Источники и примечания

Книги, отчеты, исследования и прочие документы, указанные ниже, послужили мне в качестве полезных руководств и источников информации. Там, где это возможно, я также упоминаю об этих книгах в разделе примечаний.

 

Ambrose, Susan A., Michael W. Bridges, Michele DiPietro, Marsha C. Lovett, and Marie K. Norman. How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching. Kindle edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

Askell-Williams, Helen, Michael J. Lawson, and Grace Skrzypiec. "Scaffolding Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategy Instruction in Regular Class Lessons." Instructional Science 40, no. 2 (2012): 413–443. doi:10.1007/s11251-011-9182-5.

Benassi, Victor A., Catherine E. Overson, and Christopher M. Hakala. Applying Science of Learning in Education: Infusing Psychological Science into the Curriculum. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, 2014. .

Benavides, Francisco, Hanna Dumont, and David Instance, ed. The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2010.

Bourne, Lyle E. Train Your Mind for Peak Performance: A Science-Based Approach for Achieving Your Goals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013.

Bourne, Lyle E., and Alice F. Healy. Training Cognition: Optimizing Efficiency, Durability, and Generalizability. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2012.

Bransford, John D., Ann L. Brown, and Rodney R. Cocking, eds. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience and School. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000.

Brown, Peter C., Henry L. Roediger III, and Mark A. McDaniel. Make It Stick. Kindle edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.

Carey, Benedict. How We Learn: The Surprising Truth about When, Where, and Why It Happens. New York: Random House, 2014.

Carnegie Mellon University. "Teaching Excellence and Educational Innovation." (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Carpenter, Shana K., ed. "Improving Student Learning in Low-Maintenance and Cost-Effective Ways." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3, no. 3 (2014): 121–123. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.07.004.

Center for Teaching. Vanderbilt University. (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Christodoulou, Daisy. Seven Myths about Education. London: Routledge, 2014.

Clark, Ruth C. Building Expertise: Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance Improvement. Hoboken, NJ: Pfeiffer, 2008.

Clark, Ruth C., and Richard E. Mayer. E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2007.

Claxton, Guy. Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: How Intelligence Increases When You Think Less. 1st ed. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco, 1999.

Deans for Impact. The Science of Learning. Austin, TX: Deans for Impact, 2015. .

Derek Bok Center for Teaching and Learning. (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Dharma, Jairam, and Keith Kiewra. "An Investigation of the SOAR Study Method." Journal of Advanced Academics 20, no. 4 (2009): 602–629.

Dunlosky, John, and Janet Metcalf. Metacognition. New York: SAGE Publications, 2008.

Elder, Linda, and Richard Paul. The Thinker's Guide for Students on How to Study and Learn a Discipline: Using Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools. Tomales, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2002.

Ericsson, Anders K., and Robert Poole. Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016.

Hattie, John. Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. London: Routledge, 2008.

Healy, Alice F., and Lyle E. Bourne Jr., eds. Training Cognition: Optimizing Efficiency, Durability, and Generalizability. 1st ed. New York: Psychology Press, 2012.

Hoffman, Robert R., Paul Ward, Paul J. Feltovich, Lia DiBello, Stephen M. Fiore, and Dee H. Andrews. Accelerated Expertise: Training for High Proficiency in a Complex World. Expertise: Research and Applications Series. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2014.

Koedinger, Kenneth R., Julie L. Booth, and David Klahr. "Instructional Complexity and the Science to Constrain It." Science 342 (2013): 935–937. doi:10.1126/science.1238056.

Lemov, Doug, and Norman Atkins. Teach Like a Champion: 49 Techniques That Put Students on the Path to College. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

Levy, Frank. The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Levy, Frank, and Richard J. Murnane. Teaching the New Basic Skills: Principles for Educating Children to Thrive in a Changing Economy. New York: Free Press, 1996.

Marzano, Robert J. The Art and Science of Teaching: A Comprehensive Framework for Effective Instruction (Professional Development). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2007.

Marzano, Robert J., Debra Pickering, and Jane E. Pollock. Classroom Instruction That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2001.

Mayer, Richard E., and Logan Fiorella. Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies That Promote Understanding. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

McDaniel, Mark, and Cynthia Wooldridge. "The Science of Learning and Its Applications." Effective College and University Teaching: Strategies and Tactics for the New Professoriate, eds. William Buskist and Victor A. Benassi, 49–60. New York: SAGE Publications, 2012.

McDaniel, Mark, Regina Frey, Susan Fitzpatrick, and Henry Roediger III, eds. Integrating Cognitive Science with Innovative Teaching in STEM Disciplines. St. Louis: Washington University Libraries, 2014.

Nilson, Linda, and Barry J. Zimmerman. Creating Self-Regulated Learners: Strategies to Strengthen Students' Self-Awareness and Learning Skills. Sterling, VA: Stylus, 2013.

Nisbett, Richard E. Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015.

Nisbett, Richard E. Intelligence and How to Get It: Why Schools and Cultures Count. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.

Oakley, Barbara. A Mind for Numbers: How to Excel at Math and Science (Even If You Flunked Algebra). New York: TarcherPerigee, 2014.

Pashler, H., P. Bain, B. Bottge, A. Graesser, K. Koedinger, M. McDaniel, and Janet Metcalfe. Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning (NCER 2007–2004). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Research, 2007. Взято из: .

Schwartz, Bennett L. Memory: Foundations and Applications. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2013.

Schwartz, Bennett L., Lisa K. Son, Nate Kornell, and Bridget Finn. "Four Principles of Memory Improvement: A Guide to Improving Learning Efficiency." International Journal of Creativity and Problem Solving 21, vol. 1 (2011): 7–15.

Stigler, James W., and James Hiebert. The Teaching Gap: Best Ideas from the World's Teachers for Improving Education in the Classroom. New York: Free Press, 1999.

Wiggins, Grant, Jan McTighe, and Jay McTighe. Understanding by Design. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 1998.

Willingham, Daniel T. Cognition: The Thinking Animal. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2006.

———. Why Don't Students Like School? A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions about How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

Примечания

В следующих примечаниях я привожу источники взятого мной материала с необходимыми пояснениями. Если я брал у кого-то интервью, то сообщал об этом в тексте, и тогда дополнительный источник не был указан. Если я цитирую что-то из внешних источников, это отражено в данных примечаниях.

Предисловие

Barry J. Zimmerman and Anastasia Kitsantas, "Developmental Phases in Self-Regulation: Shifting from Process Goals to Outcome Goals," Journal of Educational Psychology 89, no. 1 (1997): 29.

Hester de Boer et al., Effective Strategies for Self-Regulated Learning: A Meta-Analysis (Gronigen: GION/RUG, 2013). Также см. Kiruthiga Nandagopal and K. Anders Ericsson, "An Expert Performance Approach to the Study of Individual Differences in Self-Regulated Learning Activities in Upper-Level College Students," Learning and Individual Differences 22, no. 5 (2012): 597–609.

Anastasia Kitsantas and Barry J. Zimmerman, "Comparing Self-Regulatory Processes Among Novice, Non-Expert, and Expert Volleyball Players: A Micro Analytic Study," Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 14, no. 2 (2002): 91–105; Barry J. Zimmerman and Anastasia Kitsantas, "Acquiring Writing Revision Skill: Shifting from Process to Outcome Self-Regulatory Goals," Journal of Educational Psychology 91, no. 2 (1999): 241. Также см.: Mark C. Fox and Neil Charness, "How to Gain Eleven IQ Points in Ten Minutes: Thinking Aloud Improves Raven's Matrices Performance in Older Adults," Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 17, no. 2 (2010): 191–204.

  Ulrich Boser, "Does the Public Know What Great Teaching and Learning Look Like?" Center for American Progress, в печати. Обратите внимание, что в исследовании взята удобная выборка, которая, по нашему мнению, может экстраполироваться на всю страну. Документ будет доступен на моем сайте и сайте центра.

Louis Alfieri et al., "Does Discovery-Based Instruction Enhance Learning?" Journal of Educational Psychology 103, no. 1 (2011): 1–18. Также Richard E. Mayer, "Should There Be a Three-Strikes Rule Against Pure Discovery Learning?" American Psychologist 59, no. 1 (2004): 14–19.

Harold Pashler et al., "Psychological Science in the Public Interest," Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence 9, no. 3 (2008): 105–119. Также см.: Thomas K. Fagan and Daniel T. Willingham, "Do Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Learners Need Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Instruction?" American Educator (Summer 2005): 31–35.

Katherine Hobson, "Google on the Brain: How the Internet Has Changed What We Remember," Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2011. Полное исследование: Betsy Sparrow, Jenny Lui, and Daniel M. Wegner, "Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips," Science 333, no. 6043 (2011): 776–778.

Linda A. Henkel, "Point and Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour," Psychological Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 396–402. Цитата о мозге дана по: James Gleick, "Auto Correct This!" New York Times, August 4, 2012. .

Brenda Fowler, Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier, 1st ed. (New York: Random House, 2000). Также я почерпнул информацию из: Bob Cullen, "Testimony from the Iceman," Smithsonian, (дата обращения: 13.09.2016) и с сайта Южно-Тирольского музея археологии: (дата обращения: 20.09.2016).

Richard Paul and Linda Elder's The Thinker's Guide for Students on How to Study and Learn a Discipline: Using Critical Thinking Concepts & Tools, Foundation for Critical Thinking (2003). Также полезная информация содержится в: Lindsey Engle Richland and Nina Simms, "Analogy, Higher Order Thinking, and Education," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 6, no. 2 (March 2015): 177–192.

Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Changing the Way We Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). О предсказании Леви и Мернейна об автомобилях с автопилотом первым рассказал мне Тед Динтерсмит. Более современный взгляд на проблему см.: Derek Thompson, "What Jobs Will the Robots Take?" The Atlantic, January 23, 2014. .

Ulrich Boser, "Return on Educational Investment: A District-by-District Evaluation of US Educational Productivity," Center for American Progress, January 2011. Показатель 50% взят из: Scott Freeman, Sarah L. Eddy, Miles McDonough, Michelle K. Smith, Nnadozie Okoroafor, Hannah Jordt, and Mary Pat Wenderoth, "Active Learning Increases Student Performance in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 23 (2014): 8410–8415; doi:10.1073/pnas.1319030111. Обратите внимание, что Фриман анализировал только результаты по курсам точных наук.

J.D. Karpicke and J.R. Blunt, "Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping," Science 331, no. 6018 (2011).

Я обязан автору Брюсу Шнейеру, который приводит сходный аргумент в отношении безопасности. Конкретные описанные мной этапы были сформулированы на основании работ многих авторов, посвященных различным стадиям обучения, в том числе Барри Циммермана, Рут Кларк, Джона Флавелла и Кеннета Кьевры. Цитата об обучении как инструменте выживания взята из: Robert A. Bjork, John Dunlosky, and Nate Kornell, "Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions," Annual Review of Psychology 64, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 417–444, doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823.

Также использовано

Dunlosky, John, et al. "Improving Students' Learning with Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14, no. 1 (2013): 4–58.

Jairam, Dharma, and Kenneth A. Kiewra. "An Investigation of the SOAR Study Method." Journal of Advanced Academics 20, no. 4 (2009): 602–629.

Kitsantas, Anastasia, Adam Winsler, and Faye Huie. "Self-Regulation and Ability Predictors of Academic Success during College: A Predictive Validity Study." Journal of Advanced Academics 20, no. 1 (2008): 42–68.

Kramarski, Bracha. "Promoting Teachers' Algebraic Reasoning and Self-Regulation with Metacognitive Guidance." Metacognition and Learning 3, no. 2 (2008): 83.

Kramarski, Bracha, and Tali Revach. "The Challenge of Self-Regulated Learning in Mathematics Teachers' Professional Training." Educational Studies in Mathematics 72, no. 3 (2009): 379–399.

Murnane, Richard J., and Frank Levy. Teaching the New Basic Skills: Principles for Educating Children to Thrive in a Changing Economy. New York: Free Press, 1996.

Plant, E. Ashby, K. Anders Ericsson, Len Hill, and Kia Asberg. "Why Study Time Does Not Predict Grade Point Average Across College Students: Implications of Deliberate Practice for Academic Performance." Contemporary Educational Psychology 30, no. 1 (2005): 96–116.

Yan, Veronica. Learning Concepts and Categories from Examples: How Learners' Beliefs Match and Mismatch the Empirical Evidence. University of California, Los Angeles: Pro Quest Dissertations Publishing, 2014.

Zimmerman, Barry J. "Self-Regulated Learning, an Overview." Educational Psychologist 25, no. 1 (1990): 3–17.

Глава 1

Aaron C. Kay et al., "Material Priming: The Influence of Mundane Physical Objects on Situational Construal and Competitive Behavioral Choice," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 95, no. 1 (2004): 83–96.

 Chris S. Hulleman and Judith M. Harackiewicz, "Making Education Relevant: Increasing Interest and Performance in High School Science Classes," Science 326, no. 598 (2009): 1410–1412. Также см.: Judith M. Harackiewicz et al., "Helping Parents to Motivate Adolescents in Mathematics and Science: An Experimental Test of a Utility-Value Intervention," Psychological Science 28, no. 8 (2012): 899–906.

Ryan Mac, David M. Ewalt, and Max Jedeur-Palmgren, "Inside the Post-Minecraft Life of Billionaire Gamer God Markus Persson," Forbes (March 2015), (дата обращения: 27.10.2016); Tracy McVeigh, "Minecraft: How a Game with No Rules Changed the Rules of the Game Forever," Guardian, November 16, 2013, ; и Nick Statt, "Markus 'Notch' Persson: The Mind behind Minecraft (Q&A)," CNET (November 2013), (дата обращения: 27.10.2016). Цитата из биографов — из статьи в Guardian. Цитата из Перссона — по статье из CNET.

Clive Thompson, "The Sims: Suburban Rhapsody," Psychology Today (November 2003), (дата обращения: 27.10.2016).

Tom Rath, Are You Fully Charged? The 3 Keys to Energizing Your Work and Life, Kindle edition (Arlington, VA: Mission Day LLC, 2015). Цитаты из Вржесневски и высказывания уборщиков даны по: David Zax, "Want to Be Happier at Work? Learn How from These 'Job Crafters,'" Fast Company, June 3, 2013, (дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

Amy Wrzesniewski, Justin M. Berg, and Justin Dutton, "Managing Yourself: Turn the Job You Have into the Job You Want," Harvard Business Review, June 1, 2010, (дата обращения: 18.09.2016). Также см.: Lora Kolodny, "The Latest Approach to Employee Training," Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2016, Business section, .

Erika A. Patall, Harris Cooper, and Susan R. Wynn, "The Effectiveness and Relative Importance of Choice in the Classroom," Journal of Educational Psychology 102, no. 4 (2010): 896. Обратите внимание, что слишком широкий выбор, особенно на ранних стадиях процесса обучения, дает ограниченные результаты, см.: Richard E. Clark, Paul A. Kirschner, and John Sweller, "Putting Students on the Path to Learning: The Case for Fully Guided Instruction," American Educator (Spring 2012): 7–11.

Пионером работ о поиске был Яак Панксепп. Цитата из него дана по: Emily Yoffe, "Seeking," Slate (August 12, 2009), (дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

Kenneth E. Barron and Chris S. Hulleman, "Is There a Formula to Help Understand and Improve Student Motivation?" Essays from Excellence in Teaching 8 (2006), на сайте Society for the Teaching of Psychology, (дата обращения: 07.08.2006).

Suzanne Hidi and K. Ann Renninger, "The Four-Phase Model of Interest Development," Educational Psychologist 41, no. 2 (2006): 111–127.

Информация о программе Posse, взята из разных источников, в том числе: Adam Bryant, "Deborah Bial of the Posse Foundation: Success Isn't Always about You," New York Times, October 4, 2014, (дата обращения: 13.09.2016).

"Quick Facts," The Posse Foundation, (дата обращения: 13.09.2016).

David Figlio, "Names, Expectations, and the Black-White Test Score Gap," no. 11195, National Bureau of Economic Research (March 2005).

Более подробно о влиянии социальных связей на обучение: C. Kirabo Jackson, "Can Higher-Achieving Peers Explain the Benefits to Attending Selective Schools? Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago," Journal of Public Economics Elsevier 108 (December 2013): 63–77. Также см.: "The Friends Factor: How Students' Social Networks Affect Their Academic Achievement and Well-Being," National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper no. 18430 (October 2012) и "The Effect of Social Networks on Students' Academic and Non-Cognitive Behavioral Outcomes: Evidence from Conditional Random Assignment of Friends in School," University of Warwick and Hebrew University Working Paper (May 2015).

Daena Goldsmith and Terrance Albrecht, "The Impact of Supportive Communication Networks on Test Anxiety and Performance," Communication Education 42, no. 2 (1993): 142–158.

K. Desender, S. Beurms, and E. Van den Bussche, "Is Mental Effort Exertion Contagious?" Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 23, no. 2 (2015): 624–31, doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0923-3. Впервые я наткнулся на эту идею в: "Why Coffee Shops Boost Concentration," Association for Psychological Science, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

"WamaLTC: Club," WamaLTC, July 7, 2001, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

B. Givvin, J.W. Stigler, & B. Thompson (2011), "What Community College Developmental Mathematics Students Understand about Mathematics, Part 2: The Interviews," The MathAMATYC Educator, vol. 2, no. 3, 4–18. Перепечатано с согласия авторов.

Подробнее о памяти как сети дорог см.: Jill Stamm and Paula Spencer, Bright from the Start: The Simple, Science-Backed Way to Nurture Your Child's Developing Mind, from Birth to Age 3 (New York: Penguin, 2007).

Я благодарен моей сестре Кэтрин Бозер и Максу Маклюру за то, что познакомили меня с ментальными счетами. О научных исследованиях этой методики см.: Michael C. Frank and David Barner, "Representing Exact Number Visually Using Mental Abacus," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 1 (2012): 134–149. Также см.: James W. Stigler, Laurence Chalip, and Kevin F. Miller, "Consequences of Skill: The Case of Abacus Training in Taiwan," American Journal of Education 94, no. 4 (1986): 447–479; и N. Brooks, D. Barner, M. Frank, and S. Goldin-Meadow (в редактуре), "The Role of Gesture in Supporting Mental Representations: The Case of Mental Abacus Arithmetic," 2016.

Richard E. Mayer, How Not to Be a Terrible School Board Member: Lessons for School Administrators and Board Members, Kindle edition (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, SAGE Publications, 2011). См. также: Richard E. Mayer and Logan Fiorella, Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies that Promote Understanding (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

John Dunlosky et al., "Improving Students' Learning with Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology," Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14, no. 1 (2013): 4–58. Обратите внимание, что эффект генерирования во многом сходен с эффектом тестирования, к наиболее новым исследованиям о котором относятся: Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, and Mark A. McDaniel, Make It Stick (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014) и Benedict Carey, How We Learn (New York: Penguin Random House, 2015).

Более подробно об эффекте генерирования и запоминании слов типа «maison»: Patricia Ann DeWinstanley and Elizabeth L. Bjork, "Processing Strategies and the Generation Effect: Implications for Making a Better Reader," Memory and Cognition 32, no. 6 (2004): 945–955.

Jamie L. Jensen et al., "Teaching to the Test... or Testing to Teach: Exams Requiring Higher Order Thinking Skills Encourage Greater Conceptual Understanding," Educational Psychology Review 26, no. 2 (2014): 307–329, и Luke G. Eglington and Sean H. K. Kang, "Retrieval Practice Benefits Deductive Inference," Educational Psychology Review (2016): 1–14.

Ulrich Boser, "Don't Hate Tests," US News & World Report, September 23, 2015, (дата обращения: 15.09.2016), и здесь я частично воспользовался собственным материалом.

Perri Klass M.D, "Why Handwriting Is Still Essential in the Keyboard Age," New York Times, June 20, 2016.

Идею о том, что студенты должны «усердно размышлять о мастерстве», я взял из предисловия Дилана Уильяма к: Daisy Christodoulou, Seven Myths about Education (London: Taylor & Francis, 2013).

Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow and Chris Ricketts, "Language Attrition: Measuring How 'Wobbly' People Become in their L1 [First Language]," (Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, 2010): 41–46. Также хороший источник: "Language Attrition," Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, .

K. Grob et al., "A Newly Discovered Muscle: The Tensor of the Vastus Intermedius," Clinical Anatomy 29, no. 2 (2016): 256–263. Также в написании этого раздела я использовал: Ellen J. Langer, The Power of Mindful Learning (Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1990), откуда взята цитата об исследовании «осмысленности».

Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools, reprint edition (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012). Нужно отметить, что я сам выполнял некоторую работу для Фонда Гейтсов и часть моей работы в Центре за американский прогресс была финансирована этим фондом.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, "Ensuring Fair and Reliable Measures of Effective Teaching: Culminating Findings from the MET Project's Three-Year Study. Policy and Practice Brief. MET Project," ERIC (January 2013), (дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

Joe Nocera, "Gates Puts the Focus on Teaching," New York Times, May 21, 2012, (дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

Также использовано в этой главе

Berg, Justin M., Jane E. Dutton, and Amy Wrzesniewski. "What Is Job Crafting and Why Does It Matter?" Center for Positive Organizational Scholarship, Michigan Ross School of Business (2008).

Bransford, John D., and Daniel L. Schwartz. "Rethinking Transfer: A Simple Proposal with Multiple Implications." Review of Research in Education 24, no. 1 (1999): 61–100.

Chi, Michelene T. H. "Active-Constructive-Interactive: A Conceptual Framework for Differentiating Learning Activities." Topics in Cognitive Science 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 73–105.

Ferguson, Ronald F., with Charlotte Danielson. "How Framework for Teaching and Tripod 7Cs Evidence Distinguish Key Components of Effective Teaching." Designing Teacher Evaluation Systems: New Guidance from the Measures of Effective Teaching Project, eds. Thomas J. Kane, Kerri A. Kerr, and Robert C. Pianta. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 2014.

Freeman, Scott, et al. "Active Learning Increases Student Performance in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 23 (2014): 8410–8415.

Haskell, Robert E. Transfer of Learning, Volume: Cognition and Instruction. 1st ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000.

Hyde, Thomas S., and James J. Jenkins. "Differential Effects of Incidental Tasks on the Organization of Recall of a List of Highly Associated Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology 82, no. 3 (1969): 472.

Panksepp, Jaak. "Affective Neuroscience of the Emotional Brain Mind: Evolutionary Perspectives and Implications for Understanding Depression." Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (2010): 533–545.

Ross School of Business. "Job Crafting Exercise." Center for Positive Organizations. (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Singley, Mark K., and John Robert Anderson. The Transfer of Cognitive Skill. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Глава 2

Подробности о переменах в школе Диллона взяты из: "Success Stories: Nothing Less Than the Best!" Success for All Foundation (2015), (дата обращения: 29.09.2016). Также полезная информация содержится в: Alan Richard, "What's Happened in the Rural School District Obama Fought to Save," PBS NewsHour, (дата обращения: 06.10.2016).

Jack Kuenzie, "Obama Visits School in SC 'Corridor of Shame,'" WISTV, (дата обращения: 11.12.2016).

О результатах программы «Успех для всех» см.: Nick Lemann, "Schoolwork," New Yorker (2010), и WWC Intervention Report, "Beginning Reading: Success for All," Institute of Educational Sciences (August 2009), (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Paul Kloosterman, "Learning to Learn in Practice in Nonformal Education," Learning to Learn: International Perspectives from Theory and Practice (2014): 271.

Dorothy V. Thomas, "Longtime City Teacher," Baltimoresun.com, (дата обращения: 08.04.2015).

John Sweller, "Story of a Research Program," Education Review: A Multi-Lingual Journal of Book Reviews 23 (2016). Подробности о взаимодействии онлайн-инструкций с фоновой музыкой взяты из: Ruth C. Clark, Building Expertise: Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance Improvement, 3rd ed., Kindle edition (location 1414), Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, Pfeiffer, 2008.

Daniel T. Willingham, Why Don't Students Like School? A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions about How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom, Kindle edition (location 235), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009.

Daniel T. Willingham, "How Knowledge Helps: It Speeds and Strengthens Reading Comprehension, Learning, and Thinking," American Educator 30, no. 1 (2006): 30. Также см.: Daisy Christodoulou, Seven Myths about Education (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2014).

Hemant S. Betrabet, Otmar H. Boser, Robert H. Kane, Susan McGee, and Thomas Caulfield, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Dispersion Strengthened Lead-Tin Alloy Solder, November 19, 1991, US5066544 A.

Jeffrey M. Zacks and Rebecca Treiman, "Sorry, You Can't Speed Read," New York Times, April 15, 2016, (дата обращения: 30.09.2016). Также я благодарю Роберта Пондичио за мнение о чтении и знаниях.

Nate Kornell and Janet Metcalfe, "Study Efficacy and the Region of Proximal Learning Framework," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32, no. 3 (2006): 609–622. Также см.: Janet Metcalfe, "Desirable Difficulties and Studying in the Region of Proximal Learning," Successful Remembering and Successful Forgetting: A Festschrift in Honor of Robert A. Bjork, ed. Aaron S. Benjamin (New York: Psychology Press, Francis & Taylor Group, 2011). Также см. сайт Меткаф: (дата обращения: 12.11.2016).

Bror Saxberg, "TEDxSF—Demystifying the Human Mind," YouTube, (дата обращения: 12.11.2016). Также см.: Frederick M. Hess and Bror Saxberg, Breakthrough Leadership in the Digital Age: Using Learning Science to Reboot Schooling (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2013).

Larry Rudman, John Sweller, and David Niemi, "Using Cognitive Load Theory for Improving Logical Reasoning for the LSAT," доклад на конференции Американской ассоциации исследований в области образования, апрель 2013.

"A Man of Letters," US News & World Report 135, no. 6 (2016).

Более подробно о Кларке и когнитивном анализе заданий: Richard E. Clark, D. Feldon, Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer, Kenneth Yates, and Sean Early, "Cognitive Task Analysis," Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology 3 (2008): 577–593.

Robert J. Marzano, The Art and Science of Teaching: A Comprehensive Framework for Effective Instruction, 1st ed. (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2007), и Natalie Hardwick, "How to Cook the Perfect Steak," BBC Good Food, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

John D. Bransford and Marcia Johnson, "Contextual Prerequisites for Understanding: Some Investigations of Comprehension and Recall," Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11 (1972): 717–726.

Также в этом разделе я использовал: Kimberly D. Tanner, "Promoting Student Metacognition," CBE Life Sciences Education 11, no. 2 (2012): 113–120, doi:10.1187/cbe.12-03-0033, и J. Girash, "Metacognition and Instruction," Applying the Science of Learning in Education: Infusing Psychological Science into the Curriculum, eds. Victor A. Benassi, C. E. Overson, and C. M. Hakala, 152–68 (Washington, DC: Society for the Teaching of Psychology, 2014), .

Подробности о предварительных опросах: в Lindsey E. Richland, Nate Kornell, and Liche Sean Kao, "The Pretesting Effect: Do Unsuccessful Retrieval Attempts Enhance Learning?" Journal of Experimental Psychology 15, no. 3 (2009): 243.

Описывая эмоциональную сторону обучения, в том числе эмоции как «основу» обучения, я полагался на работы Мэри Хелен Иммордино-Янг. См., к примеру: Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and Matthias Faeth, "The Role of Emotion and Skilled Intuition in Learning," Mind, Brain & Education, ed. David Sousa (2010), и M. H. Immordino-Yang, J. A. Christodoulou, and V. Singh, "Rest Is Not Idleness: Implications of the Brain's Default Mode for Human Development and Education," Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 4 (2012): 352–264, doi:10.1177/1745691612447308.

Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: Random House, 2006).

Carlo Fantoni and Walter Gerbino, "Body Actions Change the Appearance of Facial Expressions," PloS One 9, no. 9 (2014): e108211; Xue Zheng, Ryan Fehr, Kenneth Tai, Jayanth Narayanan, and Michele J. Gelfand, "The Unburdening Effects of Forgiveness: Effects on Slant Perception and Jumping Height," Social Psychological and Personality Science 6, no. 4 (2015): 431–438; и Jesse Chandler and Norbert Schwarz, "How Extending Your Middle Finger Affects Your Perception of Others: Learned Movements Influence Concept Accessibility," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45, no. 1 (2009): 123–128.

Dr. Jim Taylor, "My Story: From 4'9» to World-Ranked," Dr. Jim Taylor, 2015, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016). Также см.: Dr. Jim Taylor, "Inside the Ski Racing Mind: Mental Imagery, Seeing and Feeling Success in Your Mind's Eye," Ski Racing, April 18, 2011, (дата обращения: 15.09.2016).

В обсуждении работ Бандуры и понятия самоэффективности я опирался на "Albert Bandura": Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, September 3, 2016, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016). Также см. "Albert Bandura Biographical Sketch," (дата обращения: 14.09.2016). За профиль Бандуры, откуда я взял идею о том, что он сам является примером самоэффективности, я благодарен: Christine Foster, "Confidence Man," Stanford Alumni, September/October 2006, » (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Paul Kloosterman, "Learning to Learn in Practice in Nonformal Education," Learning to Learn: International Perspectives from Theory and Practice (2014): 271.

R. T. Golembiewski, Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 2nd ed., revised and expanded (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001). Также см.: Thelma S. Horn, Advances in Sport Psychology (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2008).

Francesco Cirillo, The Pomodoro Technique (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014).

Более подробно о подходе «самостоятельного обучения»: Lisa K. Son and Nate Kornell, "The Virtues of Ignorance," Behavioural Processes 83, no. 2 (February 2010): 207–212, doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.12.005.

Ulrich Boser, Megan Wilhelm, and Robert Hanna, "The Power of the Pygmalion Effect: Teachers' Expectations Strongly Predict College Completion," Center for American Progress (2014).

Ulrich Boser, "Separate and Economically Unequal," US News & World Report, June 17, 2015, (дата обращения: 15.09.2016), и здесь я воспользовался этим текстом.

Также использовано в этой главе

Clark, Richard, Paul A. Kirschner, and John Sweller. "Putting Students on the Path to Learning: The Case for Fully Guided Instruction." American Educator 36, no. 1 (2012): 6–11.

DeBoer, Harry, Roel J. Bosker, and M. P. C. van der Werf. "Sustainability of Teacher Expectation Bias Effects on Long-Term Student Performance." Journal of Educational Psychology 102, no. 1 (2010): 168–179.

Dunlosky, John, and Janet Metcalfe. Metacognition. 1st ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2008.

Ginns, Paul, et al. "Learning by Tracing Worked Examples." Applied Cognitive Psychology 30, no. 2 (2015).

Hacker, D. J. M., C. Keener, and J. C. Kircher. "Writing Is Applied Metacognition." Handbook of Metacognition in Education, eds. D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, and A. C. Graesser (New York: Routledge, 2009), 154–172.

Hoffman, Robert R., et al. Accelerated Expertise: Training for High Proficiency in a Complex World (Expertise: Research and Applications Series). Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2013.

Lee, Chee Ha, and Slava Kalyuga. "Expertise Reversal Effect and Its Instructional Implications." Applying the Science of Learning in Education: Infusing Psychological Science into the Curriculum, eds. Victor A. Benassi, C. E. Overson, and C. M. Hakala (Washington, DC: Society for the Teaching of Psychology, 2014).

Sana, Faria, Tina Weston, and Nicholas J. Cepeda. "Laptop Multitasking Hinders Classroom Learning for Both Users and Nearby Peers." Computers & Education 62 (2013): 24–31.

Veenman, Marcel V. J., Bernadette H. A. M. Van Hout-Wolters, and Peter Afflerbach. "Metacognition and Learning: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations." Metacognition and Learning 1, no. 1 (2006): 3–14.

Глава 3

Eunsook Kim and Sung-Jae Pak, "Students Do Not Overcome Conceptual Difficulties after Solving 1000 Traditional Problems," American Journal of Physics 70, no. 7 (2002): 759–765. Также см.: E. Plant et al., "Why Study Time Does Not Predict Grade Point Average across College Students: Implications of Deliberate Practice for Academic Performance," Contemporary Educational Psychology 30, no. 1 (January 2005): 96–116, doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.06.001.

Anders Ericsson, "Acquisition and Maintenance of Medical Expertise: A Perspective from the Expert-Performance Approach with Deliberate Practice," Academic Medicine 90, no. 11 (2015): 1471–86. Дополнительные подробности — из: Adetunji Oremakinde and Mark Bernstein, "A Reduction in Errors Is Associated with Prospectively Recording Them: Clinical Article," Journal of Neurosurgery 121, no. 2 (2014): 297–304.

Dan Pompei, "Inside Gruden's 'Maniacal' Obsession with Football," Bleacher Report, May 12, 2016, (дата обращения: 28.09.2016). Также я опирался на: Julia Belluz, "We Spoke to 20 Experts about How to Lose Weight and Keep It Off. Here Are Their Surprisingly Simple Tips," Vox, May 2, 2016, (дата обращения: 28.09.2016). 

Mark Bernstein, "The Drop Attack," Canadian Medical Association Journal 172, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 668–69, doi:10.1503/cmaj.050076, и Scellig Stone and Mark Bernstein, "Prospective Error Recording in Surgery: An Analysis of 1108 Elective Neurosurgical Cases," Neurosurgery 60, no. 6 (2007): 1075–1082.

John Hattie, Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2009). Пример с петухом взят из: Bridgid Finn and Janet Metcalfe, "Scaffolding Feedback to Maximize Long-Term Error Correction," Memory & Cognition 38, no. 7 (2010): 951–61, doi:10.3758/MC.38.7.951; также я использовал: John Hattie and Helen Timperley, "The Power of Feedback," Review of Educational Research 77, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 81–112, doi:10.3102/003465430298487.

Дополнительные материалы к дискуссии об учебных планах: Ulrich Boser, Matthew Chingos, and Chelsea Straus, "The Hidden Value of Curriculum Reform: Do States and Districts Receive the Most Bang for Their Curriculum Buck?" Center for American Progress, October 14, 2015, . Цитата из Гаванде дана по: Atul Gawande, "The Coach in the Operating Room," New Yorker, September 26, 2011, (дата обращения: 28.09.2016).

Об объяснениях и обратной связи (с. 143) см.: Andrew C. Butler, Namrata Godbole, and Elizabeth Marsh, "Explanation Feedback Is Better Than Correct Answer Feedback for Promoting Transfer of Learning," Journal of Educational Psychology 105, no. 2, (2013): 290–298, и Nate Kornell and Lisa K. Son, "Learners' Choices and Beliefs about Self-Testing," Memory 17, no. 5 (July 2009): 493–501, doi:10.1080/09658210902832915.

John Hattie, Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2009).

Yanjin Long and Vincent Aleven, "Gamification of Joint Student/System Control over Problem Selection in a Linear Equation Tutor," Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 378–87, eds. Stefan Trausan-Matu, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Martha Crosby, and Kitty Panourgia (New York: Springer International Publishing, 2014), .

Daniel T. Willingham, Why Don't Students Like School? A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions about How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009).

Graham Nuthall, The Hidden Lives of Learners (Wellington, NZ: NZCER Press, 2007). Также см.: Katherine Rawson and John Dunlosky, "Bang for the Buck: Supporting Durable and Efficient Student Learning through Successive Relearning," Integrating Cognitive Science with Innovative Teaching in STEM Disciplines (St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis, 2014), doi:10.7936/K7F769GZ.

Hoda Kotb, "From Video Clerk to Box Office Icon," NBC News, April 26, 2004, (дата обращения: 13.09.2016).

Henry L. Roediger and Jeffrey D. Karpicke, "Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention," Psychological Science 17, no. 3 (2006): 249–255. Также упоминается: J. D. Karpicke and J. R. Blunt, "Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning Than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping," Science 331, no. 6018 (2011): 772–75, doi:10.1126/science.1199327.

Maria Konnikova, Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes (New York: Penguin, 2013). Метод извлечения со стопкой карточек описан в: Rachel Adragna, "Be Your Own Teacher: How to Study with Flash Cards," The Learning Scientists, February 20, 2016, (дата обращения: 13.09.2016).

Более подробно о работах Ху: Yuzheng Hu et al., "Enhanced White Matter Tracts Integrity in Children with Abacus Training," Human Brain Mapping 32, no. 1 (2011): 10–21, doi:10.1002/hbm.20996.

О пластичности головного мозга в последние годы написано много, в том числе: S. Kühn, T. Gleich, R. C. Lorenz, U. Lindenberger, and J. Gallinat, "Playing Super Mario Induces Structural Brain Plasticity: Gray Matter Changes Resulting from Training with a Commercial Video Game," Molecular Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (February 2014): 265–71, doi:10.1038/mp.2013.120.

Martin Lövdén et al., "A Theoretical Framework for the Study of Adult Cognitive Plasticity," Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 4 (2010): 659. Также см.: Edward Taub, "Foreword for Neuroplasticity and Neurorehabilitation," Frontiers Research Topics: Neuroplasticity and Neurorehabilitation 8, no. 544 (2014): 4–5.

Пример со столицей Австралии привел мне Беннет Шварц. Психологи называют это явление «эффект гиперкоррекции». Более подробно см.: Janet Metcalfe and David Miele, "Hypercorrection of High Confidence Errors: Prior Testing Both Enhances Delayed Performance and Blocks the Return of the Errors," Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3, no. 3 (2014): 189–197.

Amy Goldstein, "A Sine of a True Genius," Washington Post, June 7, 1989, (дата обращения: 13.09.2016). Также см.: Jordan Ellenberg, How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking (New York: Penguin, 2015).

Lisa Trahan, Karla K. Stuebing, Merril K. Hiscock, and Jack M. Fletcher, "The Flynn Effect: A Meta-Analysis," Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 5 (2014): 1332–60, doi: 10.1037/a0037173.

Kathryn Schulz, Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error, Kindle edition (New York: HarperCollins, 2010).

Dave Kindred, "Born to Be Players, Born to the Moment," Washington Post, February 23, 1980, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). По поводу точности цитаты ведутся дискуссии, см.: Bill Littlefield, "Hollywood Scores a 'Miracle' with Locker Room Speech," WBUR, June 18, 2016, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). 

Подробности эксперимента с пастилой: Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control (Little, Brown, 2014). Исследование о разговоре с самим собой: Sanda Dolcos and Dolores Albarracin, "The Inner Speech of Behavioral Regulation: Intentions and Task Performance Strengthen When You Talk to Yourself as a You," European Journal of Social Psychology 44, no. 6 (October 1, 2014): 636–642, doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2048.

Adam Winsler, Louis Manfra, and Rafael M. Diaz, "'Should I Let Them Talk?' Private Speech and Task Performance Among Preschool Children with and without Behavior Problems," Early Childhood Research Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2007): 215–231. Я нашел это исследование через Pyschnet.

Carol Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, How We Learn to Fulfill Our Potential, Kindle edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 2008). Мысль о небольшом влиянии слов в исследованиях Дуэк я почерпнул от BBC: "The Words That Could Unlock Your Child," BBC News, April 19, 2011, (дата обращения: 04.10.2016).

Также использовано: Kyla Haimovitz and Carol S. Dweck, "What Predicts Children's Fixed and Growth Intelligence Mind-Sets? Not Their Parents' Views of Intelligence but Their Parents' Views of Failure," Psychological Science (2016): 0956797616639727.

"Herb Brooks Quotes," Herb Brooks Foundation, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

Также использовано в этой главе

Brackett, Marc, et al. "Enhancing Academic Performance and Social and Emotional Competence with the RULER Feeling Words Curriculum." Learning and Individual Differences 22, no. 2 (2012): 218–224.

Cheryan, Sapna, et al. "Designing Classrooms to Maximize Student Achievement." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 4–12.

D'Mello, Sidney, et al. "Confusion Can Be Beneficial for Learning." Learning and Instruction 29 (2014): 153–170.

Ellenberg, Jordan. "The Wrong Way to Treat Child Geniuses." Wall Street Journal, May 30, 2014. (дата обращения: 07.10.2016).

Ericsson, K. Anders. "Training History, Deliberate Practice and Elite Sports Performance: An Analysis in Response to Tucker and Collins Review — What Makes Champions?" British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 9 (2013): 533–535.

Huelser, Barbie J., and Janet Metcalfe. "Making Related Errors Facilitates Learning, but Learners Do Not Know It." Memory & Cognition 40, no. 4 (2012): 514–527.

Klein, Gary. Seeing What Others Don't: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights. Kindle edition. New York: Public Affairs, Perseus Books, 2013.

Klein, Gary, Neil Hintze, and David Saab. "Thinking Inside the Box: The ShadowBox Method for Cognitive Skill Development." Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making. Paris: Arpege Science Publishing, 2013.

Muenks, Katherine, David B. Miele, Geetha B. Ramani, Laura M. Stapleton, and Meredith L. Rowe. "Parental Beliefs about the Fixedness of Ability." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 41 (November 2015): 78–89.

Peary, Gerald, ed. Quentin Tarantino: Interviews, Revised and Updated. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2013.

Protzko, John, J. Aronson, and C. Blair. "How to Make a Young Child Smarter: Evidence from the Database of Raising Intelligence." Perspectives on Psychological Science 8, no. 1 (2013): 25–40. doi:10.1177/ 1745691612462585.

Rios, Kimberly, Zhen Hadassah Cheng, Rebecca R. Totton, and Azim F. Shariff. "Negative Stereotypes Cause Christians to Underperform in and Disidentify with Science." Social Psychological and Personality Science (2015): 1948550615598378.

Schmidt, Richard A., and Robert A. Bjork. "New Conceptualizations of Practice: Common Principles in Three Paradigms Suggest New Concepts for Training." Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (1992): 207–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.

Steele, Claude M., and Joshua Aronson. "Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 5 (1995): 797.

Steinberg, Laurence. Age of Opportunity: Lessons from the New Science of Adolescence. Kindle edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

Yan, Veronica X., Khanh-Phuong Thai, and Robert A. Bjork. "Habits and Beliefs That Guide Self-Regulated Learning: Do They Vary with Mind-Set?" Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3, no. 3 (2014): 140–152.

Глава 4

Рассказывая о Джексоне Поллоке, я опирался на информацию из многих книг, в том числе: Henry Adams, Tom and Jack: The Intertwined Lives of Thomas Hart Benton and Jackson Pollock (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009), Leonhard Emmerling, Jackson Pollock (Taschen: 2003), and Deborah Solomon, Jackson Pollock: A Biography (New York: Cooper Square Press, 1987).

Caroline A. Jones, "Eyesight alone: Clement Greenberg's modernism and the bureaucratization of the senses," University of Chicago Press, 2005. Цитата о «контролируемой случайности» — из биографии Эммерлинга. Цитата о «великом моменте»: Jackson Pollock, American Letters: 1927-1947 (Polity, 2011).

Jackson Pollock and Lee Krasner Papers, "David Alfaro Siqueiros Letter to Jackson Pollock, Sandy Pollock, and Harold Lehman, 1936 Dec," Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2016, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Anonymous, "Jackson Pollock; Is He the Greatest Living Painter in the United States?" LIFE, August 8, 1949.

Naifeh Steven and Gregory White Smith, Jackson Pollock: An American Saga (New York: CN Potter, 1989). Цитата о «хаосе» на той же странице — из Книги Соломона.

"Review: Drips, Dropped: Pollock and His Impact," New York Times, December 31, 2015.

Jennifer Ouellette, "Pollock's Fractals," Discover, November 1, 2011.

Ashley Kahn, Kind of Blue (London: Granta Publications, 2001). Я также цитирую и использую: Fred Kaplan, "Kind of Blue," Slate, August 17, 2009, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Keith Waters, The Studio Recordings of the Miles Davis Quintet, 1965-68 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Miles Davis and Quincy Troupe, Miles (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990).

Claire E. Weinstein, "Training Students to Use Elaboration Learning Strategies," Contemporary Educational Psychology 7, no. 4 (1982): 301–11. Также см.: Michelene T. H. Chi et al., "Self-Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems," Cognitive Science 13, no. 2 (1989): 145–182.

Briana Mezuk et al., "Impact of Participating in a Policy Debate Program on Academic Achievement: Evidence from the Chicago Urban Debate League," Educational Research and Reviews 6, no. 9 (2011): 622–635.

 Lauren B. Resnick, Education and Learning to Think (Washington, DC: National Academies, 1987).

Stephen Gorard, Nadia Siddiqui, and Beng Huat, Philosophy for Children: Evaluation Report and Executive Summary, July 2015 (London: Education Endowment Foundation, 2015).

Richard E. Nisbett, Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015).

Ellen Maguire, "At Jackson Pollock's Hamptons House, a Life in Spatters," New York Times, July 14, 2006.

Sian Beilock, How the Body Knows Its Mind: The Surprising Power of the Physical Environment to Influence How You Think and Feel (New York: Atria Books, Simon & Schuster, 2015).

Текст о симуляциях написан на основании моего старого текста: Ulrich Boser, "Gaming the System, One Click at a Time," Special Report: E-learning, U. S. News & World Report, October 28, 2002.

"Richard Feynman—Session IV," American Institute of Physics, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

J. F. Nestojko et al., "Expecting to Teach Enhances Learning and Organization of Knowledge in Free Recall of Text Passages," Memory & Cognition, 42, no. 7 (2014): 1038–48, doi: 10.3758/s13421-014-0416-z. Also see Catherine C. Chase et al., "Teachable Agents and the Protégé Effect: Increasing the Effort Toward Learning," Journal of Science Education and Technology 18, no. 4 (2009): 334–352.

Также упоминается: Kenneth R. Koedinger et al., "Learning Is Not a Spectator Sport: Doing Is Better Than Watching for Learning from a MOOC," Proceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, New York: ACM (2015): 111–120.

David L. Goodstein and Judith R. Goodstein, Feynman's Lost Lecture: The Motion of Planets Around the Sun, vol. 1 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996). 

Marlene Schomer, "Effects of Beliefs about the Nature of Knowledge on Comprehension," Journal of Educational Psychology 82, no. 3 (1990): 498–504.

О работе Марка Рунко, упомянутой я впервые узнал из: Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, "Forget Brainstorming," Newsweek, July 12, 2010, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). Также в этой работе я использовал: Mark Runco, "Seven Critical Components of Creativity: Full Research Summary," Center for Childhood Creativity (2014): 1–19.

Больше информации о работе Сойера можно найти в: Keith Sawyer, Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity (San Francisco: Wiley, Jossey-Bass, 2013).

A. Maurits van der Veen, "The Dutch Tulip Mania: The Social Politics of a Financial Bubble," Journal of Political Economy 97, no. 3 (2012): 535–60; Christian C. Day, "Is There a Tulip in Your Future? Ruminations on Tulip Mania and the Innovative Dutch Futures Markets," Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines 14, no. 2 (2004): 151–70; и Mike Dash, Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999).

 Sheen S. Levine et al., "Ethnic Diversity Deflates Price Bubbles," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 52 (2014): 18524–29, doi:10.1073/pnas.1407301111. Левайн также сообщил мне о научном исследовании, упомянутом здесь же: Nancy DiTomaso, Corinne Post, and Rochelle Parks-Yancy, "Workforce Diversity and Inequality: Power, Status, and Numbers," Annual Review of Sociology 33 (2007): 473–501.

The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007). Также я использовал: Steven Johnson, Future Perfect: The Case for Progress in a Networked Age (New York: Riverhead Books, 2012).

В рассуждениях о технологиях и разнообразии мне помогла статья: Chris Paris, "The Wonderful—Yet Misunderstood—World of Wikis," Seminarium, April 11, 2014, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

Цитаты о плохих способностях Поллока как художника взяты из книг Деборы Соломон и Адамса соответственно.

Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).

Фейнман. Р. Вы, конечно, шутите, мистер Фейнман! М.: Колибри, 2008. Цитата из Дэвиса из: Gerald Lyn Early, Miles Davis and American Culture (St. Louis: Missouri History Museum, 2001).

Также использовано в этой главе

Barlow, Claire M., Richard P. Jolley, and Jenny L. Hallam. "Drawings as Memory Aids: Optimizing the Drawing Method to Facilitate Young Children's Recall." Applied Cognitive Psychology 25, no. 3 (2011): 480–87. doi:10.1002/acp.1716.

D'Mello, Sidney, Blair Lehman, Reinhard Pekrun, and Art Graesser. "Confusion Can Be Beneficial for Learning." Learning and Instruction 29 (2014): 153‒170.

Fiorella, Logan, and Richard E. Mayer. "The Relative Benefits of Learning by Teaching and Teaching Expectancy." Contemporary Educational Psychology 38, no. 4 (2013): 281–88. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2013.06.001.

Kuhn, Deanna. The Skills of Argument. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Krontiris-Litowitz, Johanna. "Articulating Scientific Reasoning Improves Student Learning in an Undergraduate Anatomy and Physiology Course." CBE Life Sciences Education 8, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 309. doi:10.1187/cbe.08-11-0066.

Mayer, Richard E., and Logan Fiorella. Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies That Promote Understanding. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Okita, Sandra Y. "Learning from the Folly of Others: Learning to Self-Correct by Monitoring the Reasoning of Virtual Characters in a Computer-Supported Mathematics Learning Environment." Computers & Education 71 (2014): 257–278.

Osborne, Jonathan. "Arguing to Learn in Science: The Role of Collaborative, Critical Discourse." Science 328, no. 5977 (2010): 463–466.

Willingham, Daniel T. Why Don't Students Like School? A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions about How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

Глава 5

Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe, 1st ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), и Isaacson, "The Light-Beam Rider," New York Times, October 30, 2015, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016). Цитаты из Эйнштейна также взяты из книги Айзексона.

Также см.: John D. Norton, "Chasing a Beam of Light: Einstein's Most Famous Thought Experiment," University of Pittsburgh, April 14, 2005, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

В описании подробностей подводного эксперимента я опирался на: John D. Bransford et al., How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Washington, DC: National Academics Press, 2000). Также мной использована статья: Lindsey Engle Richland and Nina Simms, "Analogy, Higher Order Thinking, and Education," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 6, no. 2 (March 2015): 177–92, doi:10.1002/wcs.1336.

David W. Braithwaite and Robert L. Goldstone, "Effects of Variation and Prior Knowledge on Abstract Concept Learning," Cognition and Instruction 33, no. 3 (2015): 226–256.

Более развернутое объяснение ответа на задачу про короля дает Голдстоун: «Каждая провинция должна быть отдана какой-то из дочерей. Есть 7 дочерей. Если бы провинция была только одна, вариантов было бы 7. Если бы провинций было 2, то на каждый из 7 вариантов завещания первой провинции приходилось бы 7 вариантов завещания второй провинции (то, что Гертруда получила бы Францию, не означало бы, что она же может получить и Германию). Каждая новая провинция, которая должна отойти одной дочери, умножается на 7 — число возможных вариантов распределения».

Хочу отметить, что чередование различных задач не всегда дает положительный результат — по крайней мере на ранних стадиях обучения. Голдстоун говорит: «Мы с Дэвидом Брейтуэйтом обнаружили, что вариации задач, основанных на одном и том же глубинном принципе, не всегда обеспечивают преимущества в обучении. В частности, чем больше вы знаете, тем лучше способны "справляться" с вариациями. Людям с относительно низким изначальным уровнем понимания соответствующих математических принципов полезнее тренироваться на похожих задачах, не сильно отличающихся одна от другой».

Задача взята из: B. H. Ross, J. P. Mestre, and J. L. Docktor, "Understanding How to Teach Physics Understanding," Integrating Cognitive Science with Innovative Teaching in STEM Disciplines, eds. M. McDaniel, R. Frey, S. Fitzpatrick, and H. L. Roediger (Saint Louis: Washington University Libraries, 2014), doi: 10.7936/K79G5JR7.

Исследования о разнообразии практики описаны в: Dennis K. Landin, Edward P. Hebert, and Malcolm Fairweather, "The Effects of Variable Practice on the Performance of a Basketball Skill," Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 64, no. 2 (1993): 232–237, doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10608803. Также см.: Gavin Breslin et al., "Constant or Variable Practice: Recreating the Especial Skill Effect," Acta Psychologica 140, no. 2 (2012): 154–57.

 Alan Deutschman, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (New York: Crown Business, 2001). Цитата из Гопник из: Alison Gopnik and Caren M. Walker, "Considering Counterfactuals: The Relationship between Causal Learning and Pretend Play," American Journal of Play 6, no. 1 (2013): 15. Alison Gopnik, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Patricia K. Kuhl, The Scientist in the Crib: Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn (New York: William Morrow, 1999).

Robert J. Marzano, The Art and Science of Teaching: A Comprehensive Framework for Effective Instruction (Professional Development) (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2007).

Я впервые познакомился с рассуждениями о преподавании Стива Броднера в: Cynthia Cotts, "Top of the Class: Some of NYC's Leading Professors Share Their Secrets," Observer News & Politics, January 21, 2015, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016). Также см.: Frail Fiend, "Big Interview — Steve Brodner," Frail Fiend, 2013, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

Eric Steven Raymond, "How to Learn Hacking," 2014, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

Andrew Bosworth (Boz), "Facebook Engineering Bootcamp," Facebook, November 20, 2009, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). Также я использовал: Mike Swift, "A Look Inside Facebook's 'Bootcamp' for New Employees," Thestar.com, April 18, 2012, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). Цитата из Зелигштейна — из статьи в Toronto Star.

J. O'Dell, "Bootcamp! How Facebook Indoctrinates Every New Engineer It Hires," VentureBeat, March 2, 2013, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016); Michal Lev-Ram, "What I Learned at Facebook's Big Data Bootcamp," Fortune, June 13, 2013, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016); и Richard Feloni, "Facebook Engineering Director Describes What It's Like to Go through the Company's 6-Week Engineer Bootcamp," Business Insider, March 2, 2016, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

Epicenter Staff, "Mark Zuckerberg's Letter to Investors: 'The Hacker Way,'" WIRED, February 1, 2012, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

A. W. F. Edwards and Ian Stewart, Cogwheels of the Mind: The Story of Venn Diagrams, 1st ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004). Краткая биография основана на "John Venn," Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, (дата обращения: 04.09.2016).

John Venn, Symbolic Logic (Macmillan, 1881).

С идеей диаграмм Венна я впервые познакомился в: Richard E. Nisbett, Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015).

Использование концептуальных карт подтверждено многими исследованиями. См., например: Jack W. Berry and Stephen L. Chew, "Improving Learning Through Interventions of Student-Generated Questions and Concept Maps," Teaching of Psychology 35, no. 4 (October 21, 2008): 305–12, doi:10.1080/00986280802373841.

James Fallows, "Interesting Software Update: Tinderbox How-To, Jerry's Brain," The Atlantic, March 9, 2015, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). Также цитируется: Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From, Kindle edition (New York: Penguin, 2010), 116.

Mary L. Gick and Keith J. Holyoak, "Schema Induction and Analogical Transfer," Cognitive Psychology 15, no. 1 (1983): 1–38. Самое последнее исследование на эту тему: James R. Kubricht, Hongjing Lu, and Keith J. Holyoak, "Animation Facilitates Source Understanding and Spontaneous Analogical Transfer," Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (July 2015).

Aaron Sankin, "Every Company That's Like Uber but for (Something)," The Daily Dot, August 7, 2014, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016) и Geoffrey Fowler, "There's an Uber for Everything Now," Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/theres-an-uber-for-everything-now-1430845789 (дата обращения: 06.11.2016).

John Pollack, Shortcut: How Analogies Reveal Connections, Spark Innovation, and Sell Our Greatest Ideas (New York: Penguin, 2015). 

Mike McPadden, "25 Years Ago, Thelma and Louise Popped Culture with Feminism," VH1 News, May 24, 2016, (дата обращения: 25.10.2016).

"Stump the Chumps: Did Tom and Ray Make the Right Call? Was a Vacuum Leak Causing Mary Gordon's Car to Sing That High-Pitched Note?" April 2, 2011, Show 201114, Car Talk, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016). Также я брал интервью у Спенс.

Amanda Green, "20 of Steven Wright's Funniest Jokes for His 59th Birthday," Mental Floss, (дата обращения: 25.10.2016), и "'What's the Deal with...': 15 Jokes from Jerry Seinfeld on His Birthday," WCBS, (дата обращения: 25.10.2016).

Jeffrey Loewenstein, Leigh Thompson, and Dedre Gentner, "Analogical Learning in Negotiation Teams: Comparing Cases Promotes Learning and Transfer," Academy of Management Learning & Education 2, no. 2 (2003): 119–27.

Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail (New York: Dell, 2007).

Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (New York: Basic Books, 2013). Эта книга оказалась очень ценным ресурсом.

Подробности — и слоган — о школах высоких технологий см.: Bob Pearlman, "Educational Leadership, Customizing Our Schools: Reinventing the High School Experience," ASCD, 2016. Также см.: Tara S. Behrend et al., "Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High: A Case Study of an Inclusive STEM-Focused High School in San Diego, California," OsPrl Report 2014–2003.

Katie Hafner, "For Second Opinion, Consult a Computer?" New York Times, December 3, 2012, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

G. Pуlya and John H. Conway, How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014). Также см.: Lee Dembart, "George Pуlya, 97, Dean of Mathematicians, Dies," Los Angeles Times, September 08, 1985, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

Bernard Roth, The Achievement Habit: Stop Wishing, Start Doing, and Take Command of Your Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), и Tara Parker-Pope, "'Design Thinking' for a Better You," New York Times, Well section, January 4, 2016, (дата обращения: 16.09.2016).

Также использовано в этой главе

Burger, Edward B., and Michael Starbird. The 5 Elements of Effective Thinking, Kindle edition. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.

Chi, Michelene T. H., P. J. Feltovich, and R. Glaser. "Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices." Cognitive Science 5, no. 2 (1981): 121–52.

Cho, Young Hoan, and Kwangsu Cho. "Peer Reviewers Learn from Giving Comments." Instructional Science 39, no. 5 (September 2011): 629–643. doi:10.1007/s11251-010-9146-1.

Fischer, David Hackett. Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought, 1st ed. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1970.

Foshay, Rob, and Jamie Kirkley. "Principles for Teaching Problem Solving." Technical Paper 4. Bloomington, MN: Plato Learning, 2003.

Goldstone, Robert L., and Samuel B. Day. "Introduction to 'New Conceptualizations of Transfer of Learning.'" Educational Psychologist 47, no. 3 (2012): 149–52. doi:10.1080/00461520.2012.695710.

Hofstadter, Douglas, and Emmanuel Sander. Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking. 1st ed. New York: Basic Books, 2013.

Jee, Benjamin D., et al. "Finding Faults: Analogical Comparison Supports Spatial Concept Learning in Geoscience." Cognitive Processing 14, no. 2 (May 2013): 175–87. doi:10.1007/s10339-013-0551-7.

Kiewra, Kenneth A. "Using Graphic Organizers to Improve Teaching and Learning." IDEA Paper #51. IDEA Center, Inc. (2012). .

Kilpatrick, Jeremy. "Pólya on Mathematical Abilities." The Mathematics Educator 21, no. 1 (2011). .

Kirkley, Jamie. "Principles of Teaching Problem Solving." Technical Paper 4. Bloomington, MN: Plato Learning, 2003.

Lederman, Eric. "Journey into Problem Solving: A Gift from Pólya." The Physics Teacher 47, no. 2 (2009): 94. doi:10.1119/1.3072455.

Nesbit, John C., and Olusola O. Adesope. "Learning with Concept and Knowledge Maps: A Meta-Analysis." Review of Educational Research 76, no. 3 (2006): 413–448.

Novak, Joseph D. Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge: Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations. London: Routledge, 2010.

Novak, Joseph D., and Alberto J. Cañas. "The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them." Technical Report. Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (2008). .

Paletz, Susannah B. F., Joel Chan, and Christian D. Schunn. "Uncovering Uncertainty through Disagreement." Applied Cognitive Psychology 30, no. 3 (2016): 387–400.

Parrotta, Pierpaolo, Dario Pozzoli, and Mariola Pytlikova. "Does Labor Diversity Affect Firm Productivity?" IZA Discussion Paper no. 6973 (2012). .

Paul, Richard, et al. Critical Thinking Handbook: 4th–6th Grades: A Guide for Remodeling Lesson Plans in Language Arts, Social Studies, and Science. Rohnert Park, CA: Center for Critical Thinking, 1990.

Pólya, George. "On Learning, Teaching, and Learning Teaching." The American Mathematical Monthly 70, no. 6 (1963): 605–19.

Singh, Indra Sen, and Karren Moono. "The Effect of Using Concept Maps on Student Achievement in Selected Topics in Chemistry at Tertiary Level." Journal of Education and Practice 6, no. 15 (2015): 106–116.

Willingham, Daniel T. "Critical Thinking: Why Is It So Hard to Teach?" Arts Education Policy Review 109, no. 4 (2008): 21–32.

Глава 6

David Shariatmadari, "Daniel Kahneman: 'What Would I Eliminate If I Had a Magic Wand? Overconfidence,'" The Guardian, July 18, 2015, (дата обращения: 07.10.2016).

Art Markman, Smart Thinking: Three Essential Keys to Solve Problems, Innovate, and Get Things Done (New York: Penguin, 2012).

Alan D. Castel, Michael Vendetti, and Keith J. Holyoak, "Fire Drill: Inattentional Blindness and Amnesia for the Location of Fire Extinguishers," Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 74, no. 7 (October 2012): 1391–96, doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0355-3.

Ulrich Boser, "We're All Lying Liars: Why People Tell Lies, and Why White Lies Can Be OK," US News & World Report, May 18, 2009, (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Также о непреднамеренной слепоте: Christopher F. Chabris et al., "You Do Not Talk about Fight Club If You Do Not Notice Fight Club: Inattentional Blindness for a Simulated Real-World Assault," i-Perception 2.2 (2011): 150–153. Also Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).

Shana K. Carpenter, Miko M. Wilford, Nate Kornell, and Kellie M. Mullaney, "Appearances Can Be Deceiving: Instructor Fluency Increases Perceptions of Learning without Increasing Actual Learning," Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20, no. 6 (2013): 1350–1356.

Major Timothy M. Karcher, Understanding the Victory Disease: From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond (San Francisco: Squibd, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015).

Gates, Business @ the Speed of Thought: Succeeding in the Digital Economy (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1999).

Подробности о бейсбольных судьях и их работе см.: Brian Mills, Technological Innovations in Monitoring and Evaluation: Evidence of Performance Impacts among Major League Baseball Umpires, Working Paper, 2015, и Ben Lindbergh, "Rise of the Machines?" Grantland, November 8, 2013. (дата обращения: 07.10.2016). Цитата из Деллинджера дана по: Noah Davis, "Umpires Are Less Blind Than They Used to Be," FiveThirtyEight, August 19, 2015, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/umpires-are-less-blind-than-they-used-to-be/ (дата обращения: 07.10.2016).

Подробнее о Томе Халлионе: Ben Lindbergh and Evan Brunell, "A Lip Reader Deciphers the Umpire-Manager Arguments of 2012." Deadspin, January 25, 2013, (дата обращения: 15.09.2016); "A Postgame Interview with Umpire Tom Hallion," Major League Baseball, October 26, 2008, (дата обращения: 15.09.2016). Также полезная информация содержится в: "Tom Hallion," Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, May 19, 2016, (дата обращения: 15.09.2016).

Больше о забывании см.: W. Thalheimer, How Much Do People Forget? (April 2010), прочитано 19 октября 2011 года на: , и Paul Smolen, Yili Zhang, and John H. Byrne, "The Right Time to Learn: Mechanisms and Optimization of Spaced Learning," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2016): 77–88, doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.18.

Marcel F. D'Eon, "Knowledge Loss of Medical Students on First Year Basic Science Courses at the University of Saskatchewan," BMC Medical Education 6 (2006): 5, doi:10.1186/1472-6920-6-5; также см.: Vicki Langendyk, "Not Knowing That They Do Not Know: Self-Assessment Accuracy of Third-Year Medical Students," Medical Education 40, no. 2 (February 2006): 173–179, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02372.x.

"How One Man Played 'Moneyball' with Jeopardy!" NPR, November 20, 2011, (дата обращения: 19.09.2016). Также здесь цитируется: Gary Wolf, "Want to Remember Everything You'll Ever Learn? Surrender to This Algorithm," WIRED, November 20, 2011, (дата обращения: 19.09.2016).

(дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Подробности об использовании интервального обучения в Verizon см. в написанной сотрудниками статье: "Top 10 Hall of Fame Outstanding Training Initiatives," Training Magazine, February 4, 2016, (дата обращения: 07.10.2016).

M. A. McDaniel, C. L. Fadler, and H. Pashler, "Effects of Spaced Versus Massed Training in Function Learning," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, предварительная онлайн-публикация (2013), doi: 10.1037/a0032184, и Nate Kornell, "Optimising Learning Using Flashcards: Spacing Is More Effective Than Cramming," Applied Cognitive Psychology 23, no. 9 (December 2009): 1297–1317, doi:10.1002/acp.1537.

Philip A. Higham and Catherine Gerrard, "Not All Errors Are Created Equal: Metacognition and Changing Answers on Multiple-Choice Tests," Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale 59, no. 1 (2005): 28.

Giada Di Stefano, Francesca Gino, Gary P. Pisano, and Bradley R. Staats, "Learning by Thinking: Overcoming the Bias for Action through Reflection," Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper, no. 14–093 (2015): 14–93.

Tom and Ray Magliozzi, In Our Humble Opinion: Car Talk's Click and Clack Rant and Rave (New York: Perigee Trade, 2000).

Gary Marcus, Guitar Zero: The Science of Becoming Musical at Any Age (New York: Penguin, 2012).

Barbara Oakley, A Mind for Numbers: How to Excel at Math and Science (Even If You Flunked Algebra) (New York: TarcherPerigee, 2014).

Matthew Gibson and Jeffrey Shrader, "Time Use and Productivity: The Wage Returns to Sleep" (July 10, 2014), . Также я использовал: Cheri D. Mah et al., "The Effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate Basketball Players," Sleep 34, no. 7 (2011): 943–950.

Stéphanie Mazza, Emilie Gerbier, Marie-Paule Gustin, Zumrut Kasikci, Olivier Koenig, Thomas C. Toppino, and Michel Magnin, "Relearn Faster and Retain Longer: Along with Practice, Sleep Makes Perfect," Psychological Science 27, no. 10 (2016): 1321–1330.

Ulrich Boser, Catherine Brown, and Perpetual Baffour, "Early School Start Times and Student Outcomes," Center for American Progress, (дата обращения: 23.11.2019).

Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and Kurt W. Fischer, "Neuroscience Bases of Learning," International Encyclopedia of Education, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Elsevier, 2010), 310–16. Также мне помогла статья: M. H. Immordino-Yang, J. A. Christodoulou, and V. Singh, "Rest Is Not Idleness: Implications of the Brain's Default Mode for Human Development and Education," Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 352–64, doi:10.1177/1745691612447308.

Ruth Ann Atchley, David L. Strayer, and Paul Atchley, "Creativity in the Wild: Improving Creative Reasoning Through Immersion in Natural Settings," PloS One 7, no. 12 (2012): e51474. Исследование с кубиками см.: C. Page Moreau and Marit Gundersen Engeset, "The Downstream Consequences of Problem-Solving Mindsets: How Playing with LEGO Influences Creativity," Journal of Marketing Research 53, no. 1 (2016): 18–30. Также я использовал: Jonathan Smallwood, Daniel J. Fishman, and Jonathan W. Schooler, "Counting the Cost of an Absent Mind: Mind Wandering as an Underrecognized Influence on Educational Performance," Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14, no. 2 (2007): 230–236.

Hunter Stuart News, "Companies Are Rethinking the Open Office and It's About Time," Huffington Post, . О Расселе Уилсоне (с. 259) см.: "Russell Wilson Benefits from Working with a Mental Conditioning Coach," ESPN.com, June 28, 2016. .

Giada Di Stefano, Francesca Gino, Gary P. Pisano, and Bradley R. Staats, "Learning by Thinking: Overcoming the Bias for Action through Reflection," Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper, no. 14–093 (2015): 14–93.

Cal Newport, Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016).

Meghashyam Mali, "Napolitano Refuses to Use Email, Calls It 'Inefficient,'" The Hill, March 26, 2013, .

Clive Thompson, Smarter Than You Think: How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better (New York: Penguin, 2013).

Atul Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009). Также см.: Henry S. Schneider and C. Kirabo Jackson, "Checklists and Worker Behavior: A Field Experiment," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 4 (2015).

Dave McMenamin, "After Many Turnovers, LeBron James Looks for a Turnaround," ESPN, June 7, 2016, (дата обращения: 07.10.2016).

Quentin Hardy, "Gearing Up for the Cloud, AT&T Tells Its Workers: Adapt, or Else," New York Times, February 13, 2016, (дата обращения: 07.10.2016).

Также использовано в этой главе

Bar-Eli, M., O. H. Azar, I. Ritov, Y. Keidar-Levin, and G. Schein. "Action Bias Among Elite Soccer Goalkeepers: The Case of Penalty Kicks." Journal of Economic Psychology 28, no. 5 (2007): 606–621.

Bjork, Robert A., John Dunlosky, and Nate Kornell. "Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions." Annual Review of Psychology 64, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 417–444. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823.

Dunning, David, Chip Heath, and Jerry M. Suls. "Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5, no. 3 (2004): 69–106.

Dunning, David, Kerri Johnson, Joyce Ehrlinger, and Justin Kruger. "Why People Fail to Recognize Their Own Incompetence." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 3 (2003): 83–87.

Finn, Bridgid, and Janet Metcalfe. "Overconfidence in Children's Multi-Trial Judgments of Learning." Learning and Instruction 32 (August 2014): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.01.001.

Halpern, Diane F. "Teaching for Critical Thinking: Helping College Students Develop the Skills and Dispositions of a Critical Thinker." New Directions for Teaching and Learning 1999, no. 80 (1999): 69–74.

Huelser, Barbie J., and Janet Metcalfe. "Making Related Errors Facilitates Learning, But Learners Do Not Know It." Memory & Cognition 40, no. 4 (May 2012): 514–27. doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0167-z.

Kallet, Michael. Think Smarter: Critical Thinking to Improve Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Skills. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014.

Immordino-Yang, Mary Helen, and Kurt W. Fischer. "Neuroscience Bases of Learning." International Encyclopedia of Education, 3rd ed. (2010): 310–316.

Immordino-Yang, M. H., J. A. Christodoulou, and V. Singh. "Rest Is Not Idleness: Implications of the Brain's Default Mode for Human Development and Education." Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 352–64. doi:10.1177/1745691612447308.

Lovett, Martha C. "Make Exams Worth More Than the Grade." Using Reflection and Metacognition to Improve Student Learning: Across the Disciplines, Across the Academy, eds. Matthew Kaplan, Naomi Silver, Danielle LaVaque-Manty, and Deborah Meizlish. Sterling, VA: Stylus, 2013.

Pan, Steven C. "The Interleaving Effect: Mixing It Up Boosts Learning." Scientific American. (дата обращения: 14.09.2016).

Thornton, Bill, Alyson Faires, Maija Robbins, and Eric Rollins. "The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting." Social Psychology (2014).

Zimmerman, Barry. "Introduction." Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice, eds. Dale H. Schunk and Barry J. Zimmerman. Guilford Press, 1998.

Эпилог

Подробности о пассажирах я почерпнул из сообщений СМИ, в том числе: Bill Peterson, "The Final Moments of a Flight to Disaster," Washington Post, August 23, 1987. Также см.: Steven R. Churm, "Flight 255: Life or Death Turned on Twists of Fate: 7 Who Died in Crash Shared Hope for Their Future in Orange County; 3 Who Missed Plane Saved by Luck," Los Angeles Times, August 23, 1987, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

Описание авиакатастрофы взято мной из: National Transportation Aircraft Accident Report, Northwest Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Romulus, Michigan, August 16, 1987. Также см.: John Lauber, "Northwest 255 at DTW: Anatomy of a Human Error Accident," Human Factors & Aviation Medicine 36, no. 4 (1989). У Лаубера я также взял цитату о слепоте. Также см.: National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, D.C. 20594, Safety Recommendation, A-88-64 through -70, June 27, 1988. Mike Sakal, "Spirits Live on: Arizona Remembers Northwest Flight 255 Crash 25 Years Later," East Valley Tribune, August 15, 2012, (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

Mica R. Endsley and Michelle M. Robertson, "Training for Situation Awareness in Individuals and Teams," в Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement, eds. Mica R. Endsley and Daniel J. Garland (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000): 349–66. Также см.: Endsley and Daniel J. Garland, "Pilot Situation Awareness Training in General Aviation," Proceedings of the Triennal Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 11 (2000): 357–360.

Lisa Mahapatra, "How Many Planes Crash Every Year, and How Many People Die in Plane Crashes?" International Business Times, March 10, 2014.

Harold Pashler et al., "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning. IES Practice Guide. NCER 2007-2004," National Center for Education Research, 2007, .

Louis Deslauriers, Ellen Schelew, and Carl Wieman, "Improved Learning in a Large-Enrollment Physics Class," Science 332, no. 6031 (2011): 862–864, doi:10.1126/science.1201783.

Jo Boaler, "Advice for Parents, from Professor Jo Boaler," youcubed.org (дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

Также использовано

Endsley, Mica R. "Expertise and Situation Awareness." Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, eds. K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, and R. R. Hoffman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, 633–651.

Endsley, Mica R. and Michelle M. Robertson. "Team Situation Awareness in Aviation Maintenance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 21 (1996): 1077–1081.

Mayer, Richard. Multimedia Learning. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

———. "Situation Awareness in Aircraft Maintenance Teams." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 26 (2000): 301–325.

Наборы инструментов

Наборы инструментов основаны на тексте книги, и помимо источников, упомянутых выше, я также пользовался материалами: Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative. Подробности о SurePayroll: Leigh Buchanan, "Rethinking Employee Awards," Inc. com, July 5, 2011, .

Ответы на контрольные вопросы

Для некоторых вопросов я использовал: Paul A. Howard-Jones, "Neuroscience and Education: Myths and Messages," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15 (2014): 817–824. Более подробную информацию см. в: Ulrich Boser, "What Do People Know About Excellent Teaching and Learning?," The Center for American Progress, (дата обращения: 23.11.2019).