Библиография

Глава 1. Пространство тела: пространство — для действия

Области коры головного мозга, избирательно активизирующиеся объектами, лицами и телами

Grill-Spector, K., & Weiner, K. S. (2014). The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(8), 536–548.

Kanwisher, N. (2010). Functional specificity in the human brain: A window into the functional architecture of the mind. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(25), 11163–11170.

Weiner, K. S., & Grill-Spector, K. (2013). Neural representations of faces and limbs neighbor in human high-level visual cortex: Evidence for a new organization principle. Psychological Research, 77(1), 74–97.

Лучшие виды объектов

Palmer, S., Rosch, E. & Chase, P. (1981). Canonical perspective and the perception of objects. In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance, IX. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(2), 169.

Гомункул

Azevedo, F. A., Carvalho, L. R., Grinberg, L. T., Farfel, J. M., Ferretti, R. E., Leite, R. E., & Herculano Houzel, S. (2009). Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 513(5), 532–541.

Специализация отдельных нейронов

Perrett, D. I., Harries, M. H., Bevan, R., Thomas, S., Benson, P. J., Mistlin, A. J., … Ortega, J. E. (1989). Frameworks of analysis for the neural representation of animate objects and actions. Journal of Experimental Biology, 146(1), 87–113.

Названия более абстрактны, чем описания

Morrison, J. B., & Tversky, B. (2005). Bodies and their parts. Memory & Cognition, 33, 696–709.

Фигуральное использование частей объектов

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(2), 169.

Развитие младенческого мозга

Bremner, A. J., Lewkowicz, D. J., & Spence, C. (2012). Multisensory development. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Eliot, L. (1999). What’s going on in there? How the brain and mind develop in the first five years of life. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Educating the human brain. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Искажающие линзы

Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1968). A re-examination of the Stratton effect: Egocentric adaptation to a rotated visual image. Perception & Psychophysics, 4(1), 57–62.

Stratton, G. M. (1897). Vision without inversion of the retinal image. Psychological Review, 4, 341–360, 463–481.

Пользование инструментами расширяет телесную схему

Maravita, A., & Iriki, A. (2004). Tools for the body (schema). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 79–86.

Martel, M., Cardinali, L., Roy, A. C., & Farnè, A. (2016). Tool-use: An open window into body representation and its plasticity. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 33(1–2), 82–101.

Quallo, M. M., Price, C. J., Ueno, K., Asamizuya, T., Cheng, K., Lemon, R. N., & Iriki, A. (2009). Gray and white matter changes associated with tool-use learning in macaque monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(43), 18379–18384.

Принадлежность резиновой руки

Beauchamp, M. S. (2005). See me, hear me, touch me: Multisensory integration in lateral occipital-temporal cortex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 145–153.

Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands “feel” touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756–756.

Ehrsson, H. H., Wiech, K., Weiskopf, N., Dolan, R. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2007). Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(23), 9828–9833.

Как младенцы понимают целенаправленное поведение

Falck-Ytter, T., Gredebäck, G., & von Hofsten, C. (2006). Infants predict other people’s action goals. Nature Neuroscience, 9(7), 878–879.

Sommerville, J. A., & Woodward, A. L. (2005). Pulling out the intentional structure of action: The relation between action processing and action production in infancy. Cognition, 95(1), 1–30.

Sommerville, J. A., Woodward, A. L., & Needham, A. (2005). Action experience alters 3-month-old infants’ perception of others’ actions. Cognition, 96(1), B1–B11.

Зеркальные нейроны

Rizzolatti, G. (2005). The mirror neuron system and imitation. Perspectives on Imitation: Mechanisms of Imitation and Imitation in Animals, 1, 55.

Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3(2), 131–141.

Двигательный резонанс

Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., & Olivier, E. (2005). Human motor cortex excitability during the perception of others’ action. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 213–218.

Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653–670.

Iacoboni, M. (2009). Mirroring people: The science of empathy and how we connect with others. New York, NY: Picador.

Зеркальные нейроны у людей

Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I. (2010). Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Current Biology, 20, 750–756.

Дети распознают живое по траекториям движения

Gelman, R., Durgin, F., & Kaufman, L. (1996). Distinguishing between animates and inanimates: Not by motion alone. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Debate (pp. 150–184). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

Мозг экспертов острее реагирует на наблюдаемое действие

Calvo-Merino, B., Glaser, D. E., Grezes, J., Passingham, R. E., & Haggard, P. (2005). Action observation and acquired motor skills: An FMRI study with expert dancers. Cerebral Cortex, 15(8), 1243–1249.

Игроки лучше тренеров предсказывают результаты свободного броска

Aglioti, S. M., Cesari, P., Romani, M., & Urgesi, C. (2008). Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players. Nature Neuroscience, 11(9), 1109–1116.

Knoblich, G., Butterfill, S., & Sebanz, N. (2011). Psychological research on joint action: Theory and data. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 54, 59–101.

Понимание движения по фонарикам на двигающихся суставах

Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception & Psychophysics, 14(2), 201–211.

Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception & Psychophysics, 21(6), 575–580.

По наблюдаемому движению легче узнать себя, чем других

Loula, F., Prasad, S., Harber, K., & Shiffrar, M. (2005). Recognizing people from their movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 210.

Синхронизация своих действий с чужими

Neda, Z., Ravasz, E., Brechte, Y., Vicsek, T., & Barabasi, A.-L. (2000). The sound of many hands clapping. Nature, 403, 849–850.

van Ulzen, N. R., Lamoth, C. J., Daffertshofer, A., Semin, G. R., & Beek, P. J. (2008). Characteristics of instructed and uninstructed interpersonal coordination while walking side-by-side. Neuroscience Letters, 432(2), 88–93.

Межвидовая и внутривидовая кооперация

Daura-Jorge, F. G., Cantor, M., Ingram, S. N., Lusseau, D., & Simões-Lopes, P. C. (2012). The structure of a bottlenose dolphin society is coupled to a unique foraging cooperation with artisanal fishermen. Biology Letters, rsbl20120174.

Hare, B., & Woods, V. (2013). The genius of dogs. London, England: Oneworld Publications.

Plotnik, J. M., Lair, R., Suphachoksahakun, W., & De Waal, F. B. (2011). Elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(12), 5116–5121.

Tomasello, M. (2009). Why we cooperate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Tomasello, M., & Vaish, A. (2013). Origins of human cooperation and morality. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 231–255.

Visco-Comandini, F., Ferrari-Toniolo, S., Satta, E., Papazachariadis, O., Gupta, R., Nalbant, L. E., & Battaglia-Mayer, A. (2015). Do non-human primates cooperate? Evidences of motor coordination during a joint action task in macaque monkeys. Cortex, 70, 115–127.

Координация совместных действий

Knoblich, G., Butterfill, S., & Sebanz, N. (2011). Psychological research on joint action: Theory and data. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 54, 59–101.

Knoblich, G., & Sebanz, N. (2008). Evolving intentions for social interaction: From entrainment to joint action. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 2021–2031.

Sebanz, N., Bekkering, H., & Knoblich, G. (2006). Joint action: Bodies and minds moving together. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(2), 70–76.

Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Prinz, W. (2005). How two share a task: Corepresenting stimulus-response mappings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(6), 1234.

Zacks, J. M., Tversky, B., & Iyer, G. (2001). Perceiving, remembering, and communicating structure in events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(1), 29.

Связь мозга с мозгом

Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2010). The social brain: Allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1537), 165–176.

Hasson, U., Ghazanfar, A. A., Galantucci, B., Garrod, S., & Keysers, C. (2012). Brain-to-brain coupling: A mechanism for creating and sharing a social world. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 114–121.

Hommel, B. (2011). The Simon effect as tool and heuristic. Acta Psychologica, 136(2), 189–202.

Hommel, B., Colzato, L. S., & Van Den Wildenberg, W. P. (2009). How social are task representations? Psychological Science, 20(7), 794–798.

Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Prinz, W., & Wascher, E. (2006). Twin peaks: An ERP study of action planning and control in coacting individuals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 859–870.

Сотрудничество с целью создания смысла в ходе разговора

Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Подражание способствует симпатии

Chartrand, T. L., & Van Baaren, R. (2009). Human mimicry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 219–274.

Van Baaren, R., Janssen, L., Chartrand, T. L., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2009). Where is the love? The social aspects of mimicry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 2381–2389.

Глава 2. Пузырь вокруг тела: люди, места и предметы

Быстрые суждения о людях, местах и объектах

Biederman, I. (1972). Perceiving real-world scenes. Science, 177, 77–80.

Fei-Fei, L., Iyer, A., Koch, C., & Perona, P. (2007). What do we perceive in a glance of a real-world scene? Journal of Vision, 7(1), 10–10.

Greene, M. R., & Fei-Fei, L. (2014). Visual categorization is automatic and obligatory: Evidence from Stroop-like paradigm. Journal of Vision, 14(1), 14–14.

Greene, M. R., & Oliva, A. (2009). The briefest of glances: The time course of natural scene understanding. Psychological Science, 20, 464–472. doi:10.1111/j.1467–9280.2009.02316.x.

Hafri, A., Papafragou, A., & Trueswell, J. C. (2013). Getting the gist of events: Recognition of two-participant actions from brief displays. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 880.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Kraus, M. W., Park, J. W., & Tan, J. J. (2017). Signs of social class: The experience of economic inequality in everyday life. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(3), 422–435.

Potter, M. C., & Levy, E. I. (1969). Recognition memory for a rapid sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 10–15.

Восстановление зрения

Sinha, P. (2013). Once blind and now they see. Scientific American, 309(1), 48–55.

Von Senden, M. (1960). Space and sight: The perception of space and shape in the congenitally blind before and after operation. London, England: Metheun.

Специализация областей мозга в распознавании людей, мест, объектов

Downing, P. E., Jiang, Y., Shuman, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science, 293(5539), 2470–2473.

Grill-Spector, K., & Weiner, K. S. (2014). The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(8), 536–548.

Kanwisher, N. (2010). Functional specificity in the human brain: A window into the functional architecture of the mind. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(25), 11163–11170.

Weiner, K. S., & Grill-Spector, K. (2013). Neural representations of faces and limbs neighbor in human high-level visual cortex: Evidence for a new organization principle. Psychological Research, 77(1), 74–97.

Экстраординарная память на даты

LePort, A. K., Mattfeld, A. T., Dickinson-Anson, H., Fallon, J. H., Stark, C. E., Kruggel, F., McGaugh, J. L. (2012). Behavioral and neuroanatomical investigation of highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM). Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 98(1), 78–92.

Категории вещей

Borges, J. L. (1966). Other inquisitions 1937–1952. New York, NY: Washington Square Press.

Brown, R. (1958). How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review, 65(1), 14.

Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Я позаимствовала прелестную цитату из Борхеса во влиятельной статье Элеанор Рош, обобщающей результаты ее изучения категоризаций.]

Быстрое освоение слов детьми в возрасте одного-двух лет

Miller, G. A., & Gildea, P. M. (1987). How children learn words. Scientific American, 257(3), 94–99. .

Базовый уровень

Brown, R. (1958). How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review, 65(1), 14.

Markman, E. M. (1989). Categorization and naming in children: Problems of induction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Части объединяют базовый уровень

Brown, R. (1958). How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review, 65(1), 14.

Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(2), 169.

Лица — особое дело

Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115(2), 107.

Liu, J., Harris, A., & Kanwisher, N. (2010). Perception of face parts and face configurations: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 203–211.

Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (2003). The holistic representation of faces. In M. A. Peterson & G. Rhodes (Eds.), Perception of faces, objects, and scenes: Analytic and holistic processes (pp. 53–74). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Способность распознавания лиц

Wilmer, J. B. (2017). Individual differences in face recognition: A decade of discovery. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 225–230. Summarized in Einstein, G., & May, C. (2018). Variations in face recognition ability: Stable, specific, and substantial. APS Observer, 31, 38–39.

Прозопагнозия

Calder, A. J., & Young, A. W. (2005). Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(8), 641–651.

Duchaine, B. C., Parker, H., & Nakayama, K. (2003). Normal recognition of emotion in a prosopagnosic. Perception, 32(7), 827–838.

Rosenthal, G., Tanzer, M., Simony, E., Hasson, U., Behrmann, M., & Avidan, G. (2017). Altered topology of neural circuits in congenital prosopagnosia. bioRxiv, 100479.

Sacks, O. (2009). The man who mistook his wife for a hat. London, England: Picador.

Эмоции и кооперация

Harari, Y. N. (2014). Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. New York, NY: Random House.

Сначала чувства

Frijda, N. H. (2000). The psychologists’ point of view. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 59–74). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Frischen, A., Eastwood, J. D., & Smilek, D. (2008). Visual search for faces with emotional expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 662–676.

Roberts, N. A., Levenson, R. W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Cardiovascular costs of emotion suppression cross ethnic lines. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70(1), 82–87.

Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39(2), 117–123.

Эмпатия

Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception–behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893.

Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2010). Emotional contagion. In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychology, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Madsen, E. A., & Persson, T. (2013). Contagious yawning in domestic dog puppies (Canis lupus familiaris): The effect of ontogeny and emotional closeness on low-level imitation in dogs. Animal Cognition, 16(2), 233–240.

Romero, T., Konno, A., & Hasegawa, T. (2013). Familiarity bias and physiological responses in contagious yawning by dogs support link to empathy. PLoS One, 8(8), e71365.

Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003). People thinking about thinking people: The role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind.” Neuroimage, 19(4), 1835–1842.

Waters, S. F., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Stress contagion: Physiological covariation between mothers and infants. Psychological Science, 25(4), 934–942.

Yong, M. H., & Ruffman, T. (2014). Emotional contagion: Dogs and humans show a similar physiological response to human infant crying. Behavioural Processes, 108, 155–165.

Распознавание эмоций по выражению лица

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Los Altos, CA: Malor Books.

Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008). The automaticity of emotion recognition. Emotion, 8(1), 81.

Оттенки эмоций и распознавание эмоций

Barrett, L. F. (2006). Are emotions natural kinds? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 28–58.

de Gelder, B., Meeren, H. K., Righart, R., Van den Stock, J., van de Riet, W. A., & Tamietto, M. (2006). Beyond the face: Exploring rapid influences of context on face processing. Progress in Brain Research, 155, 37–48.

Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expressions? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological bulletin, 115(1), 102.

Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 805.

Нюансированность распознавания вкусов

How does our sense of taste work? (2016, August 17). Взято с сайта .

Цвета — базовые и в названиях карандашей

Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1991). Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brown, R. W., & Lenneberg, E. H. (1954). A study in language and cognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 454–462.

Crayola. (n. d.). Explore colors. Взято с сайта .

Rosch, E. H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive psychology, 4, 328–350.

Оценка эмоций зависит от контекста и культуры

Adolphs, R. (2002). Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: Psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 1, 21–62.

Barrett, Lisa F. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., & Gendron, M. (2011). Context in emotion perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 286–290.

Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion, experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175–190.

Niedenthal, P. M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science, 316(5827), 1002–1005.

Эффект Кулешова

Baranowski, A. M., & Hecht, H. (2016). The auditory Kuleshov effect: Multisensory integration in movie editing. Perception, 0301006616682754.

Barratt, D., Rédei, A. C., Innes-Ker, Å., & Van de Weijer, J. (2016). Does the Kuleshov effect really exist? Revisiting a classic film experiment on facial expressions and emotional contexts. Perception, 45(8), 847–874.

Calbi, M., Heimann, K. Barratt, D. Siri, F., Umiltà Maria A., & Gallese, V. (2017). How context influences our perception of emotional faces: A behavioral study on the Kuleshov effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1684.

Mobbs, D., Weiskopf, N., Lau, H. C., Featherstone, E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006). The Kuleshov effect: The influence of contextual framing on emotional attributions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(2), 95–106.

Чтение психологического состояния по взгляду

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251.

Michaels, T. M., Horan, W. P., Ginger, E. J., Martinovich, Z., Pinkham, A. E., & Smith, M. J. (2014). Cognitive empathy contributes to poor social functioning in schizophrenia: Evidence from a new self-report measure of cognitive and affective empathy. Psychiatry Research, 220, 803–810.

New York Times. (2013, October 3). Can you read people’s emotions [blog post]. Взято с сайта .

Warrier, V., Grasby, K. L., Uzefovsky, F., Toro, R., Smith, P., Chakrabarti, B., … Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Genome-wide meta-analysis of cognitive empathy: Heritability, and correlates with sex, neuropsychiatric conditions and cognition. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(6), 1402–1409. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.122.

Интерпретация эмоций: глаза важнее рта

Lee, D. H., & Anderson, A. K. (2017). Reading what the mind thinks from what the eye sees. Psychological Science, 28(4) 494–503. doi:10.1177/0956797616687364.

Быстрая оценка искренности кандидата по лицу предопределяет результаты выборов

Ballew, C. C., & Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(46), 17948–17953.

Olivola, C. Y., & Todorov, A. (2010). Elected in 100 milliseconds: Appearance-based trait inferences and voting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34(2), 83–110.

Todorov, A. (2017). Face value. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Todorov, A., Olivola, C. Y., Dotsch, R., & Mende-Siedlecki, P. (2015). Social attributions from faces: Determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 519–545.

Todorov, A., Said, C. P., Engell, A. D., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2008). Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(12), 455–460.

Считывание эмоций с тела

Aviezer, H., Bentin, S., Dudarev, V. & Hassin, R. R. (2011). The automaticity of emotional face-context integration. Emotion, 11, 1406–1414.

Aviezer, H., Trope, Y. & Todorov, A. (2012). Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Science, 338, 1225–1229.

Aviezer, H., Trope, Y., & Todorov, A. (2012). Holistic person processing: Faces with bodies tell the whole story. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 20.

Coulson, M. (2004). Attributing emotion to static body postures: Recognition accuracy, confusions, and viewpoint dependence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(2), 117–139.

De Gelder, B. (2009). Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3475–3484.

Понимание действия по телу

Downing, P. E., Jiang, Y., Shuman, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science, 293(5539), 2470–2473.

Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2000). Activation in human MT/MST by static images with implied motion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(1), 48–55.

Liu, J., Harris, A., & Kanwisher, N. (2010). Perception of face parts and face configurations: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 203–211.

Schwarzlose, R. F., Baker, C. I., & Kanwisher, N. (2005). Separate face and body selectivity on the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(47), 11055–11059.

Понимание намерения по взгляду

Sartori, L., Becchio, C., & Castiello, U. (2011). Cues to intention: The role of movement information. Cognition, 119(2), 242–252.

Роль взгляда в понимании события

Hard, B. M., Recchia, G., & Tversky, B. (2011). The shape of action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(4), 586.

Mennie, N., Hayhoe, M., & Sullivan, B. (2007). Look-ahead fixations: Anticipatory eye movements in natural tasks. Experimental Brain Research, 179, 427–442. doi:10.1007/s00221–006–0804–0.

Pierno, A. C., Becchio, C., Wall, M. B., Smith, A. T., Turella, L., & Castiello, U. (2006). When gaze turns into grasp. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 2130–2137. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.2130.

Sebanz, N., & Frith, C. (2004). Beyond simulation? Neural mechanisms for predicting the actions of others. Nature Neuroscience, 7(1), 5–6.

Понимание намерений младенцами

Brooks, R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). The development of gaze following and its relation to language. Developmental Science, 8(6), 535–543.

D’Entremont, B., Hains, S. M. J., & Muir, D. W. (1997). A demonstration of gaze following in 3- to 6-month-olds. Infant Behavior and Development, 20(4), 569–572.

Sommerville, J. A., & Woodward, A. L. (2005). Pulling out the intentional structure of action: The relation between action processing and action production in infancy. Cognition, 95(1), 1–30.

Sommerville, J. A., Woodward, A. L., & Needham, A. (2005). Action experience alters 3-month-old infants’ perception of others’ actions. Cognition, 96(1), B1–B11.

Места мест в мозге

Epstein, R. A. (2008). Parahippocampal and retrosplenial contributions to human spatial navigation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(10), 388–396.

Epstein, R., & Kanwisher, N. (1998). A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Nature, 392(6676), 598–601.

Категории сцен

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1983). Categories of environmental scenes. Cognitive Psychology, 15(1), 121–149.

Совершенство распознавания сцен

Biederman, I. (1972). Perceiving real-world scenes. Science, 177, 77–80.

Epstein, R. A., & Higgins, J. S. (2007). Differential parahippocampal and retrosplenial involvement in three types of visual scene recognition. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1680–1693.

Greene, M. R., & Fei-Fei, L. (2014). Visual categorization is automatic and obligatory: Evidence from Stroop-like paradigm. Journal of Vision, 14(1), 14.

Madigan, S. (2014). Picture memory. In J. C. Yuille (Ed.), Imagery, memory and cognition (pp. 65–89). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Potter, M. C., & Levy, E. I. (1969). Recognition memory for a rapid sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 10–15.

Shepard, R. N. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(1), 156–163.

Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25(2), 207–222.

Walther, D. B., Chai, B., Caddigan, E., Beck, D. M., & Fei-Fei, L. (2011). Simple line drawings suffice for functional MRI decoding of natural scene categories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(23), 9661–9666.

Zhou, B., Lapedriza, A., Xiao, J., Torralba, A., & Oliva, A. (2014). Learning deep features for scene recognition using places database. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 27, 487–495.

Слепота к изменениям

Simons, D. J., & Rensink, R. A. (2005). Change blindness: Past, present and future. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 16–20.

Категории и черты

Malt, B. C., & Smith, E. E. (1984). Correlated properties in natural categories. Journal of Memory and Language, 23(2), 250.

Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4), 327.

Биологическая эволюция

Pagel, M. (1999). Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature, 401(6756), 877.

Исправление ошибок в знаниях о мире

Rosling, H., Rönnlund, A. R., & Rosling, O. (2018). Factfulness: Ten reasons we’re wrong about the world–and why things are better than you think. New York, NY: Flatiron Books.

Сцены, действия и события

Hannigan, S. L., & Tippens Reinitz, M. (2001). A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(4), 931.

Intraub, H. (1997). The representation of visual scenes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(6), 217–222.

Lampinen, J. M., Copeland, S. M., & Neuschatz, J. S. (2001). Recollections of things schematic: Room schemas revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(5), 1211.

Owens, J., Bower, G. H., & Black, J. B. (1979). The “soap opera” effect in story recall. Memory & Cognition, 7(3), 185–191.

Tversky, B., & Marsh, E. J. (2000). Biased retellings of events yield biased memories. Cognitive Psychology, 40(1), 1–38.

Гипотезы сильнее восприятия

Bruner, J. S., & Potter, M. C. (1964). Interference in visual recognition. Science, 144(3617), 424–425.

Необъективное восприятие

Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H. (1954). They saw a game; a case study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(1), 129.

Ошибка подтверждения

Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 173–220.

Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Wason, P. C, & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1972). Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Цитата об ошибке подтверждения

Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 211.

Что справедливо для восприятия, справедливо для всех мыслей

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1996). On the reality of cognitive illusions. Psychological Review, 103, 582–591. .

Фейнман о зримости мыслей

Feynman, R. (1988). “What do you care what other people think?”: Further adventures of a curious character. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Глава 3. Здесь и сейчас, там и тогда: пространства вокруг нас

Пространственные схемы

Franklin, N., & Tversky, B. (1990). Searching imagined environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119(1), 63.

Представление перспектив других людей

Bryant, D. J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Mental representations of perspective and spatial relations from diagrams and models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(1), 137.

Bryant, D. J., Tversky, B., & Franklin, N. (1992). Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(1), 74–98.

Franklin, N., Tversky, B., & Coon, V. (1992). Switching points of view in spatial mental models. Memory & Cognition, 20(5), 507–518.

Tversky, B. (1991). Spatial mental models. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 27, 109–145.

Tversky, B., Kim, J., & Cohen, A. (1999). Mental models of spatial relations and transformations from language. Advances in Psychology, 128, 239–258.

Вспоминать, а не смотреть

Bryant, D. J., Tversky, B., & Lanca, M. (2001). Retrieving spatial relations from observation and memory. In E. van der Zee & U. Nikanne (Eds.), Conceptual structure and its interfaces with other modules of representation (pp. 116–139). Oxford, England: Oxford

Когда легче принять чужую перспективу, чем собственную

Cavallo, A., Ansuini, C., Capozzi, F., Tversky, B., & Becchio, C. (2017). When far becomes near: Perspective taking induces social remapping of spatial relations. Psychological Science, 28(1), 69–79. doi:10.1177/0956797616672464.

Tversky, B., & Hard, B. M. (2009). Embodied and disembodied cognition: Spatial perspective-taking. Cognition, 110(1), 124–129.

Древнейшие (на сегодня) карты

Clarke, K. C. (2013). What is the world’s oldest map? Cartographic Journal, 50(2), 136–143.

Utrilla, P., Mazo, C., Sopena, M. C., Martínez-Bea, M., & Domingo, R. (2009). A paleolithic map from 13,660 calBP: engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenian in Abauntz Cave (Navarra, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, 57(2), 99–111.

Клетки места и клетки решетки

Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Witter, M. P., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M. B. (2004). Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex. Science, 305, 1258–1264.

Moser, E. I., Kropff, E., & Moser, M. B. (2008). Place cells, grid cells, and the brain’s spatial representation system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31.

O’Keefe, J. (1976). Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat. Experimental Neurology, 51, 78–109.

O’Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

Аллоцентрическое кодирование пространства (даже младенцами)

Burgess, N. (2006). Spatial memory: How egocentric and allocentric combine. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10(12), 551–557.

Doeller, C. F., Barry, C., & Burgess, N. (2010). Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network. Nature, 463(7281), 657–661.

Ekstrom A., Kahana M. J., Caplan, J. B., Fields, T. A., Isham, E. A., Newman, E. L., & Fried, I. (2003). Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation. Nature, 425, 184–188.

Jacobs, J., Weidemann, C. T., Miller, J. F., Solway, A., Burke, J. F., Wei, X. X., Suthana, N., … Kahan, M. J. (2013). Direct recordings of grid-like neuronal activity in human spatial navigation. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 1188–1190.

Kaufman, J., & Needham, A. (1999). Objective spatial coding by 6.5-monthold infants in a visual dishabituation task. Developmental Science, 2(4), 432–441.

Мозговые субстраты навигации

Epstein, R. A., Patai, E. Z., Julian, J. B., & Spiers, H. J. (2017). The cognitive map in humans: Spatial navigation and beyond. Nature Neuroscience, 20(11), 1504.

Marchette, S. A., Ryan, J., & Epstein, R. A. (2017). Schematic representations of local environmental space guide goal-directed navigation. Cognition, 158, 68–80.

Тестирование лондонских таксистов

Knowledge Taxi. (n. d.). London knowledge. Взято с сайта .

Увеличение гиппокампа у лондонских таксистов

Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(8), 4398–4403.

Использование нейронов для новых функций

Anderson, M. L. (2010). Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(4), 245–266.

Роль гиппокампа в событийной памяти

Eichenbaum, H., & Cohen, N. J. (2014). Can we reconcile the declarative memory and spatial navigation views on hippocampal function? Neuron, 83(4), 764–770.

Poppenk, J., Evensmoen, H. R., Moscovitch, M., & Nadel, L. (2013). Long-axis specialization of the human hippocampus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 230–240.

Пациент Г. М.

Corkin, S. (2002). What’s new with the amnesic patient HM? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(2), 153.

Milner, B., Corkin, S., & Teuber, H. L. (1968). Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of HM. Neuropsychologia, 6(3), 215–234.

Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20(1), 11.

Гиппокамп планирует будущие события

Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. (2012). The hippocampus and imagining the future: Where do we stand? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 173.

Bellmund, J. L., Deuker, L., Schröder, T. N., & Doeller, C. F. (2016). Grid-cell representations in mental simulation. Elife, 5, e17089.

Benoit, R. G., & Schacter, D. L. (2015). Specifying the core network supporting episodic simulation and episodic memory by activation likelihood estimation. Neuropsychologia, 75, 450–457.

Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(52), 14365–14374.

Hassabis, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 299–306.

Mullally, S. L., & Maguire, E. A. (2014). Memory, imagination, and predicting the future: A common brain mechanism? Neuroscientist, 20(3), 220–234.

Schacter, D. L. (2012). Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory. American Psychologist, 67(8), 603.

Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., & Szpunar, K. K. (2017). Episodic future thinking: Mechanisms and functions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 41–50.

Клетки решетки картируют пространство, время и абстрактные отношения

Я признательна своим друзьям-экспертам, в течение нескольких лет помогавшим мне понять многочисленные функции гиппокампа и энторинальной коры и найти эти ссылки; особенно благодарю Линна Нэдела, Морриса Московича, Дэна Шэктера и Энтони Вагнера. В предшествующие годы мне помогали Джон О’Киф, Рассел Эпстейн, Рэнди Галлистел и Элеанор Магуайр. Они не несут никакой ответственности за мой упрощенный подход; надеюсь, им не будет неловко из-за того, что получилось.

Collin, S. H., Milivojevic, B., & Doeller, C. F. (2017). Hippocampal hierarchical networks for space, time, and memory. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 71–76.

Constantinescu, A. O., O’Reilly, J. X., & Behrens, T. E. (2016). Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code. Science, 352(6292), 1464–1468.

Deuker, L., Bellmund, J. L., Schröder, T. N., & Doeller, C. F. (2016). An event map of memory space in the hippocampus. Elife, 5, e16534.

Epstein, R. A., Patai, E. Z., Julian, J. B., & Spiers, H. J. (2017). The cognitive map in humans: Spatial navigation and beyond. Nature Neuroscience, 20(11), 1504.

Garvert, M. M., Dolan, R. J., & Behrens, T. E. (2017). A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal-entorhinal cortex. Elife, 6, e17086.

Howard, M. W., & Eichenbaum, H. (2015). Time and space in the hippocampus. Brain Research, 1621, 345–354.

Stachenfeld, K. L., Botvinick, M. M., & Gershman, S. J. (2017). The hippocampus as a predictive map. Nature Neuroscience, 20(11), 1643.

Tavares, R. M., Mendelsohn, A., Grossman, Y., Williams, C. H., Shapiro, M., Trope, Y., & Schiller, D. (2015). A map for social navigation in the human brain. Neuron, 87(1), 231–243.

Пространственные схемы в абстрактном мышлении

Gattis, M. (Ed.). (2003). Spatial schemas and abstract thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Schubert, T. W., & Maass, A. (Eds.). (2011). Spatial dimensions of social thought. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.

Систематические искажения когнитивных карт

Byrne, R. W. (1979). Memory for urban geography. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 147–154.

Hirtle, S. C., & Jonides, J. (1985). Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps. Memory & Cognition, 13(3), 208–217.

Hirtle, S. C., & Mascolo, M. F. (1986). The effect of semantic clustering on the memory of spatial locations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 12, 181–189.

Holyoak, K. J., & Mah, W. A. (1982). Cognitive reference points in judgments of symbolic magnitude. Cognitive Psychology, 14(3), 328–352.

Maki, R. H. (1981). Categorization and distance effects with spatial linear orders. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 15–32.

McNamara, T. P., & Diwadkar, V. A. (1997). Symmetry and asymmetry of human spatial memory. Cognitive Psychology, 34(2), 160–190.

Milgram, S. (1976). Psychological maps of Paris. In H. M. Proshansky, W. Ittelson, & L. Rivlin (Eds.), Environmental psychology: People and their physical settings (pp. 104–124). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Portugali, Y. (1993). Implicate relations: Society and space in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Sadalla, E. K., Burroughs, W. J., & Staplin, L.J. (1980). Reference points in spatial cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(5), 516.

Stevens, A., & Coupe, P. (1978). Distortions in judged spatial relations. Cognitive Psychology, 10(4), 422–437.

Tversky, B. (1981). Distortions in memory for maps. Cognitive Psychology, 13(3), 407–433.

Tversky, B. (1993). Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models. In A. U. Frank & I. Compari (Eds.), Conference on spatial information theory (pp. 14–24). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

Tversky, B. (2000). Levels and structure of spatial knowledge. In R. Kitchin & S. Freundschuh (Eds.), Cognitive mapping: Past, present and future (pp. 24–43). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Tversky, B. (2005). Functional significance of visuospatial representations. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 1–34). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Tversky, B. (2018). Spatial biases in thought and judgment. In T. Hubbard (Ed.), Spatial biases in perception and cognition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Wilton, R. N. (1979). Knowledge of spatial relations: The specification of information used in making inferences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 133–146.

Партономии

Miller, G. A., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1976). Language and perception. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113(2), 169.

Параллельные искажения в мышлении общества

Jones, E. E., Wood, G. C., & Quattrone, G. A. (1981). Perceived variability of personal characteristics in in-groups and out-groups: The role of knowledge and evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(3), 523–528.

Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(6), 1051.

Quattrone, G. A. (1986). On the perception of a group’s variability. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 25–48). New York, NY: Nelson-Hall.

Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1978). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382–439.

Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440–463.

Асимметричное подобие

Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive reference points. Cognitive Psychology, 7(4), 532–547.

Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4), 327.

Когнитивные карты

Baird, J. C. (1979). Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: I. Overview. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 90–91.

Landau, B., Spelke, E., & Gleitman, H. (1984). Spatial knowledge in a young blind child. Cognition, 16, 225–260.

Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55, 189–208.

Мир помогает разрешать проблемы с неопределенностью

Tversky, B. (2002). Navigating by mind and by body. In C. Freksa, W. Brauer, C. Habel, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition III [Lecture Notes in Computer Science] (Vol. 2685). Berlin, Germany: Springer. .

Глава 4. Трансформация мысли

Мысленное вращение объектов

Shepard, R. N., & Cooper, L. A. (1986). Mental images and their transformations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701–703.

Мысленное вращение часть за частью

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1985). Cognitive coordinate systems: Accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability. Psychological Review, 92(2), 137.

Тестирование пространственных способностей с помощью мысленного вращения

Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47(2), 599–604.

Вращение рук помогает мысленно вращать объекты

Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2008). Spontaneous gestures during mental rotation tasks: Insights into the microdevelopment of the motor strategy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 706.

Wexler, M., Kosslyn, S. M., & Berthoz, A. (1998). Motor processes in mental rotation. Cognition, 68(1), 77–94.

Мысленное вращение активирует двигательные зоны мозга

Zacks, J. M. (2008). Neuroimaging studies of mental rotation: A meta-analysis and review. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(1), 1–19.

Мысленное вращение собственного тела

Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformation of one’s body. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(2), 172.

Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformations of one’s hands and feet. Cognitive Psychology, 19(2), 178–241.

Zacks, J. M., Ollinger, J. M., Sheridan, M. A., & Tversky, B. (2002). A parametric study of mental spatial transformations of bodies. Neuroimage, 16(4), 857–872.

Zacks, J., Rypma, B., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Tversky, B., & Glover, G. H. (1999). Imagined transformations of bodies: An fMRI investigation. Neuropsychologia, 37(9), 1029–1040.

Zacks, J. M., & Tversky, B. (2005). Multiple systems for spatial imagery: Transformations of objects and bodies. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 5(4), 271–306.

Потеря руки замедляет мысленное вращение руки

Nico, D., Daprati, E., Rigal, F., Parsons, L., & Sirigu, A. (2004). Left and right hand recognition in upper limb amputees. Brain, 127(1), 120–132.

Реальный поворот тела способствует воображаемому

Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Beall, A. C., Chance, S. S., & Golledge, R. G. (1998). Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psychological Science, 9(4), 293–298.

Прямолинейное физическое движение не способствует воображаемому

Rieser, J. J. (1989). Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1157.

Еще о мысленных трансформациях: мысленный анализ изображения, мысленное сравнение формы, мысленное изменение размера

Bundesen, C., Larsen, A., & Farrell, J. E. (1981). Mental transformations of size and orientation. Attention and Performance, 9, 279–294.

Denis, M., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1999). Scanning visual mental images: A window on the mind. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 18, 409–465.

Shepard, R. N., & Chipman, S. (1970). Second-order isomorphism of internal representations: Shapes of states. Cognitive Psychology, 1(1), 1–17.

Конструирование мысленных образов по частям

Finke, R. A., Pinker, S., & Farah, M. J. (1989). Reinterpreting visual patterns in mental imagery. Cognitive Science, 13(1), 51–78.

Kosslyn, S. M. (1980). Image and mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Мысленное рисование служит основой создания мысленных образов

Novick, L. R., & Tversky, B. (1987). Cognitive constraints on ordering operations: The case of geometric analogies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(1), 50–67.

Ошибки в суждениях о скорости движения: несчастные случаи с пешеходами

Guo, H., Wang, W., Guo, W., Jiang, X., & Bubb, H. (2012). Reliability analysis of pedestrian safety crossing in urban traffic environment. Safety Science, 50(4), 968–973.

Wierwille, W. W., Hanowski, R. J., Hankey, J. M., Kieliszewski, C. A., Lee, S. E., Medina, A., … Dingus, T. A. (2002). Identification and evaluation of driver errors: Overview and recommendations (No. FHWA-RD-02–003). Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Люди и собаки пользуются эвристикой, чтобы ловить мяч и фрисби

McBeath, M. K., Shaffer, D. M., & Kaiser, M. K. (1995). How baseball outfielders determine where to run to catch fly balls. Science, 268(5210), 569.

Shaffer, D. M., Krauchunas, S. M., Eddy, M., & McBeath, M. K. (2004). How dogs navigate to catch Frisbees. Psychological Science, 15(7), 437–441.

Shaffer, D. M., & McBeath, M. K. (2005). Naive beliefs in baseball: Systematic distortion in perceived time of apex for fly balls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(6), 1492.

Мысленная анимация является пошаговой, а не непрерывной

Hegarty, M. (1992). Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 1084.

Hegarty, M., & Sims, V. K. (1994). Individual differences in mental animation during mechanical reasoning. Memory & Cognition, 22(4), 411–430.

Многогранность пространственных способностей

Hegarty, M., & Waller, D. (2005). Individual differences in spatial abilities. In P. Shah & A. Miyake (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 121–169). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Пространственные способности зависят как от наследственности, так и от среды

Tosto, M. G., Hanscombe, K. B., Haworth, C. M. A., Davis, O. S. P., Petrill, S. A., Dale, P. S., … Kovas, Y. (2014). Why do spatial abilities predict mathematical performance? Developmental Science, 17, 462–470. doi:10.1111/desc.12138.

Гены атлетизма

Epstein, D. (2014). The sports gene: Inside the science of extraordinary athletic performance. New York, NY: Penguin.

Несколько тестов на пространственные способности

Wai, J., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2009). Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 817.

Гендер и мысленное вращение

Halpern, D. F. (2013). Sex differences in cognitive abilities. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56(6), 1479–1498.

Voyer, D. (2011). Time limits and gender differences on paper-and-pencil tests of mental rotation: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18(2), 267–277.

Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250–270.

Гендер и распознавание объектов

Herlitz, A., & Lovén, J. (2013). Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. Visual Cognition, 21(9–10), 1306–1336.

Lewin, C., & Herlitz, A. (2002). Sex differences in face recognition–women’s faces make the difference. Brain and Cognition, 50(1), 121–128.

McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 424–453.

Voyer, D., Postma, A., Brake, B., & Imperato-McGinley, J. (2007). Gender differences in object location memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 23–38.

Пространственные способности важны для STEM-профессий

Tosto, M. G., Hanscombe, K. B., Haworth, C. M. A., Davis, O. S. P., Petrill, S. A., Dale, P. S., … Kovas, Y. (2014). Why do spatial abilities predict mathematical performance? Developmental Science, 17, 462–470.

Wai, J., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2009). Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 817.

Области мозга, отвечающие за пространственные и математические способности, пересекаются

Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 371–396.

Пространственные способности важны для объяснения понятий из областей STEM

Bobek, E., & Tversky, B. (2016). Creating visual explanations improves learning. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 1(1), 27.

Daniel, M. P., & Tversky, B. (2012). How to put things together. Cognitive Processing, 13(4), 303–319.

Hegarty, M. (2004). Mechanical reasoning by mental simulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(6), 280–285.

Hegarty, M., & Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Types of visual-spatial representations and mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 684.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., & Morrison, J. (2013). Space, time, and story. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–76). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. .

Пространственные способности представителей разных профессий различаются

Blazhenkova, O., & Kozhevnikov, M. (2009). The new object-spatial-verbal cognitive style model: Theory and measurement. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(5), 638–663.

Blajenkova, O., Kozhevnikov, M., & Motes, M. A. (2006). Object-spatial imagery: A new self-report imagery questionnaire. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(2), 239–263.

Kozhevnikov, M., Kosslyn, S., & Shephard, J. (2005). Spatial versus object visualizers: A new characterization of visual cognitive style. Memory & Cognition, 33(4), 710–726.

Определенные пространственные способности обусловливают навигацию

Hegarty, M., Richardson, A. E., Montello, D. R., Lovelace, K., & Subbiah, I. (2002). Development of a self-report measure of environmental spatial ability. Intelligence, 30(5), 425–447.

Гендер и навигация

Dabbs, J. M., Chang, E. L., Strong, R. A., & Milun, R. (1998). Spatial ability, navigation strategy, and geographic knowledge among men and women. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19(2), 89–98.

Lawton, C. A. (1994). Gender differences in way-finding strategies: Relationship to spatial ability and spatial anxiety. Sex Roles, 30(11–12), 765–779.

Национальная академия наук рекомендует развивать пространственные способности

Committee on Support for Thinking Spatially. (2006). Learning to think spatially. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Многие виды деятельности развивают пространственные способности

Dye, M. W., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2009). The development of attention skills in action video game players. Neuropsychologia, 47(8), 1780–1789.

Dye, M. W. G., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2009). Increasing speed of processing with action video games. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 321–326.

Борьба развивает пространственные способности

Moreau, D., Clerc, J., Mansy-Dannay, A., & Guerrien, A. (2012). Enhancing spatial ability through sport practice. Journal of Individual Differences, 33, 83–88.

Спорт и пространственные способности

Voyer, D., & Jansen, P. (2017). Motor expertise and performance in spatial tasks: A meta-analysis. Human Movement Science, 54, 110–124.

Развитие пространственных способностей у детей (и взрослых)

Ehrlich, S. B., Levine, S. C., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2006). The importance of gesture in children’s spatial reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1259–1268.

Ferrara, K., Golinkoff, R., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Lam, W., & Newcombe, N. (2011). Block talk: Spatial language during block play. Mind, Brain and Education, 5(3), 143–151.

Frick, A., & Wang, S. H. (2014). Mental spatial transformations in 14- and 16-month-old infants: Effects of action and observational experience. Child Development, 85(1), 278–293.

Joh, A. S., Jaswal, V. K., & Keen, R. (2011). Imagining a way out of the gravity bias: Preschoolers can visualize the solution to a spatial problem. Child Development, 82(3), 744–745.

Kastens, K. A., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Eliciting self-explanations improves children’s performance on a field-based map skills task. Cognition and Instruction, 25, 45–74.

Levine, S. C., Ratliff, K. R., Huttenlocher, J., & Cannon, J. (2011). Early puzzle play: A predictor of preschoolers’ spatial transformation skill. Developmental Psychology, 48, 530–542.

Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1989). Understanding maps as symbols: The development of map concepts in children. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 22, pp. 145–201). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Newcombe, N. S. (2010). Picture this: Increasing math and science learning by improving spatial thinking. American Educator, 34(2), 29.

Newcombe, N. S., & Fricke, A. (2010). Early education for spatial intelligence: Why, what, and how. Mind, Brain, and Education, 4(3), 102–111.

Newman, S. D., Mitchell Hansen, T., & Gutierrez, A. (2016). An fMRI study of the impact of block building and board games on spatial ability. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1278. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01278.

Развитие пространственных способностей приносит результат

Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 352–402. doi:10.1037/a0028446.

Глава 5. Тело говорит на своем языке

Жестикуляция как основа языка

Rizzolatti, G., & Arbib, M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends in Neurosciences, 21(5), 188–194.

Жесты у человекообразных обезьян

Genty, E., & Zuberbühler, K. (2014). Spatial reference in a bonobo gesture. Current Biology, 24(14), 1601–1605.

Genty, E., & Zuberbühler, K. (2015). Iconic gesturing in bonobos. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 8(1), e992742.

Graham, K. E., Furuichi, T., & Byrne, R. W. (2017). The gestural repertoire of the wild bonobo (Pan paniscus): A mutually understood communication system. Animal Cognition, 20(2), 171–177.

Hobaiter, C., & Byrne, R. W. (2014). The meanings of chimpanzee gestures. Current Biology, 24(14), 1596–1600.

Moore, R. (2014). Ape gestures: Interpreting chimpanzee and bonobo minds. Current Biology, 24(14), R645–R647.

Pika, S., Liebal, K., & Tomasello, M. (2005). Gestural communication in subadult bonobos (Pan paniscus): Repertoire and use. American Journal of Primatology, 65(1), 39–61.

Передача культуры у человекообразных обезьян

Horner, V., Whiten, A., Flynn, E., & de Waal, F. B. (2006). Faithful replication of foraging techniques along cultural transmission chains by chimpanzees and children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(37), 13878–13883.

Tomasello, M. (1994). Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signaling of chimpanzees? In S. T. Parker & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives (pp. 274–311). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. .

Whiten, A., Horner, V., & De Waal, F. B. (2005). Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees. Nature, 437(7059), 737.

Втягивание

Brennan, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1996). Conceptual pacts and lexical choice in conversation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(6), 1482.

Holler, J., & Wilkin, K. (2011). Co-speech gesture mimicry in the process of collaborative referring during face-to-face dialogue. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(2), 133–153.

Подражание — социальный клей

Chartrand, T. L., & Lakin, J. L. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of human behavioral mimicry. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 285–308.

Chartrand, T. L., & Van Baaren, R. (2009). Human mimicry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 219–274.

Эмоциональное заражение

Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100.

Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 396–403.

Gergely, G., & Watson, J. S. (1999). Early socio-emotional development: Contingency perception and the social-biofeedback model. Early Social Cognition: Understanding Others in the First Months of Life, 60, 101–136.

Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2010). Emotional contagion. In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1992). Early imitation within a functional framework: The importance of person identity, movement, and development. Infant Behavior and Development, 15(4), 479–505.

Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.

Раннее начало жестикуляции обещает раннее развитие речи

Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367–371.

Özçalışkan, S., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development. Cognition, 96(3), B101–B113.

Жестикуляция слепых

Goldin-Meadow, S. (2018, December 18). Harper lecture with Susan Goldin-Meadow: Hearing gesture: How our hands help us think [YouTube video]. Взято с сайта .

Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1997). What’s communication got to do with it? Gesture in children blind from birth. Developmental Psychology, 33(3), 453.

Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1998). Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, 396(6708), 228–228.

Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2001). The resilience of gesture in talk: Gesture in blind speakers and listeners. Developmental Science, 4(4), 416–422.

Почему мы жестикулируем?

Cartmill, E. A., Goldin-Meadow, S., & Beilock, S. L. (2012). A word in the hand: Human gesture links representations to actions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 367(1585), 129–143.

Goldin-Meadow, S., & Alibali, M. W. (2013). Gesture’s role in speaking, learning, and creating language. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 257.

Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2008). Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(3), 495–514.

Типы жестов

Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Hearing gesture: How our hands help us think. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

McNeill, D. (2006). Gesture: A psycholinguistic approach. In K. Brown (Ed.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 58–66). New York, NY: Elsevier Science.

Дейксис

Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvella & W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 31–59). London, England: Wiley.

Изображение как форма коммуникации

Clark, H. H. (2016). Depicting as a method of communication. Psychological Review, 123(3), 324–347.

Метафоры

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Жесты при объяснении часто предшествуют словам в процессе развития

Alibali, M.W., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1993). Gesture-speech mismatch and mechanisms of learning: What the hands reveal about a child’s state of mind. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 468–523.

Goldin-Meadow, S., Alibali, M. W., & Church, R. B. (1993). Transitions in concept acquisition: Using the hand to read the mind. Psychological Review, 100(2), 279.

Жесты сообщают учителям о готовности учиться

Goldin-Meadow, S., & Sandhofer, C. M. (1999). Gesture conveys substantive information about a child’s thoughts to ordinary listeners. Developmental. Science, 2, 67–74.

Goldin-Meadow, S., & Singer, M. A. (2003). From children’s hands to adults’ ears: Gesture’s role in the learning process. Developmental Psychology, 39, 509–520.

Жесты сообщают о стратегиях, не передаваемых в речи

Broaders, S. C., Cook, S. W., Mitchell, Z., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2007). Making children gesture brings out implicit knowledge and leads to learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 539–550.

Эмоция

LeDoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.

Отзеркаливание эмоций

Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(9), 396–403.

Использование пространства для описания пространства

Emmorey, K., Tversky, B., & Taylor, H. A. (2000). Using space to describe space: Perspective in speech, sign, and gesture. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2(3), 157–180.

Использование пространства для упорядочивания времени

Bender, A., & Beller, S. (2014) Mapping spatial frames of reference onto time: A review of theoretical accounts and empirical findings. Cognition, 132, 342–382.

Boroditsky, L., Fuhrman, O., & McCormick, K. (2011). Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? Cognition, 118(1), 123–129.

Marghetis, T., & Núñez, R. (2013). The motion behind the symbols: A vital role for dynamism in the conceptualization of limits and continuity in expert mathematics. Topics in Cognitive Science, 5(2), 299–316.

Núñez, R., & Cooperrider, K. (2013). The tangle of space and time in human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 220–229.

Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 515–557.

Жесты помогают объяснить действие и причинность

Engle, R. A. (1998). Not channels but composite signals: Speech, gesture, diagrams and object demonstrations are integrated in multimodal explanations. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 321–326). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Kang, S., Tversky, B., & Black, J. B. (2015). Coordinating gesture, word, and diagram: Explanations for experts and novices. Spatial Cognition & Computation, 15(1), 1–26.

Сидение на руках затрудняет речь

Krauss, R. M. (1998). Why do we gesture when we speak? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(2), 54–60.

Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., & Gottesman, R. F. (2000). Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model. Language and Gesture, 2, 261.

Жестикуляция способствует мышлению

Carlson, R. A., Avraamides, M. N., Cary, M., & Strasberg, S. (2007). What do the hands externalize in simple arithmetic? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 747.

Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2008). Spontaneous gestures during mental rotation tasks: Insights into the microdevelopment of the motor strategy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 706.

Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Physical imagery: Kinematic versus dynamic models. Cognitive Psychology, 38(3), 433–464.

Schwartz, D. L., & Black, J. B. (1996). Shuttling between depictive models and abstract rules: Induction and fallback. Cognitive Science, 20(4), 457–497.

Жестикуляция для себя помогает решать пространственные задачи

Jamalian, A., Giardino, V., & Tversky, B. (2013). Gestures for thinking. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 35. Взято с сайта .

Tversky, B., & Kessell, A. (2014). Thinking in action. Pragmatics & Cognition, 22(2), 206–223.

Жестикуляция снижает когнитивную нагрузку

Cook, S.W., Yip, T., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2012). Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math. Language and Cognitive Processing, 27, 594–610.

Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. D., & Wagner, S. M. (2001). Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12, 516–522.

Ping, R., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2010). Gesturing saves cognitive resources when talking about nonpresent objects. Cognitive Science, 34, 602–619.

Жестикуляция помогает решать задачи на механику

Schwartz, D. L., & Black, J. B. (1996). Shuttling between depictive models and abstract rules: Induction and fallback. Cognitive Science, 20(4), 457–497.

Жесты лучше изображений способствуют решению задач на динамику

Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Physical imagery: Kinematic versus dynamic models. Cognitive Psychology, 38(3), 433–464.

Жесты способствуют мысленному вращению

Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2008). Spontaneous gestures during mental rotation tasks: Insights into the microdevelopment of the motor strategy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 706.

Wexler, M., Kosslyn, S. M., & Berthoz, A. (1998). Motor processes in mental rotation. Cognition, 68(1), 77–94.

Жестикуляция для себя помогает понимать и запоминать устройство сложных систем

Liu, Y., Bradley, M., & Tversky, B. (2018). Gestures for self help learning complex systems. Proceedings of Embodied and Situated Language Processing.

Жестикуляция для себя облегчает (или затрудняет) решение пространственных задач

Tversky, B., & Kessell, A. (2014). Thinking in action. Pragmatics & Cognition, 22(2), 206–223.

Заученные жесты помогают осваивать математику

Goldin-Meadow, S., Cook, S. W., & Mitchell, Z. A. (2009). Gesturing gives children new ideas about math. Psychological Science, 20, 267–272. doi:10.1111/j.1467–9280.2009.02297.x.

Согласованные жесты при пользовании тачпадом помогают решать математические задачи

Segal, A., Tversky, B., & Black, J. (2014). Conceptually congruent actions can promote thought. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(3), 124–130.

Жесты помогают младенцам

Acredolo, L. P., & Goodwyn, S. W. (2002). Baby signs: How to talk with your baby before your baby can talk. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Жесты помогают детям освоить понятия множества и мощности множества

Alibali, M. W., & DiRusso, A. A. (1999). The function of gesture in learning to count: More than keeping track. Cognitive Development, 14(1), 37–56.

Gelman, R., & Gallistel, C. R. (1986). The child’s understanding of number. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Jamalian, A. (2014). Grouping gestures promote children’s effective counting strategies by adding a layer of meaning through action (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University, New York, NY.

Люди жестикулируют для других более размашисто, чем для себя

Bavelas, J. B., Chovil, N., Coates, L., & Roe, L. (1995). Gestures specialized for dialogue. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 394–405.

Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Hearing gesture: How our hands help us think. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Изучение действия сложных систем труднее, чем изучение структуры

Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Pfeffer, M. G. (2004). Comparing expert and novice understanding of a complex system from the perspective of structures, behaviors, and functions. Cognitive Science, 28(1), 127–138.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., & Morrison, J. (2013). Space, time, and story. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–76). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. .

Жесты учителей, изображающие действия, помогают учащимся глубже понять работу сложных систем

Kang, S., & Tversky, B. (2016). From hands to minds: Gestures promote understanding. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 1(1), 4.

Схемы способствуют пониманию одновременности

Glenberg, A. M., & Langston, W. E. (1992). Comprehension of illustrated text: Pictures help to build mental models. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 129–151.

Жесты меняют мышление о времени: одновременность, цикличность и перспектива

Jamalian, A., & Tversky, B. (2012). Gestures alter thinking about time. In N. Miyake, D. Peebles, & R. P. Cooper (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 551–557). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

История математических обозначений

Ifrah, G., (2000). The universal history of computing: From the abacus to quantum computing. Translated by E. F. Harding, D. Bellos, & S. Wood. New York, NY: Wiley.

Жесты помогают координировать разговор

Clark, H. H. (1992). Arenas of language use. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Garrod, S., & Pickering, M. J. (2009). Joint action, interactive alignment and dialogue. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 292–304.

Goodwin, C. (1981). Conversational organization: Interaction between speakers and hearers. New York, NY: Academic Press.

McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Жест и схема работают вместе

Engle, R. A. (1998). Not channels but composite signals: Speech, gesture, diagrams and object demonstrations are integrated in multimodal explanations. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 321–326). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Heiser, J., Tversky, B., & Silverman, M. (2004). Sketches for and from collaboration. Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design III, 3, 69–78.

Жестикуляция резко усиливается, когда у дизайнеров возникают новые идеи

Edelman, J. A. (2011). Understanding radical breaks: Media and behavior in small teams engaged in redesign scenarios (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Edelman, J., Agarwal, A., Paterson, C., Mark, S., & Leifer, L. (2012). Understanding radical breaks. In H. Plattner, C. Meinel, & L. Leifer (Eds.), Design Thinking Research (pp. 31–51). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Edelman, J. A., & Leifer, L. (2012). Qualitative methods and metrics for assessing wayfinding and navigation in engineering design. In H. Plattner, C. Meinel, & L. Leifer (Eds.), Design Thinking Research (pp. 151–181). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Репрезентация танца жестами

Kirsh, D. (2010). Thinking with the body. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX.

Kirsh, D. (2011). How marking in dance constitutes thinking with the body. Versus: Quaderni di Studi Semiotici, 113–115, 179–210.

Дирижирование

Kumar, A. B., & Morrison, S. J. (2016). The conductor as visual guide: Gesture and perception of musical content. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1049.

Визуальный аспект важнее звукового при оценке музыки

Tsay, C. J. (2013). Sight over sound in the judgment of music performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14580–14585.

Творческие проявления пространственного мышления

Biello, D. (2006, December 8). Fact or fiction?: Archimedes coined the term “Eureka!” in the bath. Scientific American. Взято с сайта .

Shepard, R. N. (1978). Externalization of mental images and the act of creation. Visual Learning, Thinking, and Communication, 133–189.

Глава 6. Точки, линии и перспектива: пространство в говорении и мышлении

Цитата из Лао-цзы

Le but n’est pas seulement le but, mais le chemin qui y conduit. (n. d.). Paul Andreu. Взято с сайта [Примечание. Это высказывание приписывается Лао-цзы, но может принадлежать Конфуцию. На французском языке фраза особенно красива из-за многозначности слова «but»: конец, цель, предназначение.]

Структура описания маршрута

Denis, M. (1997). The description of routes: A cognitive approach to the production of spatial discourse. Cahiers de psychologie cognitive, 16(4), 409–458.

Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Структура маршрутной карты

Tversky, B., & Lee, P. (1999). Pictorial and verbal tools for conveying routes. In C. Freksa & D. M. Mark (Eds.), Spatial information theory. Cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 1661). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Предпочтение чужой перспективы

Mainwaring, S. D., Tversky, B., Ohgishi, M., & Schiano, D. J. (2003). Descriptions of simple spatial scenes in English and Japanese. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 3(1), 3–42.

Schober, M. F. (1993). Spatial perspective-taking in conversation. Cognition, 47(1), 1–24.

Успешная доставка корреспонденции по странному адресу

Abed, F. (2017, August 11). Delivering a package in a city short on street names. New York Times.

Люди спонтанно смешивают перспективы

Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Descriptions and depictions of environments. Memory & Cognition, 20(5), 483–496.

Смешение перспектив замедляет понимание, но ненадолго

Lee, P. U., & Tversky, B. (2005). Interplay between visual and spatial: The effect of landmark descriptions on comprehension of route/survey spatial descriptions. Spatial Cognition & Computation, 5(2–3), 163–185.

Люди смешивают перспективы при описании окружения

Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Descriptions and depictions of environments. Memory and Cognition, 20(5), 483–496.

Люди понимают описания, смешивающие перспективы

Lee, P. U., & Tversky, B. (2005). Interplay between visual and spatial: The effect of landmark descriptions on comprehension of route/survey spatial descriptions. Spatial Cognition & Computation, 5(2–3), 163–185.

Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(2), 261–292.

Разные языки по-разному описывают пространство

Levinson, S. C. (2003). Space in language and cognition: Explorations in cognitive diversity (Vol. 5). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Набросок карты жителями Новой Гвинеи

Harley, J. B. and Woodward, D. (Eds.). (1992). The history of cartography. Vol. 2. Book One: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Обзорные схематические карты являются сетями

Fontaine, S., Edwards, G., Tversky, B., & Denis, M. (2005). Expert and non-expert knowledge of loosely structured environments. In D. Mark & T. Cohn (Eds.), Spatial information theory: Cognitive and computational foundations. Berlin, Germany: Springer.

Глава 7. Ячейки, линии и деревья: речь и мысль практически обо всем остальном

Сьюзан Сонтаг о центре и середине

Cott, J. (2013). Susan Sontag: The complete Rolling Stone interview. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Как язык описывает пространство

Talmy, L. (1983). How language structures space. In H. L. Pick & L. P. Acredolo (Eds.), Spatial orientation (pp. 225–282). Boston, MA: Springer.

Формы в изобразительном искусстве и архитектуре

Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Arnheim, R. (1982). The Power of the center: A study of composition in the visual arts. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kandinsky, W. (1947). Point and line to plane. New York, NY: Guggenheim Foundation.

Klee, P. (1953). Pedagogical Notebook. New York, NY: Praeger.

Деревья — древние представления знания

Eco, U. (1984). Metaphor, dictionary, and encyclopedia. New Literary History, 15(2), 255–271.

Gontier, N. (2011). Depicting the Tree of Life: The philosophical and historical roots of evolutionary tree diagrams. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 4(3), 515–538.

Lima, M. (2014). The book of trees: Visualizing branches of knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press.

Ветвление нейронов

Cajal, S. R. (1995). Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates (Vol. 1). Translated by N. Swanson & L. Swanson. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Galbis-Reig, D. (2004). Sigmund Freud, MD: Forgotten contributions to neurology, neuropathology, and anesthesia. Internet Journal of Neurology, 3, (1).

Triarhou, L. C. (2009). Exploring the mind with a microscope: Freud’s beginnings in neurobiology. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6, 1–13.

Деревья как визуализации

Lima, M. (2014). The book of trees: Visualizing branches of knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press.

Шесть ступеней отчуждения

Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., & Watts, D. J. (2003). An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science, 301(5634), 827–829.

Travers, J., & Milgram, S. (1967). The small world problem. Psychology Today, 1(1), 61–67.

Социальные сети

Henderson, M. D., Fujita, K., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2006). Transcending the “here”: The effect of spatial distance on social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 845.

Yu, L., Nickerson, J. V., & Tversky, B. (2010, August 9–11). Discovering perceptions of personal social networks through diagrams. In A. K. Goel, M. Jamnik, & N. H. Narayanan (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and inference: 6th International Conference, Diagrams 2010, Portland, OR, USA, August 9–11, 2010, Proceedings (pp. 352–354). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978–3–642–14600–8_50.

Создание визуализации в форме дерева

Munzner, T. (2014). Visualization analysis and design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Shneiderman, B. (1992). Tree visualization with tree-maps: 2-d space-filling approach. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 11(1), 92–99.

Древние изображения времени на линии

Hassig, R. (2001). Time, history, and belief in Aztec and colonial Mexico. Austin: University of Texas.

Sharer, R. J., & Traxler, L. P. (2006). The ancient Maya. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Smith, W. S., & Simpson, W. K. (1998). The art and architecture of ancient Egypt. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Смешанные метафоры времени

New York Times. (2017, November 26). Weekend briefing newsletter.

Метафоры движения эго или движения времени

Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1–28.

Clark, H. H. (1973). Time, space, semantics, and the child. In T. E. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and the acquisition of language (pp. 27–63). New York, NY: Academic Press.

McGlone, M. S., & Harding, J. L. (1998). Back (or forward?) to the future: The role of perspective in temporal language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1211–1223.

Время структурируется пространством (а не наоборот)

Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1–28.

Язык и пространство

Clark, H. H. (1973). Space, time, semantics, and the child. In T. E. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and the acquisition of language (pp. 27–63). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Talmy, L. (1983). How language structures space. In H. L. Pick Jr. & L. P. Acredolo (Eds.), Spatial orientation: Theory, research and application (pp. 225–282). New York, NY: Plenum.

Жесты меняют мышление о времени

Jamalian, A., & Tversky, B. (2012). Gestures alter thinking about time. In N. Miyake, D. Peebles, & R. P. Cooper (Eds.), Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, 34, 551–557.

Искажения в воспоминаниях о событиях во времени

Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Prohaska, V. (1988). Hierarchical organization in ordered domains: Estimating the dates of events. Psychological Review, 95, 471–484.

Loftus, E. F., & Marburger, W. (1983). Since the eruption of Mt. St. Helens, has anyone beaten you up? Improving the accuracy of retrospective reports with landmark events. Memory and Cognition, 11, 114–120.

Гомеостаз

Bernard, C. (1927). An introduction to the study of experimental medicine. Translated by H. C. Greene. New York, NY: Macmillan. (Оригинальное издание было опубликовано в 1865 г.)

Cannon, W. B. (1963). The wisdom of the body. New York, NY: Norton Library. (Первое издание было опубликовано в 1932 г.)

Обратная связь в компьютерах

Wiener, N. (1961). Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine (Vol. 25). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

В языке аймара прошлое впереди

Núñez, R., & Cooperrider, K. (2013). The tangle of space and time in human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 220–229.

Núñez, R. E., & Sweetser, E. (2006). With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science, 30(3), 401–450.

В китайском литературном языке (и календарях) прошлое может быть внизу

Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought? Mandarin and English speakers’ conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1–22.

Fuhrman, O., McCormick, K., Chen, E., Jiang, H., Shu, D., Mao, S., & Boroditsky, L. (2011). How linguistic and cultural forces shape conceptions of time: English and Mandarin time in 3D. Cognitive Science, 35(7), 1305–1328.

Направление времени — это направление письма

Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 515–557.

Обозначение времени жестом слева направо

Santiago, J., Lupáñez, J., Pérez, E., & Funes, M. J. (2007). Time (also) flies from left to right. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(3), 512–516.

Перспектива в письменных и устных языках

Emmorey, K., Tversky, B., & Taylor, H. A. (2000). Using space to describe space: Perspective in speech, sign, and gesture. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2(3), 157–180.

Символическая дистанция

Banks, W. P., & Flora, J. (1977). Semantic and perceptual processes in symbolic comparisons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 278–290.

Holyoak, K. J., & Mah, W. A. (1981). Semantic congruity in symbolic comparisons: Evidence against an expectancy hypothesis. Memory and Cognition, 9, 197–204.

Moyer, R. S. (1973). Comparing objects in memory: Evidence suggesting an internal psychophysics. Perception and Psychophysics, 1, 180–184.

Paivio, A. (1978). Mental comparisons involving abstract attributes. Memory and Cognition, 6, 199–208.

Символическая дистанция у других биологических видов

D’Amato, M. R., & Colombo, M. (1990). The symbolic distance effect in monkeys (Cebus paella). Animal Learning & Behavior, 18, 133–140.

Gelman, R., & Gallistel, C. R. (2004). Language and the origin of numerical concepts. Science, 306(5695), 441–443.

Транзитивный логический вывод у других биологических видов

Bond, A. B, Kamil, A. C, & Balda, R. P. (2003). Social complexity and transitive inference in corvids. Animal Behavior, 65, 479–487.

Byrne, R. W., & Bates, L. A. (2007). Sociality, evolution and cognition. Current Biology, 17, 714–723.

Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A. (1988). Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

Davis, H. (1992). Transitive inference in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106, 342–349.

Grosenick, L., Clement, T. S., & Fernald, R. D. (2007). Fish can infer social rank by observation alone. Nature, 445, 429–432.

MacLean, E. L., Merritt, D. J., & Brannon, E. M. (2008). Social complexity predicts transitive reasoning in Prosimian primates. Animal Behavior, 76, 479–486.

Von Fersen, L., Wynee, C. D. L., Delius, J. D., & Staddon, J. E. R. (1991). Transitive inference formation in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 17, 334–341.

Система приблизительных количеств у детей и представителей других биологических видов

Brannon, E. M., & Terrace, H. S. (1998). Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys. Science, 282(5389), 746–749.

Brannon, E. M., Wusthoff, C. J., Gallistel, C. R., & Gibbon, J. (2001). Numerical subtraction in the pigeon: Evidence for a linear subjective number scale. Psychological Science, 12(3), 238–243.

Cantlon, J. F., Platt, M. L., & Brannon, E. M. (2009). Beyond the number domain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 83–91.

Gallistel, C. R., Gelman, R., & Cordes, S. (2006). The cultural and evolutionary history of the real numbers. Evolution and Culture, 247.

Henik, A., Leibovich, T., Naparstek, S., Diesendruck, L., & Rubinsten, O. (2012). Quantities, amounts, and the numerical core system. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 186.

McCrink, K., & Spelke, E. S. (2010). Core multiplication in childhood. Cognition, 116(2), 204–216.

McCrink, K., & Spelke, E. S. (2016). Non-symbolic division in childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 142, 66–82.

McCrink, K., Spelke, E. S., Dehaene, S., & Pica, P. (2013). Non-symbolic halving in an Amazonian indigene group. Developmental Science, 16(3), 451–462.

Scarf, D., Hayne, H., & Colombo, M. (2011). Pigeons on par with primates in numerical competence. Science, 334(6063), 1664–1664.

Мозговые субстраты, отвечающие за системы приблизительных количеств и точных чисел

Cohen Kadosh, R., Henik, A., Rubinsten, O., Mohr, H., Dori, H., van de Ven, V., … Linden, D. E. J. (2005). Are numbers special? The comparison systems of the human brain investigated by fMRI. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1238–1248.

Пространственно-числовые ассоциации ответных реакций (SNARC)

Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122(3), 371–396.

Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 515–557.

Бо́льшая чувствительность к меньшим значениям (закон Вебера — Фехнера)

Cantlon, J. F., Platt, M. L., & Brannon, E. M. (2009). Beyond the number domain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 83–91.

Бо́льшая чувствительность к меньшим значениям в языке

Talmy, L. (1983). How language structures space. In Spatial orientation (pp. 225–282). Boston, MA: Springer.

Анализ числовой информации в культурах, не имеющих названий для чисел больше трех

Frank, M. C., Everett, D. L., Fedorenko, E., & Gibson, E. (2008). Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition. Cognition, 108(3), 819–824.

Gordon, P. (2004). Numerical cognition without words: Evidence from Amazonia. Science, 306(5695), 496–499.

Pica, P., Lemer, C., Izard, V., & Dehaene, S. (2004). Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian indigene group. Science, 306(5695), 499–503.

Повреждение головного мозга может избирательно разрушать систему приблизительных количеств и систему точных чисел

Dehaene, S. (2011). The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lemer, C., Dehaene, S., Spelke, E., & Cohen, L. (2003). Approximate quantities and exact number words: Dissociable systems. Neuropsychologia, 41(14), 1942–1958.

Системы приблизительных количеств и точных чисел взаимодействуют в неповрежденном мозге

Gallistel, C. R., & Gelman, R. (1992). Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition, 44, 43–74.

Holloway, I. D., & Ansari, D. (2009). Mapping numerical magnitudes onto symbols: The numerical distance effect and individual differences in children’s mathematics achievement. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103(1), 17–29.

Lonnemann, J., Linkersdörfer, J., Hasselhorn, M., & Lindberg, S. (2011). Symbolic and non-symbolic distance effects in children and their connection with arithmetic skills. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24(5), 583–591.

Mazzocco, M. M., Feigenson, L., & Halberda, J. (2011). Preschoolers’ precision of the approximate number system predicts later school mathematics performance. PLoS One, 6(9), e23749.

Изучение системы приблизительных количеств помогает изучению системы точных чисел

Libertus, M. E., Feigenson, L., & Halberda, J. (2013). Is approximate number precision a stable predictor of math ability? Learning and Individual Differences, 25, 126–133.

Lyons, I. M., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Numerical ordering ability mediates the relation between number-sense and arithmetic competence. Cognition, 121(2), 256–261.

Park, J., Bermudez, V., Roberts, R. C., & Brannon, E. M. (2016). Non-symbolic approximate arithmetic training improves math performance in preschoolers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 152, 278–293.

Wang, J. J., Odic, D., Halberda, J., & Feigenson, L. (2016). Changing the precision of preschoolers’ approximate number system representations changes their symbolic math performance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 147, 82–99.

История записи чисел

Aczel, A. D. (2016). Finding zero. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Cajori, F. (1928). A history of mathematical notations. Vol. I, Notations in elementary mathematics. North Chelmsford, MA: Courier Corporation.

Cajori, F. (1928). A history of mathematical notations. Vol. II, Notations mainly in higher mathematics. Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing.

Ifrah, G. (2000). The universal history of numbers: From prehistory to the invention of the computer. Translated by D. Vellos, E. F. Harding, S. Wood, & I. Monk. Toronto, Canada: Wiley.

Mazur, J. (2014). Enlightening symbols: A short history of mathematical notation and its hidden powers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Запись чисел и письменность Запада начались с бухгалтерского учета

Schmandt-Besserat, D. (1992). Before writing, Vol. I: From counting to cuneiform. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Пространство имеет решающее значение для системы математических обозначений

Dehaene, S. (2011). The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Gelman, R., & Gallistel, C. R. (1978). The child’s understanding of number. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Lakoff, G., & Núñez, R. (2000). Where mathematics comes from: How the embodied mind brings mathematics into being. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Движения глаз указывают на отсутствующие места

Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Воображаемая дистанция влияет на время чтения

Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Algom, D. (2007). Automatic processing of psychological distance: Evidence from a Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 610.

Воображаемая дистанция влияет на оценку личности

Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Stephan, E. (2007). Psychological distance. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 353–383). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 173–220). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440.

Бо́льшая дистанция способствует более абстрактному языку и мышлению

Förster, J., Friedman, R. S., & Liberman, N. (2004). Temporal construal effects on abstract and concrete thinking: consequences for insight and creative cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 177.

Jia, L., Hirt, E. R., & Karpen, S. C. (2009). Lessons from a faraway land: The effect of spatial distance on creative cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(5), 1127–1131.

Liberman, N., Polack, O., Hameiri, B., & Blumenfeld, M. (2012). Priming of spatial distance enhances children’s creative performance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(4), 663–670.

Semin, G. R., & Smith, E. R. (1999). Revisiting the past and back to the future: Memory systems and the linguistic representation of social events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 877.

Когнитивные ориентиры расширяют ближние дистанции и сжимают дальние

Holyoak, K. J., & Mah, W. A. (1982). Cognitive reference points in judgements of symbolic magnitude. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 328–352.

Социальная перспектива: изнутри или сверху

Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110(2), 265.

Keltner, D., Van Kleef, G. A., Chen, S., & Kraus, M. W. (2008). A reciprocal influence model of social power: Emerging principles and lines of inquiry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 151–192.

Van Kleef, G. A., Oveis, C., Van Der Löwe, I., Luo Kogan, A., Goetz, J., & Keltner, D. (2008). Power, distress, and compassion: Turning a blind eye to the suffering of others. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1315–1322.

Язык указывает на восприятие

Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Как слепой ребенок говорит о пространстве

Landau, B., Gleitman, L. R., & Landau, B. (2009). Language and experience: Evidence from the blind child (Vol. 8). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Landau, B., Spelke, E., & Gleitman, H. (1984). Spatial knowledge in a young blind child. Cognition, 16(3), 225–260.

Утверждение является минимальной единицей мысли

Anderson, J. R. (2013). The architecture of cognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973). What the mind’s eye tells the mind’s brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin, 80(1), 1.

Пространственное мышление как основа языка

Fauconnier, G. (1994). Mental spaces: Aspects of meaning construction in natural language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Fauconnier, G., & Sweetser, E. (Eds.). (1996). Spaces, worlds, and grammar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Talmy, L. (1983). How language structures space. In H. L. Pick & L. P. Acredolo (Eds.), Spatial orientation (pp. 225–282). Boston, MA: Springer.

Глава 8. Пространства, которые мы создаем: карты, схемы, рисунки, объяснения, комиксы

Перефразированная цитата Пессоа

Art proves that life is not enough. (n. d.). AZ Quotes. Взято с сайта .

Неандертальские пещерные росписи в Испании

Hoffmann, D. L., Standish, C. D., García-Diez, M., Pettitt, P. B., Milton, J. A., Zilhão, J., … Lorblanchet, M. (2018). U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neanderthal origin of Iberian cave art. Science, 359(6378), 912–915.

Принципы когнитивного дизайна

На основе: Tversky, B., Morrison, J. B., & Betrancourt, M. (2002). Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 57(4), 247–262.

См. также: Norman, D. (2013). The design of everyday things: Revised and expanded edition. New York, NY: Basic Books.

История письменности

Gelb, I. J. (1952). A study of writing. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Древнейшая (на сегодня) карта

Utrilla, P., Mazo, C., Sopena, M. C., Martínez-Bea, M., & Domingo, R. (2009). A Paleolithic map from 13,660 calBP: Engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenian in Abauntz Cave (Navarra, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, 57(2), 99–111.

История календарей

Boorstin, D. J. (1985). The discoverers: A history of man’s search to know world and himself. New York, NY: Vintage.

Карты созвездий в древних пещерах

Rappenglück, M. (1997). The Pleiades in the “Salle des Taureaux,” grotte de Lascaux. Does a rock picture in the cave of Lascaux show the open star cluster of the Pleiades at the Magdalénien era (ca 15.300 BC)? In C. Jaschek & F. Atrio Barendela (Eds.), Proceedings of the IVth SEAC Meeting “Astronomy and Culture” (pp. 217–225). Salamanca, Spain: University of Salamanca.

Wikipedia. (n. d.). Star chart. Взято с сайта .

Самодельные карты американских индейцев

Finney, B. (1998). Nautical cartography and traditional navigation in Oceania. In D. Woodward & G. M. Lewis (Eds.), The history of cartography. Vol. 2, Book Three: Cartography in the traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific societies (pp. 443–492). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lewis, G. M. (1998). Maps, mapmaking, and map use by native North Americans. In D. Woodward & G. M. Lewis (Eds.), The history of cartography. Vol. 2, Book Three: Cartography in the traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific societies (pp. 51–182). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Smethurst, G. (1905). A narrative of an extraordinary escape out of the hands of the Indians, in the gulph of St. Lawrence. Edited by W. F. Ganong. White-fish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. (Первое издание опубликовано в Лондоне в 1774 г.).

Красочные карты в кодексах ацтеков

Boone, E. H. (2010). Stories in red and black: Pictorial histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Синтаксис и семантика карт-схем

Denis, M. (1997). The description of routes: A cognitive approach to the production of spatial discourse. Cahiers de Psychologie, 16, 409–458.

Tversky, B., & Lee, P. U. (1998). How space structures language. In C. Freksa, W. Brauer, C. Habel, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition III [Lecture Notes in Computer Science] (Vol. 1404, pp. 157–175). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Tversky, B., & Lee, P. U. (1999). Pictorial and verbal tools for conveying routes. In International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (pp. 51–64). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Эмпирический поиск когнитивных принципов разработки карт

Agrawala, M., & Stolte, C. (2001, August). Rendering effective route maps: Improving usability through generalization. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 241–249.

Tversky, B., Agrawala, M., Heiser, J., Lee, P., Hanrahan, P., Phan, D., Daniel, M.-P. (2006). Cognitive design principles for automated generation of visualizations. In G. L. Allen (Ed.), Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology (pp. 53–75). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

«Три П» (производство, предпочтение, производительность) при создании дизайна

Kessell, A., & Tversky, B. (2011). Visualizing space, time, and agents: Production, performance, and preference. Cognitive Processing, 12(1), 43–52.

Интерпретация кости Ишанго

Pletser, V., & Huylebrouck, D. (1999). The Ishango artefact: The missing base 12 link. Forma-Tokyo, 14(4), 339–346.

Pletser, V., & Huylebrouck, D. (2008, January). An interpretation of the Ishango rods. In Proceedings of the Conference Ishango, 22000 and 50 Years Later: The Cradle of Mathematics (pp. 139–170). Brussels, Belgium: Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium, KVAB.

Развитие понимания количества

Gelman, R., & Gallistel, C. R. (1986). The child’s understanding of number. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Формальные системы обозначений — это схемы

Landy, D., & Goldstone, R. L. (2007). Formal notations are diagrams: Evidence from a production task. Memory & Cognition, 35(8), 2033–2040.

Люди используют пространство для решения математических задач; доказательства — это истории

Landy, D., & Goldstone, R. L. (2007). How abstract is symbolic thought? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 720.

Восточная окружающая среда сложнее западной в глазах представителей как восточной, так и западной культур

Miyamoto, Y., Nisbett, R. E., & Masuda, T. (2006). Culture and the physical environment: Holistic versus analytic perceptual affordances. Psychological Science, 17(2), 113–119.

Китайские арифметические схемы оцениваются как более сложные по сравнению с американскими

Wang, E. (2011). Culture and math visualization: Comparing American and Chinese math images. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Columbia Teachers College, New York, NY.

Zheng, F, (2015). Math visualizations across cultures: Comparing Chinese and American math images. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Columbia Teachers College, New York, NY.

Измерения и вычисления могут устранить некоторые искажения и ошибки

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Choices, values, and frames. In W. Ziemba & L. C. MacLean (Eds.), Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part I (pp. 269–278). Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293.

В геометрии древних слова служили лишь примечаниями к схемам, а не наоборот

Netz, R. (2003). The shaping of deduction in Greek mathematics: A study in cognitive history (Vol. 51). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Пространственные мысленные модели

Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1980). Mental models in cognitive science. Cognitive Science, 4(1), 71–115.

Tversky, B. (1991). Spatial mental models. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 27, 109–145. .

Диаграммы Эйлера и рассуждения

Chapman, P., Stapleton, G., Rodgers, P., Micallef, L., & Blake, A. (2014). Visualizing sets: An empirical comparison of diagram types. In T. Dwyer, H. Purchase, & A. Delaney (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and inference. Diagrams 2014, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 8578, pp. 146–160). Berlin, German: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Sato, Y., Mineshima, K., & Takemura, R. (2010). The efficacy of Euler and Venn diagrams in deductive reasoning: Empirical findings. In A. K. Goel, M. Jamnik, & N. H. Narayanan (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and inference: 6th International Conference, Diagrams 2010, Portland, OR, USA, August 9–11, 2010, Proceedings (pp. 6–22). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978–3–642–14600–8.

Построение силлогизма с использованием диаграмм

Barwise, J., & Etchemendy, J. (1994). Hyperproof: For Macintosh. Center for the Study of Language and Inf.

Giardino, V. (2017). Diagrammatic reasoning in mathematics. In L. Magnani & T. Bertolotti (Eds.), Springer handbook of model-based science (pp. 499–522). New York, NY: Springer.

Green, T. R. G., & Petre, M. (1996). Usability analysis of visual programming environments: A “cognitive dimensions” framework. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing, 7(2), 131–174.

Shin, S. J. (1994). The logical status of diagrams. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Stenning, K., & Lemon, O. (2001). Aligning logical and psychological perspectives on diagrammatic reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review, 15(1–2), 29–62.

Wexler, M. (1993). Matrix models on large graphs. Nuclear Physics, B410, 377–394.

Запись музыки

Wikipedia. (n. d.). Musical notation. Взято с сайта .

Запись танца

Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n. d.). Dance notation. Взято с сайта .

История приспособлений для определения времени

Bruxton, E. (1979). The history of clocks and watches. New York, NY: Crescent.

Древнекитайские календари

Calendars Through the Ages. (n. d.). The Chinese calendar. Взято с сайта .

Петроглифическая запись о сверхновой

Sule, A., Bandey, A., Vahia, M., Iqbal, N., & Tabasum, M. (2011). Indian record for Kepler’s supernova: Evidence from Kashmir Valley. Astronomische Nachrichten, 332(6), 655–657.

Изображение событий в античном искусстве

Small, J. P. (1999). Time in space: Narrative in classical art. Art Bulletin, 81(4), 562–575.

Small, J. P. (2003). Wax tablets of the mind: Cognitive studies of memory and literacy in classical antiquity. New York, NY: Routledge.

Восприятие и познание событий

Daniel, M. P., & Tversky, B. (2012). How to put things together. Cognitive Processing, 13(4), 303–319.

Hard, B. M., Recchia, G., & Tversky, B. (2011). The shape of action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(4), 586.

Tversky, B., & Zacks, J. M. (2013). Event perception. In D. Riesberg (Ed.), Oxford handbook of cognitive psychology (pp. 83–94). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Zacks, J. M., & Radvansky, G. A. (2014). Event cognition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Zacks, J. M., & Swallow, K. M. (2007). Event segmentation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 80–84.

Zacks, J. M., & Tversky, B. (2001). Event structure in perception and conception. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 3.

Эмпирически найденные принципы когнитивного дизайна для последовательности действий

Agrawala, M., Phan, D., Heiser, J., Haymaker, J., Klingner, J., Hanrahan, P., & Tversky, B. (2003, July). Designing effective step-by-step assembly instructions. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 22(3), 828–837.

Daniel, M. P., & Tversky, B. (2012). How to put things together. Cognitive Processing, 13(4), 303–319.

Tversky, B., Agrawala, M., Heiser, J., Lee, P., Hanrahan, P., Phan, D., … Daniel, M. P. (2006). Cognitive design principles for automated generation of visualizations. In G. L. Allen (Ed.), Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology (pp. 53–75). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Роботы собирают стул по инструкции «ИКЕА»

Suárez-Ruiz, F., Zhou, X., & Pham, Q. C. (2018). Can robots assemble an IKEA chair? Science Robotics, 3(17), eaat6385.

Warren, M. (2018, April 18). Can this robot build an IKEA chair faster than you? Science. Взято с сайта .

Классические работы по инфографике

Bertin, J. (1983). Semiology of graphics: Diagrams, networks, maps. Madison: University of Wisconsin.

Card, S. K., Mackinlay, J. D., & Shneiderman, B. (1999). Readings in information visualization: Using vision to think. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufman.

Ценности эпохи Просвещения

Pinker, S. (2018). Enlightenment now: The case for reason, science, humanism, and progress. New York, NY: Penguin.

История схем и схемологии

Bender, J., & Marrinan, M. (2010). The culture of diagram. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Stjernfelt, F. (2007). Diagrammatology: An investigation on the borderlines of phenomenology, ontology, and semiotics (Vol. 336). New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.

Спонтанное использование пространства в сообщениях о времени, качестве и предпочтении детьми и взрослыми разных культур

Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 515–557.

Метафорическое использование в языке понятий верха и низа

Clark, H. H. (1973). Space, time, semantics, and the child. In T. E. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and acquisition of language (pp. 27–63). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a cognitive semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Вы являетесь центром своей социальной сети

Yu, L., Nickerson, J. V., & Tversky, B. (2010). Discovering perceptions of personal social networks through diagrams. In A. K. Goel, M. Jamnik, & N. H. Narayanan (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and inference: 6th International Conference, Diagrams 2010, Portland, OR, USA, August 9–11, 2010, Proceedings (pp. 352–354). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978–3–642–14600–8_50.

Люди видят линии там, где их нет: фигуры Канижа

Kanizsa, G. (1976). Subjective contours. Scientific American, 234(4), 48–53.

Одержимость линиями

Tversky, B. (2011). Obsessed by lines. In A. Kantrowitz, A. Brew, & M. Fava (Eds.), Thinking through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium on Drawing, Cognition and Education (p. 15). New York, NY: Teachers College Columbia University Art and Art Education.

Tversky, B. (2013). Lines of thought. In H. D. Christensen, T. Kristensen, & A. Michelsen (Eds.), Transvisuality: The cultural dimension of visuality: Vol. 1: Boundaries and creative openings (pp. 142–156). Liverpool, England: Liverpool University Press.

Tversky, B. (2016). Lines: Orderly and messy. In Y. Portugali & E. Stolk (Eds.), Complexity, cognition, urban planning and design (pp. 237–250). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.

«Линия — это точка, отправившаяся прогуляться» (Клее)

Klee, P. (n. d.). A line is a dot that went for a walk. Paul Klee: Paintings, Biography and Quotes. Взято с сайта .

Точки, линии, плоскости

Kandinsky, W. (1947). Point and line to plane. Translated by H. Dearstyne & H. Rebay. New York, NY: Guggenheim. (Исходное издание опубликовано в 1926 г.)

Klee, P., & Moholy-Nagy, S. (1953). Pedagogical sketchbook. New York, NY: Praeger.

Интерпретация и создание линейных и столбчатых графиков

Zacks, J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Bars and lines: A study of graphic communication. Memory & Cognition, 27(6), 1073–1079.

Разные выводы при разных форматах визуализации данных

Kessell, A., & Tversky, B. (2011). Visualizing space, time, and agents: Production, performance, and preference. Cognitive Processing, 12(1), 43–52.

Nickerson, J. V., Corter, J. E., Tversky, B., Rho, Y. J., Zahner, D., & Yu, L. (2013). Cognitive tools shape thought: Diagrams in design. Cognitive Processing, 14(3), 255–272.

Nickerson, J. V., Tversky, B., Corter, J. E., Yu, L., Rho, Y. J., & Mason, D. (2010). Thinking with networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 32(32).

Tversky, B. (2011). Visualizing thought. Topics in Cognitive Science, 3(3), 499–535.

Tversky, B., Corter, J. E., Yu, L., Mason, D. L., & Nickerson, J. V. (2012, July). Representing category and continuum: Visualizing thought. In International Conference on Theory and Application of Diagrams (pp. 23–34). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Tversky, B., Gao, J., Corter, J. E., Tanaka, Y., & Nickerson, J. V. (2016). People, place, and time: Inferences from diagrams. In M. Jamnik, Y. Uesaka, & S. Elzer Schwartz (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and inference. Diagrams 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 9781, pp. 258–264). Cham, Switzerland: Springer, Cham.

Стрелки

Denis, M. (2018). Arrow in diagrammatic and navigational spaces. In J. M. Zacks & H. A. Taylor (Eds.), Representations in mind and world: Essays inspired by Barbara Tversky (pp. 63–84). New York, NY: Routledge.

Heiser, J., & Tversky, B. (2006). Arrows in comprehending and producing mechanical diagrams. Cognitive Science, 30(3), 581–592.

Horn, R. E. (1998). Visual language. Bainbridge Island, WA: Macrovu.

MacKenzie, R. (n. d.). Diagrammatic narratives: Telling scientific stories effectively with diagrams (Honors thesis in psychology). Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Mayon, C. (2010). A child’s conception of the multiple meanings of arrow. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Columbia Teachers College, New York, NY.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., MacKenzie, R., Lozano, S., & Morrison, J. B. (2007). Enriching animations. In R. Lowe & W. Schnotz (Eds.), Learning with animation: Research implications for design (pp. 263–285). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Tversky, B., Zacks, J., Lee, P., & Heiser, J. (2000). Lines, blobs, crosses and arrows: Diagrammatic communication with schematic figures. In M. Anderson, P. Cheng, & V. Haarslev (Eds.), Theory and application of diagrams. Diagrams 2000. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 1889, pp. 221–230). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Анимированные визуализации

Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1991). Animations need narrations: An experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 484.

Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2002). Animation as an aid to multimedia learning. Educational Psychology Review, 14(1), 87–99.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., Mackenzie, R., Lozano, S., & Morrison, J. (2008). Enriching animations. In R. Lowe & W. Schnotz (Eds.), Learning with animation: Research implications for design (pp. 263–285). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., & Morrison, J. (2013). Space, time, and story. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–76). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. .

Tversky, B., Morrison, J. B., & Betrancourt, M. (2002). Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 57(4), 247–262.

Zacks, J. M., & Tversky, B. (2003). Structuring information interfaces for procedural learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(2), 88.

Жестовые интерфейсы развивают мышление и навык счета

Segal, A., Tversky, B., & Black, J. (2014). Conceptually congruent actions can promote thought. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(3), 124–130.

Изотип и универсальный пиктографический язык

Neurath, O. (1936). International Picture Language. The first rules of Isotype. London, England: Kegan Paul.

Neurath, O., & Ogden, C. K. (1937). BASIC by Isotype. London, England: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner.

Фасилитатор, использующий графику

Horn, R. E. (1999). Information design: Emergence of a new profession. In R. E. Jacobson (Ed.), Information design (pp. 15–33). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Схемы помогают учиться

Carney, R. N., & Levin, J. R. (2002). Pictorial illustrations still improve students’ learning from text. Educational Psychology Review, 14(1), 5–26.

Levie, W. H., & Lentz, R. (1982). Effects of text illustrations: A review of research. ECTJ, 30(4), 195–232.

Mayer, R. E. (2002). Multimedia learning. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 41, pp. 85–139). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Mayer, R. E., & Gallini, J. K. (1990). When is an illustration worth ten thousand words? Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 715.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., & Morrison, J. (2013). Space, time, and story. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–76). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. .

Простая схема, убедившая Билла Гейтса посвятить деятельность своего фонда всемирной охране здоровья

Я благодарю за этот пример Элеанор Фокс.

Duenes, S. (2008, February 25). Talk to the newsroom: Graphics director Steve Duenes. New York Times. Взято с сайта .

Kristof, N. D. (1997, January 9). For third world, water is still a deadly drink. New York Times. Взято с сайта .

Рассказывание историй

Это малая часть содержательных работ, посвященных разным формам дискурса, особенно историям.

Bordwell, D. (1985). Narration in the fiction film. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Bordwell, D., & Thompson, K. (2003). Film art: An introduction. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Branigan, E. (1992). Narrative comprehension and film. New York, NY: Routledge.

Bruner, J. (1987). Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J. (2004). Life as narrative. Social Research, 71, 691–710.

Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York, NY: Routledge.

Lupton, E. (2017). Design is story-telling. New York, NY: Cooper Hewitt Design Museum.

McPhee, J. (2013, January 14). Structure. The New Yorker, pp. 46–55.

McPhee, J. (2015, September 14). Omission. The New Yorker.

Prince, G. (2003). A dictionary of narratology (Rev. ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1975). Notes on a schema for stories. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 211–237). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H. E. (Eds.). (2008). The handbook of discourse analysis. New York, NY: Wiley.

Tversky, B. (2018). Story-telling in the wild: Implications for data storytelling. In S. Carpendale, N. Diakopoulos, N. Henri-Riche, & C. Hurter (Eds.), Data-driven storytelling. New York, NY: CRC Press.

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., & Morrison, J. (2013). Space, time, and story. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–76). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. .

Комиксы могут способствовать обучению

Aleixo, P. A., & Sumner, K. (2017). Memory for biopsychology material presented in comic book format. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 8(1), 79–88.

Caldwell, J. (2012, October). Information comics: An overview. 2012 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (pp. 1–7). doi:10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408645.

Short, J. C., Randolph-Seng, B., & McKenny, A. F. (2013). Graphic presentation: An empirical examination of the graphic novel approach to communicate business concepts. Business Communication Quarterly, 76(3), 273–303.

Комиксы как средство передачи информации: теории и анализ

Я глубоко признательна Джону Бресману за деятельное сотрудничество в работе над этим проектом. Он обладает энциклопедическими знаниями комиксов и научным их пониманием. На каждый мой вопрос, существует ли комикс, делающий то-то, он не только приводил ряд примеров, но и обращал мое внимание на явления более тонкого порядка, о которых я до этого не думала. Он показал мне, какое это многогранное, веселое, умное и красивое средство информации.

Руководства по комиксам: Larry Gonick, .

Комиксы для детей: Toon Books, .

Журналистика: Archcomix, ; Palestine (comics) in Wikipedia, ; The Influencing Machine: Brooke Gladstone on the Media, .

Собрание шедевров искусства комикса: Carlin, J., Karasik, P., & Walker, B. (2005). Masters of American comics. Los Angeles, CA: Hammer Museum and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, in association with Yale University Press.

Прекрасные образчики визуальной поэзии, выражающие эти идеи: Nick Sousanis (2015). Unflattening. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Прежде чем он создал эту книгу, я имела удовольствие видеть его среди студентов своего курса, где объясняла многие из идей, описанных на страницах этой книги, и не только.

Cohn, N. (2013). The visual language of comics. London, England: Bloomsbury.

Eisner, W. (2008). Graphic storytelling and visual narrative. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Eisner, W. (2008). Comics and sequential art: Principles and practices from the legendary cartoonist. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Groensteen, T. (2007). The system of comics. Translated by B. Beaty & N. Nguyen. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

McCloud, S. (1993). Understanding comics. New York, NY: William Morrow Paperbacks.

Spiegelman, A. (2011). MetaMaus. New York, NY: Pantheon.

Spiegelman, A. (2013). Co-Mix: A retrospective of comics, graphics, and scraps. Montreal, Canada: Drawn and Quarterly.

Картинки запоминаются лучше слов

Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 45(3), 255.

Бурное распространение эмодзи и гифок

Спасибо Орену Тверски за этот пример.

Clarke, T. (2018, October 5). 24+ Instagram statistics that matter to marketers in 2019. Hootsuite. Взято с сайта .

Dua, T. (2015). Emojis by the numbers: A Digiday data dump. Взято с сайта .

Konrad, A. (2016). Giphy passes 100 million daily users who send 1 billion GIFs each day, reveals GV as investor. Forbes. Взято с сайта .

Дуга повествования Фрейтага — Аристотеля

Freytag, G. (1863). Die Technik des Dramas.

Структура ячеек и пузырей речи в комиксах

Groensteen, T. (2007). The system of comics. Translated by B. Beaty & N. Nguyen. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

Добавление информации к словам и изображениям

Clark, H. H. (1975). Bridging. In Proceedings of the 1975 Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (pp. 169–174). Cambridge, MA: Association for Computational Linguistics.

Intraub, H., Bender, R. S., & Mangels, J. A. (1992). Looking at pictures but remembering scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(1), 180.

Сегментирование событий и историй

McCloud, S. (1993). Understanding comics. New York, NY: William Morrow Paperbacks.

Tversky, B. and Zacks, J. M. (2013). Event perception. In D. Riesberg (Ed.), Oxford handbook of cognitive psychology (pp. 83–94). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Zacks, J. M. (2014). Flicker: Your brain on movies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Культура и язык влияют на создание комиксов

Tversky, B. & Chow, T. (2017). Language and culture in visual narratives. Cognitive Semiotics, 10(2), 77–89.

Глава 9. Общение со страницей: дизайн, естественные науки и изобразительное искусство

Цитаты из Пикассо и Брака

Georges Braque. (n. d.). Взято с сайта .

Интервью Гастону Дилю (1945). Les Problèmes de la Peinture. Paris, France.

Picasso, P., & Fraisse, G. (1999). Conversations with Picasso. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Жизнь и творчество да Винчи

Kemp, M. (2005). Leonardo. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Преимущества неопределенности

Tversky, B. (2015). On abstraction and ambiguity. In J. Gero (Ed.), Studying visual and spatial reasoning for design (pp. 215–223). New York, NY: Springer.

Разработки да Винчи

Gopnik, A. (2005, January 17). Renaissance man: The life of Leonardo. The New Yorker.

Isaacson, W. (2017). Leonardo da Vinci. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Kemp, M. (2005). Leonardo. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Kemp, M. (2006). Seen/unseen: Art, science, and intuition from Leonardo to the Hubble telescope. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Rosand, D. (2002). Drawing acts: Studies in graphic expression and representation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Wikipedia. (n. d.). Vebjørn Sand Da Vinci Project. Взято с сайта .

Сотрудничество Джеммы Андерсон с учеными

Anderson, G. (2017). Drawing as a way of knowing in art and science. Bristol, England: Intellect Limited.

Создание визуальных объяснений улучшает понимание STEM-концепций

Bobek, E., & Tversky, B. (2016). Creating visual explanations improves learning. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 1(1), 27.

Составление схем в действующих STEM-лабораториях

Burnston, D. C., Sheredos, B., Abrahamsen, A., & Bechtel, W. (2014). Scientists’ use of diagrams in developing mechanistic explanations: A case study from chronobiology. Pragmatics & Cognition, 22(2), 224–243.

WORGODS: WORking Group on Diagrams in Science. (n. d.). Diagrams in science. Взято с сайта .

Архитекторы делают открытия в собственных набросках

Goldschmidt, G. (1991). The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 123–143.

Goldschmidt, G. (2014). Linkography: Unfolding the design process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1997). What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis. Design Studies, 18(4), 385–403.

Профессионализм отражается в поиске новых идей в набросках

Ericsson, K. A., Hoffman, R. R., Kozbelt, A., & Williams, A. M. (Eds.). (2018). The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Ericsson, K. A., & Smith, J. (Eds.). (1991). Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1997). What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis. Design Studies, 18(4), 385–403.

Как дизайнеры и обычные люди находят новые идеи в набросках

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1996). What architects see in their sketches: Implications for design tools. Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 191–192). Vancouver, BC, Canada: ACM. doi:10.1145/257089.257255.

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1997). What do architects and students perceive in their sketches? A protocol analysis. Design Studies, 18, 385–403.

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (2002). How do designers shift their focus of attention in their own sketches? In M. Anderson, B. Meyer, & P. Olivier (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and reasoning (pp. 241–254). London, England: Springer.

Tversky, B., & Suwa, M. (2009). Thinking with sketches. In A. B. Markman & K. L. Wood (Eds.), Tools for innovation: The science behind the practical methods that drive new ideas. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Эффективная стратегия: перегруппировка частей

Suwa, M., Tversky, B., Gero, J., & Purcell, T. (2001). Seeing into sketches: Regrouping parts encourages new interpretations. In J. S. Gero, B. Tversky, & T. Purcell (Eds.), Visual and spatial reasoning in design (pp. 207–219). Sydney, Australia: Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition.

Конструктивное восприятие

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (2003). Constructive perception: A metacognitive skill for coordinating perception and conception. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 25(25).

Tversky, B., & Suwa, M. (2009). Thinking with sketches. In A. B. Markman & K. L. Wood (Eds.), Tools for innovation: The science behind the practical methods that drive new ideas. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Креативность: поиск новых идей

Chou, J. Y., & Tversky, B. (n. d.). Top-down strategies outperform bottom-up strategies for finding new interpretations. Unpublished manuscript.

Tversky, B. (2015). On abstraction and ambiguity. In J. Gero (Ed.), Studying Visual and Spatial Reasoning for Design Creativity (pp. 215–223). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.

Tversky, B., & Chou, J. Y. (2011). Creativity: Depth and breadth. In T. Taura & Y. Nagai (Eds.), Design Creativity 2010 (pp. 209–214). London, England: Springer.

Zahner, D., Nickerson, J. V., Tversky, B., Corter, J. E., & Ma, J. (2010). A fix for fixation? Rerepresenting and abstracting as creative processes in the design of information systems. AI EDAM, 24(2), 231–244.

Блуждание ума

Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1117–1122.

Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., & Schooler, J. W. (2009). Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(21), 8719–8724.

Mrazek, M. D., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Mindfulness and mind-wandering: Finding convergence through opposing constructs. Emotion, 12(3), 442.

Архитекторы в роли кондитеров

A new school of pastry chefs got its start in architecture. (2018, January 24). New York Times. Взято с сайта .

Смена парадигм

Kuhn, T. S. (2012). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Сдвиг перспективы ведет к открытию

Mukherjee, S. (2017, September 11). Cancer’s invasion equation. The New Yorker. Взято с сайта .

Сдвиг перспективы повышает способность к прогнозированию

Mellers, B., Stone, E., Murray, T., Minster, A., Rohrbaugh, N., Bishop, M., Ungar, L. (2015). Identifying and cultivating superforecasters as a method of improving probabilistic predictions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(3), 267–281.

Tetlock, P. E. (2017). Expert political judgment: How good is it? How can we know? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tetlock, P. E., & Gardner, D. (2016). Superforecasting: The art and science of prediction. New York, NY: Random House.

Совершенствование предсказаний

Schwartz, T. (2018, May 9). What it takes to think deeply about complex problems. Harvard Business Review. Взято с сайта .

Как творят опытные художники

Kantrowitz, A. (2018). What artists do (and say) when they draw. In J. M. Zacks & H. A. Taylor (Eds.), Representations in mind and world: Essays inspired by Barbara Tversky (pp. 209–220). New York, NY: Routledge.

Глава 10. Мир — это схема

Перемещение в пространстве все дальше и дальше позволяет улучшать материальное положение

Rosling, H., Rönnlund, A. R., & Rosling, O. (2018). Factfulness: Ten reasons we’re wrong about the world–and why things are better than you think. New York, NY: Flatiron Books.

Культурный перенос у человекообразных обезьян осуществляется посредством подражания, а не обучения

Whiten, A., Horner, V., & De Waal, F. B. (2005). Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees. Nature, 437(7059), 737.

Жестикуляция важна для культурного переноса у людей

Legare, C. H. (2017). Cumulative cultural learning: Development and diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), 7877–7883.

Little, E. E., Carver, L. J., & Legare, C. H. (2016). Cultural variation in triadic infant–caregiver object exploration. Child Development, 87(4), 1130–1145.

Законы (правила) на улицах

Moroni, S., & Lorini, G. (2017). Graphic rules in planning: A critical exploration of normative drawings starting from zoning maps and form-based codes. Planning Theory, 16(3), 318–338.

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