
129. M. K. Caldow et al., “Glycine Supplementation during Calorie Restriction Accelerates Fat Loss and Protects against Further Muscle Loss in Obese Mice”, Clinical Nutrition 35 (2016): 1118–1126.
130. Ronald J. Maughan, Louise M. Burke, Jiri Dvorak, et al., “IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High– Performance Athlete”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 52 (2018): 439–455.
131. Denise Zdzieblik, Steff en Oesser, Manfred W. Baumstark, et al., “Collagen Peptide Supplementation in Combination with Resistance Training Improves Body Composition and Increases Muscle Strength in Elderly Sarcopenic Men: A Randomised Controlled Trial”, British Journal of Nutrition 114 (2015): 1237–1245.
132. C. P. Earnest, P. G. Snell, R. Rodriguez, et al., “Th e Eff ect of Creatine Monohydrate Ingestion on Anaerobic Power Indices, Muscular Strength
and Body Composition”, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 153 (1995): 207–209.
133. R. H. Boger, S. M. Bode– Boger, W. Thiele, et al., “Restoring Vascular Nitric Oxide Formation by L-Arginine Improves the Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease”, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 32 (1995): 1336–1344.
134. T. Tran, D. Bliuc, L. Hansen, et al., “Persistence of Excess Mortality Following Individual Nonhip Fractures: A Relative Survival Analysis”, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103 (2018): 3205–3214.
135. J. M. Beasley, A. Z. LaCroix, J. C. Larson, et al., “Biomarker– Calibrated Protein Intake and Bone Health in the Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trials and Observational Studies”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99 (2014): 934–940.
136. Daniel Konig, Steff en Oesser, Stephan Scharla, et al., “Specifi c Collagen Peptides Improve Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in Postmenopausal Women – A Randomized Controlled Study”, Nutrients 10 (2018): 1–11.
137. A. Jennings, A. MacGregor, T. Spector, et al., “Amino Acid Intakes Are Associated with Bone Mineral Density and Prevalence of Low Bone Mass in Women: Evidence from Discordant Monozygotic Twins”, Journal of Bone Mineral Research 31 (2016): 326–335.
138. American Heart Association and American Stroke Association, “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2018 At-a– Glance”, January 2018, https://healthmetrics.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/At-AGlance-Heart– Disease-and– Stroke– Statistics-2018.pdf.
139. Yunpeng Ding, Gard F. T. Swingen, Eva R. Pedersen, et al., “Plasma Glycine and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris”, Journal of the American Heart Association 5 (2015): 1–9.
140. M. El Hafi di, I. Perez, J. Zamora, et al., “Glycine Intake Decreases Plasma Free Fatty Acids, Adipose Cell Size, and Blood Pressure in Sucrose– Fed Rats”, American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 6 (2004): R1387–R1393.
141. C. Y. Chen, L. C. Ching, Y. J. Liao, et al., “Deficiency of Glycine N-Methyltransferase Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice”, Molecular Medicine 18 (2012): 744–752.
142. M. Adeva– Andany, G. Souto– Adeva, E. Ameneiros– Rodriguez, etal., “Insulin Resistance and Glycine Metabolism in Humans”, Amino Acids 50 (2018): 11–27.
143. Marc P. McRae, “Th erapeutic Benefi ts of L-Arginine: An Umbrella Review of Meta– Analyses”, Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 15 (2016): 184–189.
144. Ee-Hwa Kim, Yong– Min Kim, and Jung– Ho Suh, “Eff ect of Type II Collagen Extract on Immunosuppression Induced by Methotrexate in Rats”, Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 14 (2018): 731–738.
145. Roger Geiger, Jan C. Rieckmann, Tobias Wolf, et al., “L-Arginine Modulates T Cell Metabolism and Enhances Survival and Anti– Tumor Activity”, Cell 167 (2016): 829–842.
146. Karin Schlawicke Engstrom, Ulf Stromberg, Th omas Lundh, et al., “Genetic Variation in Glutathione– Related Genes and Body Burden of Methylmercury”, Environmental Health Perspectives 116 (2008): 734–739.
147. R. V. Sekhar, S. G. Patel, A. P. Guthikonda, et al., “Defi cient Synthesis of Glutathione Underlies Oxidative Stress in Aging and Can Be Corrected by Dietary Cysteine and Glycine Supplementation”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (2011): 847–853.
148. H. A. Feldman, I. Goldstein, D. G. Hatzichristou, et al., “Impotence and Its Medical and Psychological Correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study”, Journal of Urology 151 (1994): 54–61.
149. R. Stanislavov and V. Nikolova, “Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction with Pycnogenol and L-Arginine”, Journal of Sex & Marital Th erapy 29 (2003): 207–213.
150. L. M. Westphal, M. L. Polan, A. S. Trant, et al., “A Nutritional Supplement for Improving Fertility in Women: A Pilot Study”, Journal of Reproductive Medicine 49 (2004): 289–293.
151. Richard A. Miller, David E. Harrison, C. Michael Astle, et al., “Glycine Supplementation Extends Lifespan of Male and Female Mice”, Aging Cell 18 (2019).
152. Laura M. Perez, Babak Hooshmand, Francesca Mangialesche, et al., “Glutathione Serum Levels and Rate of Multimorbidity Development in Older Adults”, Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences (2019).
153. R. V. Sekhar, S. G. Patel, A. P. Guthikonda, et al., “Defi cient Synthesis of Glutathione Underlies Oxidative Stress in Aging and Can Be Corrected by Dietary Cysteine and Glycine Supplementation”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94 (2011): 847–853.
154. Stephen D. Anton, K. Moehl, W. T. Donahoo, et al., “Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying Health Benefi ts of Fasting”, Obesity 26 (2018): 254–268.
155. Martin P. Wegman, Michael H. Guo, Douglas M. Bennion, et al., “Practicality of Intermittent Fasting in Humans and Its Effects on Oxidative Stress and Genes Related to Aging and Metabolism”, Rejuvenation Research 18 (2014): 162–172.
156. Kevin D. Hall, Alexis Ayuketah, Robert Brychta, et al., “Ultra– Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake”, Cell Metabolism 30 (2019): 1–11.