Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications (New York: Braziller, 1969).

Arie W. Kruglanski et al., «The Architecture of Goal Systems: Multifinality, Equifinality, and Counterfinality in Means-Ends Relations», Advances in Motivation Science 2 (2015): 69–98; Dante Cicchetti and Fred A. Rogosch, «Equifinality and Multifinality in Developmental Psychopathology», Development and Psychopathology 8 (1996): 597–600.