Примечания

Подробности жизни и смерти Бланш Грей позаимствованы из следующих источников: “Trying to Steal The Fat Bride: Resurrectionists Twice Baffl ed in Attempts to Rob The Grave,” New York Times, October 20, 1883; “The Fat Girl’s Funeral: Her Remains Deposited in a Capacious Grave at Mt. Olivet,” Baltimore Sun, October 29, 1884; “More than a Better Half,” The New York Times, September 26, 1883; “The Fattest of Brides Dead,” Baltimore Sun, October 27, 1883; “Her Fat Killed Her,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 27, 1883; “How the Late Fat Girl’s Husband was Scared,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 19, 1883; “Sudden Death of Fat Woman,” The Irish Times, The Weekly Irish Times, November 17, 1883; “A Ponderous Bride,” Baltimore Sun, September 26, 1883. Обзор первых лет эндокринологии дается в книге V. C. Medvei, A History of Endocrinology (Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press), 1984.

1. “Trying to Steal the Fat Bride: Resurrectionists Twice Baffl ed in Attempts to Rob the Grave,” The New York Times, October 20, 1883.

2. Robert Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusment and Profi t (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Rachel Adams, Sideshow U. S. A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).

3. Aimee Medeiros, Heightened Expectations (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2016).

4. Fielding H. Garrison, “Ductless Glands, Internal Secretions and Hormonic Equilibrium,” Popular Science Monthly, December 1914, 531–538.

5. J. Lindholm and P. Laurberg, “Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects,” Journal of Thyroid Research 2011 (March 2011): 1–10.

6. Steve Cuozzo, “$wells Take Bowery,” New York Post, December 26, 2012.

7. “More Than a Better Half,” New York Times, September 26, 1883.

8. “The Fat Bride,” Australian Town and Country Journal, January 12, 1884.

9. “The Fat Bride,” Manawatu Times, January 28, 1884, доступно в интернете по адресу: .

10. “The Fat Girl’s Funeral: Her Remains Deposited in a Capacious Grave at Mt. Olivet,” Baltimore Sun, October 29, 1883.

11. Roy Porter, The Greatest Gift to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 305.

12. Homer P. Rush, “A Biographical Sketch of Arnold Adolf Berthold: An Early Experimenter with Ductless Glands,” Annals of Medical History 1 (1929): 208–214; Arnold Adolph Berthold, “The Transplantation of Testes,” translated by D. P. Quiring, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 16, no. 4 (1944): 399–401.

13. Rush, “A Biographical Sketch.”

14. Albert Q. Maisel, The Hormone Quest (New York: Random House, 1965).

15. Lindholm and Laurberg, “Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution.”

16. Henry Dale, “Thomas Addison: Pioneer of Endocrinology,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 4623 (1949): 347–352.

17. Там же.

18. Michael J. Aminoff, Brown-Séquard: An Improbable Genius Who Transformed Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Porter, The Greatest Gift to Mankind, 564; John Henderson, The Life of Ernest Starling (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

Подробности о «деле Коричневого пса» позаимствованы из следующих источников: Peter Mason, The Brown Dog Affair: The Story of a Monument that Divided a Nation (London: Two Sevens, 1997) и Henderson, The Life of Ernest Starling, а также Hilda Kean, “An Exploration of the Sculptures of Greyfriars Bobby, Edinburgh, Scotland, and the Old Brown Dog in Battersea, South London, England,” Journal of Human – Animal Studies 11, no. 4 (2003): 353–373; J. H. Baron, “The Brown Dog Affair,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 4991 (1956): 547–548; David Grimm, Citizen Canine: Our Evolving Relationship with Cats and Dogs (New York: Public Affairs, 2014); and Coral Lansbury, The Old Brown Dog: Women,Workers and Vivisectionists in Edwardian England (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985). Информация об эндокринологии начала XX века взята из Medvei, A History of Endocrinology; Merriley Elaine Borell, “Origins of the Hormone Concept: Internal Secretions and the Physiological Research 1895–1905,” PhD thesis in the history of science, Yale University, 1976.

1. Mason, The Brown Dog Affair, 25.

2. Grimm, Citizen Canine, 48.

3. Mason, The Brown Dog Affair, 45.

4. Там же, 48.

5. Diana Long Hall, “The Critic and the Advocate: Contrasting British Views on the State of Endocrinology in the Early 1920s,” Journal of the History of Biology 9, no. 2 (1976): 269–285.

6. Henderson, The Life of Ernest Starling.

7. Rom Harré, “Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat: Scenes from the Living Laboratory,” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

8. Там же.

9. Irvin Modlin and Mark Kidd, “Ernest Starling and the Discovery of Secretin,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 32, no. 3 (2001): 187–192.

10. Barry H. Hirst, “Secretin and the Exposition of Hormonal Control,” Journal of Physiology 560, no. 2 (2004): 339.

11. W. M. Bayliss and Ernest H. Starling, “Preliminary Communication on the Causation of the So-Called ‘Peripheral Refl ex Secretion’ of the Pancreas,” Lancet 159, no. 4099 (1902): 813.

12. Modlin and Kidd, “Ernest Starling and the Discovery of Secretin.”

13. W. M. Bayliss and Ernest H. Starling, “On the Causation of the So-Called ‘Peripheral Refl ex Secretion’ of the Pancreas (Prelmiinary Communication),” Proceedings of the Royal Society B69 (1902): 352–353.

14. Modlin and Kidd, “Ernest Starling and the Discovery of Secretin.”

15. Hirst, “Secretin and the Exposition of Hormonal Control.”

16. Jessica Y. S. Chu et al., “Secretin as a neurohypophysial factor regulating body water homeostasis,” PNAS 106, no. 37 (2009): 15961–15966.

17. Bayliss and Starling, “On the Causation.”

18. Lizzy Lind af Hageby and Leisa Katherina Schartau, Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology (London: Ernest Bell, 1903).

19. Там же.

20. Mason, The Brown Dog Affair, 11.

21. Подробности дела позаимствованы из следующих источников: “Bayliss v. Coleridge,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 2237 (1903): 1298–1300; “Bayliss v. Coleridge (Continued),” British Medical Journal 2, no. 2238 (1903): 1361–1371; and “Was It Torture? The Ladies and the Dogs, Doctors and the Experiments,” Daily News, November 18, 1903.

22. “He Liveth Best Who Loveth Best, All Things Both Great and Small,” Daily News, November 19, 1903.

23. Mason, The Brown Dog Affair, 19–20.

24. “The Vivisection Case,” Globe and Traveler, November 19, 1903.

25. Ernest H. Starling, The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Correlation of the Functions of the Body, Royal College of Physicians, 1905, доступно в интернете по адресу: archive.org/details/b2497626x.

26. Там же.

27. Medvei, A History of Endocrinology, 27; Hirst, “Secretin and the Exposition of Hormonal Control.”

28. Sir Humphrey Rolleston, “Endocrines in Theory and Practice,” British Medical Journal 1, no. 3984 (1937): 1033–1036.

29. Там же.

30. Henderson, The Life of Ernest Starling.

31. Starling, The Croonian Lectures, 35.

32. Henderson, The Life of Ernest Starling, 153.

33. “Battersea Has a Brown Dog,” editorial, New York Times, January 8, 1908.

34. Marjorie F. M. Martin, “The Brown Dog of University College,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 4993 (1956): 661.

35. “Battersea Loses Famous Dog Statue,” New York Times, March 13, 1910.

36. Hilda Kean, “The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Social Response to Vivisection,” History Workshop Journal, no. 40 (1995): 16–38.

Биографические данные о Харви Кушинге позаимствованы из следующих источников: Michael Bliss, Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), и Aaron Cohen-Gadol and Dennis D. Spencer, The Legacy of Harvey Cushing (New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 2007); во второй книге приводятся фотографии операций Кушинга (их можно найти на выставке в Йельском университете). Также я просмотрела переписку Кушинга в Harvey Williams Cushing Papers, MS 160, Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University. Я взяла интервью у доктора Денниса Спенсера, профессора отделения нейрохирургии им. Харви и Кейт Кушингов Йельского университета; доктора Кристофера Джона Уола, хирурга-ортопеда из Ассоциации врачей-ортопедов (Сиэтл, штат Вашингтон); доктора Тары Брюс, акушера-гинеколога (Хьюстон, Техас); доктора Жиля Солитера, отставного невропатолога; и Терри Дагради, фотографа и координатора Центра Кушинга в Йельском университете.

1. Bliss, Harvey Cushing, 166.

2. Там же, 274.

3. Доктор Деннис Спенсер, интервью автора.

4. Bliss, Harvey Cushing, 481.

5. Courtney Pendleton et al., “Harvey Cushing’s Attempt at the First Human Pituitary Transplantation,” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6 (2010): 48–52.

6. “Part of Brain Replaced: That of Dead Infant Put in Cincinnati Man’s Head, First of its Kind,” Baltimore Sun, March 26, 1912; “Given Baby’s Brain,” Washington Post, March 26, 1912; “Brain of Still-Born Infant Used to Restore Man’s Brain,” Atlanta Constitution, March 27, 1912.

7. Harvey Cushing, “Medical Classic: The Functions of the Pituitary Body,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 281, no. 2 (1981): 70–78.

8. Harvey Cushing, “The Basophil Adenomas of the Pituitary Body and Their Clinical Manifestations (Pituitary Basophilism),” Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 1, no. 3 (1932): 137–183; Harvey Cushing, The Pituitary and Its Disorders: Clinical States Produced by Disorders of the Hypophysis Cerebri (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1912).

9. Wouter W. de Herder, “Acromegalic Gigantism, Physicians and Body Snatching, Past or Present,” Pituitary 15 (2012): 312–318.

10. Cushing, The Pituitary and Its Disorders.

11. “Uglies,” Time, May 2, 1927.

12. John F. Fulton, Harvey Cushing: A Biography (Springfi eld, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1946), 304.

13. “Pituitary Tumors Treatment (PDQ) Patient Version,” National Cancer Institute, 2016, pituitary/patient/pituitary-treatment-pdq.

14. V. C. Medvei, “The History of Cushing’s Disease: A Controversial Tale,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84 (1991): 363–366.

15. Там же.

16. Cushing, “The Basophil Adenomas of the Pituitary Body.”

17. Fulton, Harvey Cushing.

18. Доктор Жиль Солитер, интервью автора.

19. Доктор Кристофер Джон Уол, интервью автора.

20. Christopher John Wahl, “The Harvey Cushing Brain Tumor Registry: Changing Scientifi c and Philosophic Paradigms and the Study of the Preservation of Archives,” medical school thesis in neurosurgery, Yale University, 1996.

Подробности убийства и судебного разбирательства позаимствованы из следующих источников: Simon Baatz, For the Thrill of It: Leopold, Loeb and the Murder that Shocked Chicago (New York: Harper, 2008); Hal Higdon, Leopold and Loeb: The Crime of the Century (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999). Фрагменты судебных протоколов доступны на Famous Trials, сайте юридического факультета Университета Миссури – Канзас-Сити () – и в архивах библиотеки Северо-Западного университета (). Обзор эндокринологии 1920-х годов взят из Julia Ellen Rechter, “The Glands of Destiny: A History of Popular, Medical and Scientifi c Views of Sex Hormones in 1920s America,” PhD thesis, University of California Berkeley, 1997. Информация о Луисе Бермане взята из статьи Christer Nordlund, “Endocrinology and Expectations in 1930s’ America,” British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 1 (2007): 83–104.

1. Kathleen Drowne and Patrick Huber, The 1920s (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004), 25.

2. “Credulity About Medicines,” Manchester Guardian, October 8, 1925; Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2007).

3. H. Maurice Goodman, “Essays on APS Classical Papers: Discovery of Luteinizing Hormone of the Anterior Pituitary Gland,” American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism 287 (2004): E818–829.

4. R. G. Hoskins, “The Functions of the Endocrine Organs,” Scientifi c Monthly 18 (1924): 257–272.

5. Richard J. Wassersug and Tucker Lieberman, “Why the Modern-Day Eunuch Remains Invisible,” British Medical Journal 341, no. 7769 (2010): 403.

6. Walter Cannon, Bodily Changes in Pain Hunger Fear and Rage (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2010), 64.

7. Elizabeth M. Heath, “Glands as Cause of Many Crimes,” New York Times, December 4, 1925.

8. Louis Berman, “Psycho-endocrinology,” Science 67, no. 1729 (1928): 196.

9. Louis Berman to Ezra Pound, “Ezra Pound Papers 1885–1976,” 1925–1926, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, YCAL MSS 43.

10. Louis Berman, The Glands Regulating Personality: A Study of Internal Secretion in Relation to the Types of Human Nature, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 165.

11. Berman, The Glands Regulating Personality, 171.

12. Louis Berman, New Creations in Human Beings (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1938), 18.

13. “16-Foot Men Held a Gland Possibility,” New York Times, December 16, 1931.

14. Drowne and Huber, The 1920s, 25.

15. Watkins, The Estrogen Elixir, 140; G. W. Carnick and Co., Organotherapy in General Practice (Baltimore: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1924).

16. Chandak Sengoopta, The Most Secret Quintessence of Life: Sex, Glands, and Hormones 1850–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 70.

17. Louis Berman, “Crime and the Endocrine Glands,” American Journal of Psychiatry 89, no. 2 (1932): 215–238.

18. Francis Birrell, “Book Review: The Glands Regulating Personality by Louis Berman,” International Journal of Ethics 32, no. 4 (1922): 450–451.

19. Elmer L. Severinghaus, “Review,” American Sociological Review 4, no. 1 (1939): 144–145.

20. Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), 236.

21. H. L. Mencken, “Turning the Leaves with G. S. V.: A Trumpeter of Science,” American Monthly 17, no. 6 (1925).

22. Benjamin Harrow, Glands in Health and Disease (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1922).

23. Charles Benedict Davenport, “Research in Eugenics,” in Charles B. Davenport et al., eds., Scientifi c Papers of the Second International Congress of Eugenics, vol. 1: Eugenics, Genetics, and the Family (1923): 25.

24. William S. Sadler, “Endocrines, Defective Germ-Plasm, and Hereditary Defectiveness”, там же, 349.

25. Buck v. Bell, 274 U. S. 200 (1927), доступно в интернете по адресу: 274/200/case.html.

26. Berman, The Glands Regulating Personality, 28.

27. Louis Berman, The Religion Called Behaviorism (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1927), 41.

28. Berman, “Crime and the Endocrine Glands”; W. H. Howell, “Crime and Disturbed Endocrine Function,” Science 76, no. 1974 (1932): 8a–9a.

29. Berman, “Crime and the Endocrine Glands.”

30. Frank Berry Sanborn, ed., Basal Metabolism, Its Determination and Application (Boston: Sanborn, 1922), 104.

31. Berman, “Crime and the Endocrine Glands,” 10.

32. “Excerpts from the Psychiatric (“Alienist”) Testimony in the Leopold Loeb Hearing,” .

33. Протоколы суда можно найти в Clarence Darrow Digital Collection, University of Minnesota Law Library, .

34. Karl Bowman and Harold S. Hulbert, “Nathan Leopold Psychiatric Statement,” доступно в интернете по адресу: , а также в “Loeb – Leopold Case: Psychiatrists Report for the Defense,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 15, no. 3 (1925): 360–378. “Loeb – Leopold Murder of Franks in Chicago May 21, 1924,” там же, 347–359, дается хронология событий.

35. Gert-Jan Lokhorst, “Descartes and the Pineal Gland,” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2015), ; Mark S. Morrisson, “‘Their Pineal Glands Aglow’: Theosophical Physiology in ‘Ulysses’,” James Joyce Quarterly 46, no. 3–4 (2009), 509–527.

36. Edward Tenner, “The Original Natural Born Killers,” Nautilus, September 11, 2014.

37. Higdon, Leopold and Loeb, 164.

38. Вердикт и приговор судьи Кейверли можно найти по адресу: .

Информацию о гормональных исследованиях 1920-х годов годов я взяла из Nordlund, “Endocrinology and Expectations in 1930s’ America”, Rechter, “The Glands of Destiny”, и Sengoopta, The Most Secret Quintessence of Life. Информация о жизни Штейнаха взята из Eugen Steinach and Josef Loebel, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological Experiments (New York: Viking, 1940) и Chandak Sengoopta, “Tales from the Vienna Labs: The Eugen Steinach – Harry Benjamin Correspondence,” Newsletter of the Friends of the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine, no. 2 (Spring, 2000): 1–2, 5–9. Более подробную информацию о Джоне Бринкли можно найти в R. Lee Alton, The Bizarre Careers of John R. Brinkley (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002) и Pope Brock, Charlatan: America’s Most Dangerous Huckster, the Man Who Pursued Him, and the Age of Flimfl am (New York: Broadway Books, 2009). Подробнее о Шарле-Эдуаре БроунСекаре читайте в Aminoff, Brown-Séquard.

1. Michael A. Kozminski and David A. Bloom, “A Brief History of Rejuvenation Operations,” Journal of Urology 187, no. 3 (2012): 1130–1134.

2. “Paris Scientist: Tells of Gland Experiments,” Los Angeles Times, June 5, 1923; “New Ponce De Leon Coming,” Baltimore Sun, September 16, 1923; “Gland Treatment Spreads in America,” New York Times, April 8, 1923; “Display Ad 205—No Title,” Los Angeles Times, June 5, 1923.

3. Hans Lisser to Dr. Cushing, July 19, 1921, in Yale University Medical School archives, HC Reprints X, no. 156.

4. См. .

5. Kozminski and Bloom, “A Brief History of Rejuvenation Operations.” Обоснование процедуры Штейнаха также дается в E. Steinach, “Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age,” Medical Journal and Record 125, no. 2345 (1927): 78–81, 161–164.

6. Steinach and Loebel, Sex and Life, 49.

7. Там же, 70.

8. “Elixir of Life: The Brown-Séquard Discovery,” Te Aroha and Ohinemu News and Upper Thames Advocate, September 15, 1889.

9. Chandak Sengoopta, “Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipationin Fin-de-Siecle Central Europe,” Isis 89 (1998): 445–473; Chandak Sengoopta, “‘Dr Steinach coming to make old young!’: Sex Glands, Vasectomy and the Quest for Rejuvenation in the Roaring Twenties,” Endeavour 27, no. 3 (2003): 122–126.

10. Steinach and Loebel, Sex and Life, 216.

11. Drowne and Huber, The 1920s; Michael Pettit, “Becoming Glandular: Endocrinology, Mass Culture, and Experimental Lives in the Interwar Age,” American Historical Review 118, no. 4 (2013): 1052–1076.

12. Pettit, “Becoming Glandular.”

13. Laura Davidow Hirschbein, “The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 9, no. 3 (2000): 277–304.

14. Sengoopta, The Most Secret Quintessence of Life, 57.

15. Steinach and Loebel, Sex and Life, 37.

16. Там же, 16.

17. Там же, 39.

18. Per Sodersten et al., “Eugen Steinach: The First Neuroendocrinologist,” Endocrinology 155, no. 3 (2014).

19. Steinach and Loebel, Sex and Life, 30.

20. Там же, 48.

21. Там же, 89.

22. Штейнах назвал одну из глав книги Sex and Life «Эксперименты по объяснению и эротизации». В ней он писал: «Я изобрел выражение “эротизация центральной нервной системы, или эротизация”» (30).

23. Там же, 89, 94.

24. Christopher Turner, “Vasectomania, and other Cures for Sloth,” Cabinet, Spring 2008.

25. Sengoopta, The Most Secret Quintessence of Life, 80.

26. Kozminski and Bloom, “A Brief History of Rejuvenation Operations.”

27. Stephen Lock, “‘O That I Were Young Again’: Yeats and the Steinach Operation,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 287, no. 6409 (1983): 1964–1968.

28. Steinach and Loebel, Sex and Life, 178.

29. “Gland Treatment Spreads in America,” New York Times, April 8, 1923; “New Ponce De Leon Coming,” Baltimore Sun, September 16, 1923.

30. Van Buren Thorne, “The Craze for Rejuvenation,” New York Times, June 4, 1922.

31. Morris Fishbein, Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults, With Essays on Various Other Peculiar Notions in the Health Field (New York: Covici, Friede, 1932).

32. Angus McLaren, Reproduction by Design (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 85–86; Van Buren Thorne, “Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation,” New York Times, June 26, 1921.

33. McLaren, Reproduction by Design, 86.

34. Sodersten et al., “Eugen Steinach.”

35. E. C. Hamblen, “Clinical Experience with Follicular and Hypophyseal Hormones,” Endocrinology 15, no. 3 (1931): 184–194; Michael J. O’Dowd and Elliot E. Phillips, “Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle,” The History of Obstetrics and Gynecology (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 255–275.

Эта глава написана на основе обширных интервью, взятых у доктора Говарда Джонса-младшего, его детей и коллег, в том числе многолетней ассистентки Джонсов Нэнси Гарсии; Мэри Ф. Дэвис; доктора Эдварда Валлаха, почетного профессора гинекологии и акушерства Медицинской школы Университета Джонса Хопкинса; доктора Алана Дешерни, старшего исследователя по репродуктивной эндокринологии и науке Национального института здравоохранения; доктора Клода Мижона, педиатра-эндокринолога из Школы медицины Джонса Хопкинса; и доктора Роберта Близзарда, почетного профессора педиатрической эндокринологии в Университете штата Вирджиния. Я читала личный архив доктора Джонса, включающий фотографии, переписку, публикации и неизданные мемуары, и консультировалась с записями Артура Хертига, гарвардского профессора патологоанатомии, в лаборатории которого была получена плацента, на которой Джорджанна Джонс совершила свое открытие (доступ к ним был предоставлен его сыном Эндрю Хертигом).

1. Автобиография Говарда Джонсамладшего, архив Джонса.

2. Edgar Allen, ed., Sex and Internal Secretions: A Survey of Recent Research (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1932).

3. Henry W. Louria and Maxwell Rossenzweig, “The Aschheim – Zondek Hormone Test for Pregnancy,” Journal of the American Medical Association 91, no. 25 (1928): 1988; “Aschheim and Zondek’s Test for Pregnancy,” Epitome of Current Medical Literature (1929) 232C; “The Zondek – Aschheim Test for Pregnancy,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 2 (1930): 251–253; George H. Morrison, “Zondek and Aschheim Test for Pregnancy,” Lancet 215, no. 5551 (1930): 161–162.

4. Howard W. Jones, Jr., “Chorionic Gonadotropin: A Narrative of Its Identifi cation and Origin and the Role of Georgeanna Seegar Jones,” Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 62, no. 1 (2007): 1–3.

5. Там же.

6. Michael Rogers, “The Double-Edged Helix,” Rolling Stone, March 25, 1976; Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (New York: Broadway Books, 2011); Jane Mainenschein, Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, vol. 5 (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 143.

7. Andrew Artenstein, ed., Vaccines: A Biography (New York: Springer, 2010), 152.

8. Duncan Wilson, Tissue Culture in Science and Society: The Public Life of a Biological Technique in Twentieth-Century Britain (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), 60.

9. Jones, “Chorionic Gonadotropin.”

10. George Gey, G. Emory Seegar, and Louis M. Hellman, “The Production of a Gonadotrophic Substance (Prolan) by Placental Cells in Tissue Culture,” Science 88, no. 2283 (1938): 306–307. Историю эксперимента см. в Jones, “Chorionic Gonadotropin.”

11. Доктор Говард Джонс-младший, интервью автора.

12. Франсез Нил – Говарду Джонсу-младшему, открытка с соболезнованиями, 2005, архив Джонса.

Эта глава написана на основе обширных интервью с Бо Лоран, которая расказала мне свою медицинскую историю, и доктором Арлен Барац, врачом и медицинским консультантом Группы поддержки людей с нечувствительностью к андрогенам; доктором Кэти Барац, психиатром; Джорджиэнн Дэвис, доцентом социологии в Университете Невады; и несколькими другими людьми, рассказавшими, как интерсексуальность повлияла на их жизнь, а также эндокринологами, которые работали с интерсексуальными пациентами в 1950-х годах и сегодня. У меня был доступ к медицинским картам (с удаленными именами) интерсексуальных детей, за которыми ухаживали в Колумбийском университете в 1930–1940-х годах, документам Джона Мани в Институте Кинси, и конспектам с собраний, посвященных интерсексуальным детям, из личных архивов доктора Говарда Джонса-младшего. Я брала интервью у экспертов, в том числе доктора Клода Мижона и доктора Говарда Джонса-младшего из госпиталя Джонса Хопкинса и Дэвида Сэндберга, кандидата наук по клинической психологии из Мичиганского университета, а также историков: доктора Сандры Эдер, доцента Калифорнийского университета в Беркли, доктора Элизабет Рейс, профессора Колледжа Макоули Городского университета Нью-Йорка, и доктора Карказис, старшего научного сотрудника Центра биомедицинской этики Стэнфордского университета. Дополнительная информация взята из следующих источников: Alice Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 1998); Alice Dreger, Intersex in the Age of Ethics (Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing Group, 1999); Katrina Karkazis, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008); Elizabeth Reis, Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009); Sandra Eder, “The Birth of Gender: Clinical Encounters with Hermaphroditic Children at Johns Hopkins (1940–1956),” PhD thesis in the history of medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 2011; Suzanne J. Kessler, Lessons from the Intersex (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press: 2002); Georgiann Davis, Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis Biopolitics: Medicine, Technoscience, and Health in the 21st Century (New York: New York University Press, 2015); Hida Viloria, Born Both: An Intersex Life (New York: Hachette, 2017); Thea Hillman, Intersex (for lack of a better word) (San Francisco: Manic D Press, 2008); Cheryl Chase, “Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 4, no. 2 (1998): 189–211. 1. Paul Gyorgy et al., “Inter-University Round Table Conference by the Medical Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania and Johns Hopkins University: Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Orientation of the Child with Particular Reference to the Problem of Intersexuality,” Journal of Pediatrics 47, no. 6: 771–790.

2. Howard W. Jones, Jr., and William Wallace Scott, Hermaphroditism, Genital Anomalies and Related Endocrine Disorders (Baltimore: Williams and Wikins, 1958); Anne Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes,” Sciences 33, no. 2 (1993): 20.

3. M. Blackless et al., “How Sexually Dimorphic Are We? Review and Synthesis,” American Journal of Human Biology 12, no. 2 (2000): 151–166; Gerald Callahan, Between XX and XY: Intersexuality and the Myth of the Two Sexes (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2009); Diane K. Wherrett, “Approach to the Infant with a Suspected Disorder of Sex Development,” Pediatric Clinics of North America 62 (2015): 983–999.

4. Edgar Allen, ed., Sex and Internal Secretions: A Survey of Recent Research (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1932), 5.

5. N. Josso, “Professor Alfred Jost: The Builder of Modern Sex Differentiation,” Sexual Development 2 (2008): 55–63.

6. Rebecca Jordan-Young, Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Difference (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 25.

7. H. H. Yao, “The Pathway to Femaleness: Current Knowledge on Embryonic Development of the Ovary,” Molecular Cellular Endocrinology 230, no. 1–2 (2005): 87–93.

8. Howard W. Jones, Jr., and Georgeanna E. S. Jones, “The Gynecological Aspects of Adrenal Hyperplasia and Allied Disorders,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 68, no. 5 (1954): 1330–1365.

9. Gyorgy et al., “Inter-University Round Table Conference.”

10. Вторичные источники: Terry Goldie, The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging Ideas of John Money (Toronto: UBC Press, 2014); Karkazis, Fixing Sex; John Money, “Intersexual Problems,” in Kenneth Ryan and Robert Kistner, eds., Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology (Baltimore: Harper & Row, 1973).

11. Iaian Morland, “Pervert or Sexual Libertarian? Meet John Money, ‘the father of f*ology,” Salon, January 4, 2015; также см. Lisa Downing, Iaian Morland, and Nikki Sullivan, Fuckology (Chicago: Chicago University Press: 2015).

12. Richard Green and John Money, “Effeminacy in Prepubertal Boys,” Pediatrics 27, no. 286 (1961): 286–291.

13. Testimony of Dr. John William Money in Joseph Acanfora III v. Board of Education of Montgomery County, Montgomery County Public Schools, U. S. District Court for the District of Maryland – 359 F. Supp. 843 (1973).

14. “New Sexual Lifestyles: A symposium on emerging behavior patterns from open marriage to group sex,” Playboy, September 1973.

15. Howard W. Jones, Jr., “Hermaphroditism.” Progress in Gynecology 3 (1957): 35–49; Lawson Wilkins et al., “Masculinization of the Female Fetus Associated with Administration of Oral and Intramuscular Progestins During Gestation: Non-Adrenal Female Pseudohermaphrodism,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 18, no. 6 (1958): 559–585.

16. John Money et al., “An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism,” Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 97, no. 4 (1955): 310–319.

17. Karkazis, Fixing Sex.

18. Доктор Джоан Хэмпсон, протокол собрания Американской урологической ассоциации, 1956, архив Джонса.

19. Associated Press, “Pressure Mounts to Curtail Surgery on Intersex Children,” New York Times, July 25, 2017.

20. Reis, Bodies in Doubt, 177.

21. Доктор Милтон Даймонд, интервью автора.

22. Milton Diamond and H. Keith Sigmundson, “Sex Reassignment at Birth: A Long Term Review and Clinical Implications,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 298–304.

23. John Colapinto, “The true story of John/Joan,” Rolling Stone 775 (1997): 54–73, 97; John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy who Was Raised as a Girl (New York: Harper Perennial, 2000).

24. Karkazis, Fixing Sex, 47.

25. C. H. Phoenix et al., “Organizing Action of Prenatally Administered Testosterone Propionate on the Tissues Mediating Mating Behavior in the Female Guinea Pig,” Endocrinology 65, no. 3 (1959): 369–382.

26. Randi Hutter Epstein, Get Me Out: A History of Childbirth from the Garden of Eden to the Sperm Bank (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).

27. Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes.”

28. J. L. Morris, “Intersexuality,” Journal of the American Medical Association 163, no. 7 (1957): 538–542; Robert B. Edgerton, “Pokot Intersexuality: An East African Example of the Resolution of Sexual Incongruity,” American Anthropologist 66, no. 6 (1964): 1288–1299; John Money, “Psychologic Evaluation of the Child with Intersex Problems,” Pediatrics 36, no. 1 (1965): 51–55; Cheryl Chase, “Letters from Readers,” The Sciences 33, no. 3 (1993).

29. Jennifer E. Dayner et al., “Medical Treatment of Intersex: Parental Perspectives,” Journal of Urology 172 (2004): 1762–1765.

30. Jurg C. Streuli et al., “Shaping Parents: Impact of Contrasting Professional Counseling on Parents’ Decision Making for Children with Disorders of Sex Development,” Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 8 (2013): 1953–1960.

31. Бо Лоран, интервью автора.

Эта глава написана на основе обширных интервью с доктором Элом и Барбарой Балабанами, а также газетных вырезок, которыми они щедро поделились со мной, и интервью с доктором Робертом Близзардом, почетным профессором педиатрической эндокринологии в Университете штата Вирджиния; доктора Альберта Парлоу, профессора гормональной биохимии в Лос-Анджелесском биомедицинском научно-исследовательском институте; доктором Майклом Аминоффом, директором клиники по борьбе с болезнью Паркинсона и двигательными расстройствами в Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Франциско; и Кэрол Хинц, вдовой доктора Рэймонда Хинца. Подробнейший обзор истории лечения гормоном роста вы найдете в Stephen Hall, Size Matters: How Height Affects the Health, Happiness, and Success of Boys – and the Men They Become (New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2006), Susan Cohen and Christine Cosgrove, Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry’s Quest to Manipulate Height (New York: Tarcher, 2009), и Aimee Medeiros, Heightened Expectations (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2016); последняя книга основана на кандидатской диссертации автора по истории здравоохранения в Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Франциско, с которой я ознакомлена. Аурелиа Минутиа и Дженнифер Йи поделились со мной информацией о докторе Эдне Собел.

1. Ron G. Rosenfeld, “Endocrine Control of Growth,” in Noel Cameron and Barry Bogin, eds., Human Growth and Development, 2nd ed. (New York: Elsevier, 2012).

2. Melvin Grumbach, “Herbert McLean Evans, Revolutionar y in Modern Endocrinology: A Tale of Great Expectations,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 55, no. 6 (1982): 1240–1247.

3. “Scientist Predicts Pituitary Treatment Will Overcome the ‘Inferiority Complex,’” New York Times, August 2, 1937.

4. Medeiros, “Heightened Expectations” (PhD thesis), 152.

5. Sheila Rothman and David Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York: Pantheon, 2003), 173.

6. Там же, 174.

7. “Hormone to Aid Growth Isolated but It Is Too Costly for Wide Use,” New York Times, March 8, 1944; “What Scientists Are Doing,” New York Herald Tribune, March 19, 1944; Choh Hao Li and Herbert Evans, “The Isolation of Pituitary Growth Hormone,” Science 99, no. 2566 (1944): 183–184.

8. Earl Ubell, “Hormone Makes Dwarf Grow: May Also Offer Clues in Cancer, Obesity, Aging,” New York Herald Tribune, March 29, 1958; Earl Ubell, “Hormones May Be Tailor-Made,” New York Herald Tribune, May 10, 1959.

9. Edna Sobel, “The Use of Methyltestosterone to Stimulate Growth: Relative Infl uence on Skeletal Maturation and Linear Growth,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 16, no. 2 (1955): 241–248.

10. Li and Evans, “The Isolation of Pituitary Growth Hormone.”

11. M. S. Raben, “Letter to the Editor: Dwarf Treated with Human Growth Hormone,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 18, no. 8 (1958): 901–903.

12. Earl Ubell, “Hormone Makes Dwarf Grow,” New York Herald Tribune, March 29, 1958.

13. Alton L. Blakeslee, “Stimulant Found in Pituitary Powder: Growth Hormone Isolated: Found Capable of Inducing Added Height in Children Dwarfed by Natural Causes,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 29, 1958.

14. Доктор Сальваторе Раити, интервью автора.

15. Rothman and Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection, 171.

16. Podine Schoenberger, “Pilot Honored by Pathologists,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 26, 1968.

17. Rothman and Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection, 171.

18. Robert Blizzard, “History of Human Growth Hormone,” Indian Journal of Pediatrics 79, no. 1 (2012): 87–91.

19. Medeiros, “Heightened Expectations” (PhD thesis), 166.

Доктор Томас Фоли, профессор педиатрической эндокринологии из Питтсбургского университета, сообщил мне подробности истории щитовидной железы. Биографические данные о Розалин Ялоу позаимствованы из книги Rosalyn Yalow, Nobel Laureate: Her Life and Work in Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1998), написанной бывшим учеником, ставшим коллегой и другом семьи, доктором Юджином Штраусом. Также я взяла интервью у нескольких коллег доктора Ялоу и ее детей и смотрела домашние видеозаписи Ялоу, мероприятия в ее честь и мемориальные мероприятия.

1. Straus, Rosalyn Yalow, 46.

2. Там же, 34.

3. Милдред Дрессельхаус, домашнее видео с поминок, архив Ялоу.

4. “Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson,” Chemical Heritage Foundation, August 13, 2015, .

5. S. A. Berson and R. S. Yalow et al., “Insuline-I131 Metabolism in Human Subjects: Demonstration of Insulin Binding Globulin in the Circulation of Insulin-Treated Subjects,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 35 (1956): 170.

6. Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon A. Berson, “Immunoassay of Endogenous Plasma Insulin in Man,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 39, no. 7 (1960): 1157–1175.

7. Ruth H. Howes, “Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011),” American Physical Society Sites: Forum on Physics and Society, 2015.

8. Endocrine Society Staff, “In Memoriam: Dr. Rosalyn Yalow, PhD, 1921–2011,” Molecular Endocrinology 26, no. 5 (2012): 713–714.

9. Denise Gellene, “Rosalyn S. Yalow, Nobel Medical Physicist, Dies at 89,” New York Times, June 1, 2011.

Подробная информация взята из книги Jennifer Cooke, Cannibals, Cows and the CJD Catastrophe (Sydney: Random House Australia, 1998). Я взяла интервью у многих пациентов, получавших лечение гормоном роста, официальных лиц FDA и врачей, знакомых с трагедией и биологией болезни Крейтцфельдта – Якоба, в том числе Кэрол Хинц (вдовой доктора Рэймонда Хинца), доктора Майкла Аминоффа, доктора Роберта Близзарда, доктора Альберта Парлоу, доктора Роберта Ровера, доцента неврологии в Мэрилендском университете; доктора Пола Брауна, старшего научного сотрудника Национального института здравоохранения; доктора Алана Дикинсона, основателя невропатогенного отдела Эдинбургского университета; и доктора Джудит Фрадкин, директора отдела диабета, эндокринологии и метаболических заболеваний Нацио нального института здравоохранения. Журналистка Эмили Грин щедро поделилась со мной не только своими статьями о гормоне роста и БКЯ в Великобритании, но и своими источниками.

1. Thomas Koch et al., “Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Young Adult with Idiopathic Hypopituitarism: Possible Relation to the Administration of Cadaveric Human Growth Hormone,” New England Journal of Medicine 313 (1985): 731–733.

2. Cooke, Cannibals, Cows and The CJD Catastrophe, 110.

3. Paul Brown, “Refl ections on a Half Century in the Field of Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy,” Folia Neuropathologica 47, no. 2 (2009): 95–103.

4. Paul Brown, “Potential Epidemic of Creutzfeldt– Jakob Disease from Human Growth Hormone Therapy,” New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 12 (1985): 728–731; Paul Brown, “Human Growth Hormone Therapy and Creutzfeldt– Jakob Disease: A Drama in Three Acts,” Pediatrics 81 (1988): 85–92; Paul Brown, “Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt – Jakob Disease,” Neurology 67, no. 3 (2006): 389–393.

5. David Davis, “Growing Pains,” LA Weekly, March 21, 1997.

6. Joseph Y. Abrams et al., “Lower Risk of Creutzfeldt– Jakob Disease in Pituitary Growth Hormone Recipients Initiating Treatment after 1977,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96, no. 10 (2011): E1666–669.

7. Genevra Pittman, “Purifi ed Growth Hormone Not Tied to Brain Disease,” Reuters Health, August 19, 2011.

8. Доктор Ларри Шонбергер, Центр по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, электронное письмо автору; Кристина Пирсон, спикер Центра по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, электронное письмо автору, 5 октября 2017 года. В число 33 смертей включается один случай, связанный с гормоном, произведенным фармацевтической фирмой. Есть сообщения и о других возможных жертвах. В частности, в 2013 году умер ребенок, которому отказали в лечении по государственной программе США из-за того, что он не соответствовал критериям роста, поэтому он получал гормоны из Европы; Brian S. Appleby et al., “Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt – Jakob Disease from Commercial Cadaveric Human Growth Hormone,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 4 (2013): 682–683.

9. Доктор Питер Радж, электронное письмо автору, 4 октября 2017 года. См. также P. Rudge et al., “Iatrogenic CJD Due to Pituitary-Derived Growth Hormone with Genetically Determined Incubation Times of up to 40 Years,” Brain 138, no. 11 (2015): 3386–3399.

10. Emily Green, “A Wonder Drug That Carried the Seeds of Death,” Los Angeles Times, May 21, 2000.

11. О французских судебных исках было написано несколько статей. См. Angelique Chrisafi s, “French Doctors on Trial for CJD Deaths after Hormone ‘Misuse,’” Guardian, February 6, 2008; Barbara Casassus, “INSERM Doubts Criminality in Growth Hormone Case,” Science 307, no. 5716 (2005): 1711, и “Acquittals in CJD Trial Divide French Scientists,” Science 323, no. 5913 (2009): 446; Pierre-Antoine Souchard and Verena Von Derschau, “6 Acquitted in French Trial over Hormone Deaths,” Associated Press, in San Diego Union-Tribune, January 14, 2009.

Мэри Джейн Минкин, клинический профессор акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктивных услуг Йельского университета, предоставила профессиональную инфор ма цию на тему менопаузы. Я также брала интервью у многих исследователей и клиницистов, в том числе у доктора Лилы Нахтигаль, профессора акушерства и гинекологии Нью-Йоркского университета; доктора Хью Тейлора, главы факультета акушерства и гинекологии Йельского университета; доктора Нанетты Санторо, профессора акушерства и гинекологии Медицинской школы Университета Колорадо; и Синди Пирсон, исполнительного директора Women’s Health Network. Несколько женщин, переживавших менопаузу, согласились открыто рассказать о своих симп томах; среди них была одна – всего одна, – которая сказала, что никогда не чувствовала себя так хорошо, как во время менопаузы.

1. Charles B. Hammond et al., Menopause: Evaluation, Treatment, and Health Concerns – Proceedings of a National Institutes of Health Symposium Held in Bethesda, Maryland, April 21–22, 1988 (New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989).

2. Helen E. Fisher, “Mighty Menopause,” New York Times, October 21, 1992.

3. F. Kronenberg, “Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Review of Physiology and Biosociocultural Perspective on Methods of Assessment,” Journal of Nutrition 140, no. 7 (2010): 1380s–1385s.

4. Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2007).

5. Там же, 244; Nancy Krieger et al., “Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cancer, Controversies, and Women’s Health: Historical, Epidemiological, Biological, Clinical, and Advocacy Perspectives,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59, no. 9 (2005): 740–748; A. Heyman et al., “Alzheimer’s Disease: A Study of Epidemiological Aspects,” Annals of Neurology 15, no. 4 (1984): 335–341; M. X. Tang et al., “Effect of Oestrogen During Menopause on Risk and Age at Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Lancet 348, no. 9025 (1996): 429–432.

6. Margaret Morganroth Gullette, “What, Menopause Again?” Ms, July 1993, 34; Nancy Fugate Woods, “Menopause: Models, Medicine, and Midlife,” Frontiers 19, no. 1 (1998): 5–19.

7. Доктор Роберт Фридман, интервью автора; Robert R. Freedman, “Biochemical, Metabolic, and Vascular Mechanisms in Menopausal Hot Flashes,” Fertility and Sterility 70, no. 2 (1998): 332–337, and “Menopausal Hot Flashes: Mechanisms, Endocrinology, Treatment,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 142 (2014): 115–120. См. также Denise Grady, “Hot Flashes: Exploring the Mystery of Women’s Thermal Chaos,” New York Times, September 5, 2002.

8. Kronenberg, “Menopausal Hot Flashes.”

9. Лорен Брент, интервью автора; Lauren Brent et al., “Ecological Knowledge, Leadership, and the Evolution of Menopause in Killer Whales,” editorial comment, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 70, no. 11 (2015): 701–702.

10. Наоми Рэнс, интервью автора; Naomi E. Rance et al., “Modulation of Body Temperature and LH Secretion by Hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) Neurons: A Novel Hypothesis on the Mechanism of Hot Flushes,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 34, no. 3 (2013): 211–227; N. E. Rance et al., “Postmenopausal Hypertrophy of Neurons Expressing the Estrogen Receptor Gene in the Human Hypothalamus,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 71, no. 1 (1990): 79–85.

11. N. E. Rance and W. S. Young III, “Hypertrophy and Increased Gene Expression of Neurons Containing Neurokinin-B and Substance-P Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in the Hypothalami of Postmenopausal Women,” Endocrinology 128, no. 5 (1991): 2239–2247. Обзор исследований Рэнс см. в статье Ty William Abel and Naomi Ellen Rance, “Stereologic Study of the Hypothalamic Infundibular Nucleus in Young and Older Women,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 424, no. 4 (2000): 679–688.

12. Channa Jayasena, “Neurokinin B Administration Induces Hot Flushes in Women,” Scientifi c Reports 5, no. 8466 (2015).

13. Julia K. Prague et al., “Neurokinin 3 Receptor Antagonism as a Novel Treatment for Menopausal Hot Flushes: A Phase 2, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Lancet 389, no. 10081 (May 2017): 1809–1820. Articles on the potential new nonhormone drug include Megan Cully, “Neurokinin 3 Receptor Antagonist Revival Heats Up with Astellas Acquisition,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 16, no. 6 (2017): 377.

14. Heyman et al., “Alzheimer’s Disease”; V. W. Henderson et al., “Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Older Women: Comparisons Between Alzheimer’s Disease Cases and Nondemented Control Subjects,” Archives of Neurology 51, no. 9 (1994): 896–900; Tang et al., “Effect of Oestrogen.”

15. Randall S. Stafford et al., “The Declining Impact of Race and Insurance Status on Hormone Replacement Therapy,” Menopause 5, no. 3 (1998): 140–144; Watkins, The Estrogen Elixir.

16. Kate M. Brett and Jennifer H. Madans, “Differences in Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy by Black and White Women,” Menopause 4, no. 2 (1997): 66–76.

17. Stafford et al., “The Declining Impact of Race and Insurance Status.”

18. Krieger et al., “Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cancer, Controversies, and Women’s Health.”

19. Robert Wilson, Feminine Forever (New York: Pocket Books, 1968), 52.

20. Krieger et al., “Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cancer, Controversies, and Women’s Health”; Judith Houck, Hot and Bothered: Women, Medicine, and Menopause in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

21. Krieger et al., “Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cancer, Controversies, and Women’s Health.”

22. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial, “Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/ Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 3 (1995): 199–208.

23. Meir J. Stampfer et al., “Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 325, no. 11 (1991): 756–762.

24. Watkins, The Estrogen Elixir.

25. R. D. Langer, “The Evidence Base for HRT: What Can We Believe?” Climacteric 20, no. 2 (2017): 91–96.

26. Доктор Джоанн Мэнсон, интервью автора.

27. Krieger et al., “Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cancer, Controversies, and Women’s Health.”

28. J. E. Manson et al. for the WHI Investigators, “Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specifi c Mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials,” Journal of the American Medical Association 318, no. 10 (2017): 927–938.

29. Lisa Rapaport, “Menopause Hormone Not Linked to Premature Death,” Reuters Health, September 12, 2017.

30. Nanette Santoro et al., “Compounded Bioidentical Hormones in Endocrinology Practice: An Endocrine Society Scientifi c Statement,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 101, no. 4 (2016): 1318–1343.

31. Cathr yn Jakobson Ramin, “The Hormone Hoax Thousands Fall For,” More, October 2013, 134–144, 156.

32. North American Menopause Society, “The 2017 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of the North American Menopause Society,” Menopause 24, no. 7 (2017): 728–753.

Джон Хоберман, профессор Техасского университета и автор книги Testosterone Dreams: Rejuvenation, Aphrodisia, Doping (California: University of California Press, 2005), очень помог мне с поиском информации для этой главы. Также я взяла интервью у нескольких экспертов в отрасли, которые занимаются как исследованиями, так и работой с пациентами: доктора Александра Пастушака; доктора Шалендера Бха си на, директора исследовательской программы мужского здоровья Бригхэмского женского госпиталя; доктора Джоэла Финкельштейна, профессора медицины Массачусетского главного госпиталя и Гарвардской школы медицины; доктора Марка Шенберга, профессора урологии Медицинского центра Монтефьоре и Медицинского колледжа им. Альберта Эйнштейна; доктора Элизабет Баррет-Коннор, профессора семейной медицины и здравоохранения Кали форнийского университета в Сан-Диего; доктора Фрэнка Лоу, профессора урологии Медицинского колледжа им. Альберта Эйнштейна; доктора Мартина Майнера, сопредседателя Центра мужского здоровья госпиталя Мири ам, Провиденс, штат Род-Айленд, и доцента семейной меди цины в Университете Брауна; доктора Майкла Вернера, медицинского директора клиники Мейз; доктора Томаса Перлса, директора Новоанглийского исследования столетних и профессора медицины Бостонского университета; доктора Пола Турека, уролога и основателя Turek Clinics; Гершеля Раффа, кандидата наук, профессора медицины, хирургии и физиологии и директора по эндокринным исследованиям Висконсинского медицинского колледжа; Элизабет Уилсон, профессора педиатрии, биохимии и биофизики Университета Северной Каролины; и доктора Джеймса Дюпре, доцента урологии из Мичиганского университета. Исторические данные позаимствованы из книги Arlene Weintraub, Selling the Fountain of Youth: How the Anti-Aging Industry Made a Disease Out of Getting Old – And Made Billions (New York: Basic Books: 2010).

1. Frank A. Beach, “Locks and Beagles,” American Psychologist 24 (1969): 971–989; Benjamin D. Sachs, “In Memoriam: Frank Ambrose Beach,” Psychobiology 16, no. 4 (1988): 312–314.

2. Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945), 107.

3. W. O. Thompson, “Uses and Abuses of the Male Sex Hormone,” Journal of the American Medical Association 132, no. 4 (1946): 185–187; Blakeslee, “Stimulant Found in Pituitary Powder.”

4. Beach, “Locks and Beagles.”

5. Andrea Busnelli et al., “‘Forever Young’—Testosterone Replacement Therapy: A Blockbuster Drug Despite Flabby Evidence and Broken Promises,” Human Reproduction 32, no. 4 (2017): 719–724.

6. Alvaro Morales, “The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application,” Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 4 (2013): 1178–1183.

7. T. F. Gallagher and Fred C. Koch, “The Testicular Hormone,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 84, no. 2 (1929): 495–500.

8. Claudia Dreifus, “A Conversation with – Anne Fausto-Sterling; Exploring What Makes Us Male or Female,” New York Times, January 2, 2001; Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body (New York: Basic Books, 2000).

9. “Science Finds Way to Produce Male Hormone Synthetically,” New York Herald Tribune, September 16, 1935; “Chemist Produces Potent Hormone,” New York Times, September 16, 1935; “Testosterone,” Time, September 23, 1935.

10. “Testosterone,” Time.

11. Sarita Metzger and Arthur L. Burnett, “Impact of Recent FDA Ruling on Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT),” Translational Andrology and Urology 5, no. 6 (2016): 921–926. Пример выпуска новостей: Julie Revelant, “10 Warning Signs of Low Testosterone Men Should Never Ignore,” Fox News Health, July 18, 2016, .

12. August Werner, “The Male Climacteric,” Journal of the American Medical Association 112, no. 15 (1939): 1441.

13. Доктор Джон Морли, интервью автора.

14. Stephen R. Braun, “Promoting ‘Low T’: A Medical Writer’s Perspective,” JAMA Internal Medicine 173, no. 15 (2013): 1458–1460.

15. Стивен Браун, интервью автора.

16. C. Lee Ventola, “Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: Therapeutic or Toxic?” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 36, no. 10 (2011): 669–684; Samantha Huo et al., “Treatment of Men for ‘Low Testosterone’: A Systematic Review,” PLOS ONE 11, no. 9 (2016): e0162480.

17. Hoberman, Testosterone Dreams, 120.

18. Metzger and Burnett, “Impact of Recent FDA Ruling.”

19. Shalender Bhasin et al., “Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men with Androgen Defi ciency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidline,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95, no. 6 (2010): 2536–2559; Frederick Wu et al., “Identifi cation of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 363, no. 2 (2010): 123–135; G. R. Dohle et al., “Guidelines on Male Hypogonadism,” European Association of Urology, 2014, .

20. Joseph Scott Gabrielsen et al., “Trends in Testosterone Prescription and Public Health Concerns,” Urologic Clinics of North America 43, no. 2 (2016): 261–271; Katherine Margo and Robert Winn, “Testosterone Treatments: Why, When, and How?” American Family Physician 73, no. 9 (2006): 1591–1598.

21. L. M. Schwartz and S. Woloshin, “Low ‘T’ as in ‘Template’: How to Sell Disease,” JAMA Internal Medicine 173, no. 15 (2013): 1460–1462.

22. W. J. Bremner et al., “Loss of Circadian Rhythmicity in Blood Testosterone Levels with Aging in Normal Men,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 56, no. 6 (1983): 1278–1281.

23. Fred Sattler et al., “Testosterone and Growth Hormone Improve Body Composition and Muscle Performance in Older Men,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94, no. 6 (2009): 1991–2001.

24. Доктор Александр Пастушак, интервью автора.

25. A. M. Matsumoto, “Effects of Chronic Testosterone Administration in Normal Men: Safety and Effi cacy of High Dosage Testosterone and Parallel Dose-Dependent Suppression of Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Sperm Production,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70, no. 1 (1990): 282–287.

26. L. Frederiksen et al., “Testosterone Therapy Decreases Subcutaneous Fat and Adiponectin in Aging Men,” European Journal of Endocrinology 166 (2012): 469–476.

27. Shehzad Basaria et al., “Adverse Events Associated with Testosterone Administration,” New England Journal of Medicine 363, no. 2 (2010): 109–122; S. Basaria et al., “Effects of Testosterone Administration for 3 Years on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Older Men with Low or Low-Normal Testosterone Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 314, no. 6 (2015): 570–581.

28. P. J. Snyder et al., “Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 7 (2016): 611–624.

29. Felicitas Buena et al., “Sexual Function Does Not Change when Serum Testosterone Levels Are Pharmacologically Varied within the Normal Male Range,” Fertility and Sterility 59, no. 5 (1993): 1118–1123; Christina Wang et al., “Transdermal Testosterone Gel Improves Sexual Function, Mood, Muscle Strength, and Body Composition Parameters in Hypogonadal Men,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85, no. 8 (2000): 2839–2853.

30. Доктор Шалендер Бхасин, интервью автора.

31. Darius Paduch et al., “Testosterone Replacement in Androgen-Defi cient Men With Ejaculatory Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100, no. 8 (2015): 2956–2962; Snyder et al., “Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men.”

32. S. M. Resnick et al., “Testosterone Treatment and Cognitive Function in Older Men With Low Testosterone and Age-Associated Memory Impairment,” Journal of the American Medical Association 317, no. 7 (2017): 717–727.

33. Partnership for the Accurate Testing of Hormones, “PATH Fact Sheet: The Importance of Accurate Hormone Tests,” Endocrine Society, Washington DC, 2017.

34. Доктор Мохит Кера, интервью автора. Mohit Khera et al., “Adult-Onset Hypogonadism,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 91, no. 7 (2016): 908–926. Mohit Khera, “Male Hormones and Men’s Quality of Life,” Current Opinion in Urology 26, no. 2 (2016): 152–157.

35. Joel S. Finkelstein et al., “Gonadal Steroids and Body Composition, Strength, and Sexual Function in Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 11 (2013): 1011–1022.

36. Eder, “The Birth of Gender,” 83.

37. Natasha Singer, “Selling That New-Man Feeling,” New York Times, November 23, 2013; Sky Chadde, “How the Low T Industry Is Cashing in on Dubious, and Perhaps Dangerous, Science,” Dallas Observer, November 12, 2014; Sarah Varney, “Testosterone, The Biggest Men’s Health Craze Since Viagra, May Be Risky,” Shots: Health News from NPR, April 28, 2014,

prescription-testosterone-the-biggest-men-s-health-craze-since-viagra-may-be-ris.

38. Рона Шварцберг, советник по образованию Американской академии антивозрастной медицины, интервью автора. .

39. Weintraub, Selling the Fountain of Youth.

40. Adriane Fugh-Berman, “Should Family Physicians Screen for Testosterone Defi ciency in Men?” American Family Physician 91, no. 4 (2015): 227–228; J. J. Heidelbaugh, “Should Family Physicians Screen for Testosterone Defi ciency in Men? Yes: screening for testosterone defi ciency is worthwhile for most older men,” American Family Physician 91, no. 4 (2015): 220–221.

41. Arlene Weintraub, “What’s Next For The Thousands Of Angry Men Suing Over Testosterone?” Forbes online, April 6, 2015, ; Arlene Weintraub, “AbbVie Challenges Fairness of Upcoming Testosterone Trials,” Forbes online, August 17, 2015, arleneweintraub/2015/08/17/abbvie-challenges-fairness-of-upcoming-testosterone-trials/&refURL=.com/&referrer; Arlene Weintraub, “Testosterone Suits Soar Past 2,500 As Legal Milestone Looms For AbbVie,” Forbes online, October 30, 2015, ; Arlene Weintraub, “Why All Those Testosterone Ads Constitute Disease Mongering,” Forbes online, March 24, 2015, .

42. Lisa Schencker, “AbbVie Must Pay $150 Million over Testosterone Drug, Jury Decides,” Chicago Tribune, July 24, 2017, .

43. Доктор Питер Клопфер, интервью автора.

Эта глава написана на основе интервью с доктором Питером Клопфером, почетным профессором биологии Университета Дюка; доктором Кортом Педерсеном, профессором психиатрии и нейробиологии Университета Северной Каролины; и доктором Робертом Фромке, до центом нейробиологии Нью-Йоркского университета, в чьей лаборатории я побывала. Доктор Гидеон Нейв, до цент маркетинга Уортоновской школы Пенсильванского университета, помог мне разобраться со статистикой. Док тор Стив Чанг, доцент психологии и нейробиологии Йельского университета, рассказал мне о своей работе с обезьянами и окситоцином; доктор Дженнифер Барц, доцент психологии Университета Макгилла, говорила со мной о связи окситоцина и аутизма. Также я взяла интервью у доктора Майкла Платта, профессора антропологии Пенсильванского университета, и доктора Джеймса Хайэма, главного исследователя репродуктивной экологии и эволюции приматов Нью-Йоркского университета.

1. John G. Simmons, “Henry Dale: Discovering the First Neurotransmitter,” chapter in Doctors and Discoveries: Lives that Created Today’s Medicine (Boston: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2002), 238–427.

2. H. O. Schild, “Dale and the Development of Pharmacology: Lecture given at Sir Henry Dale Centennial Symposium, Cambridge, 17–19 September 1975,” British Journal of Pharmacology 120, Suppl. 1 (1997): 504–508; .

3. Sir Henry Dale, “On Some Physiological Aspects of Ergot,” Journal of Physiology 34: 163–206.

4. Mavis Gunther, “The Posterior Pituitary and Labour,” letter to the editor, British Medical Journal 1948, no. 1: 567.

5. Peter H. Klopfer, “Mother Love: What Turns It On? Studies of Maternal Arousal and Attachment in Ungulates May Have Implications for Man,” American Scientist 59, no. 4 (1971): 404–407.

6. David Gubernick and Peter H. Klopfer, eds., Parental Care in Mammals (New York: Plenum Press, 1981).

7. Klopfer, “Mother Love.”

8. E. B. Keverne et al., “Vaginal Stimulation: An Important Determinant of Maternal Bonding in Sheep,” Science 219, no. 4580 (1983): 81–83.

9. M. L. Boccia et al., “Immunohistochemical Localization of Oxytocin Receptors in Human Brain,” Neuroscience 253 (2013): 155–164; Cort Pedersen et al., “Intranasal Oxytocin Blocks Alcohol Withdrawal in Human Subjects,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 37, no. 3 (2013): 484–489; Cort A. Pedersen, Oxytocin in Maternal, Sexual and Social Behaviors (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1992).

10. Доктор Корт Педерсен, интервью автора.

11. C. A. Pedersen et al., “Oxytocin Antiserum Delays Onset of Ovarian Steroid-Induced Maternal Behavior,” Neuropeptides 6 (1985): 175–182; E. van Leengoed, E. Kerker, and H. H. Swanson, “Inhibition of Postpartum Maternal Behavior in the Rat by Injecting an Oxytocin Antagonist into the Cerebral Ventricles,” Journal of Endocrinology 112 (1987): 275–282.

12. Pedersen, Oxytocin in Maternal, Sexual and Social Beha viors.

13. D. M. Witt et al., “Enhanced Social Interactions in Rats Following Chronic, Centrally Infused Oxytocin,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 43, no. 3 (1992): 855–861.

14. C. S. Carter and L. L. Getz, “Monogamy and the Prairie Vole,” Scientifi c American 268, no. 6 (1993): 100–106.

15. M. S. Carmichael et al., “Plasma Oxytocin Increases in the Human Sexual Response,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, no. 1 (1987): 27–31.

16. C. S. Carter, Hormones and Sexual Behavior (Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 1974).

17. A. S. McNeilly et al., “Release of Oxytocin and Prolactin in Response to Suckling,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 286, no. 6361 (1983): 257–259.

18. M. M. Kosfeld et al., “Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,” Nature 435, no. 7042 (2005): 673–676.

19. P. J. Zak, The Moral Molecule: How Trust Works (New York: Plume, 2012); V. Noot, 35 Tips for a Happy Brain: How to Boost Your Oxytocin, Dopamine, Endorphins, and Serotonin (CreateSpace, 2015).

20. Paul J. Zak, “Why Love Sometimes Sucks,” Huffi ngton Post, December 5, 2012, ngtonpost.com/ paul-j-zak/why-love-sometimes-sucks_b_1504253.html.

21. Ed Yong, “The Weak Science Behind the Wrongly Named Moral Molecule,” Atlantic, November 13, 2015.

22. Гидеон Нейв, интервью автора.

23. Hans Lisser to Dr. Cushing, July 19, 1921.

24. Michael Numan and Larry J. Young, “Neural Mechanisms of Mother – Infant Bonding and Pair Bonding: Similarities, Differences, and Broader Implications,” Hormones and Behavior 77 (2016): 98–112; Helen Shen, “The Hard Science of Oxytocin,” Nature 522, no. 7557 (2015): 410–412.

25. McNeilly et al., “Release of Oxytocin and Prolactin in Response to Suckling.”

26. B. J. Marlin et al., “Oxytocin Enables Maternal Behaviour by Balancing Cortical Inhibition,” Nature 520, no. 7548 (2015): 499–504; Shen, “The Hard Science of Oxytocin”; Marina Eliava et al., “A New Population of Parvocellular Oxytocin Neurons Controlling Magnocellular Neuron Activity and Infl ammatory Pain Processing,” Neuron 89, no. 6 (2016): 1291–1304.

27. Robert C. Liu, “Sensory Systems: The Yin and Yang of Cortical Oxytocin,” Nature 520, no. 7548 (2015): 444–445.

Эта глава основана на интервью с Мелом Уаймором; она обрела форму благодаря дискуссиям с другими трансгендерами. Также я взяла интервью у клиницистов, в том числе доктора Джошуа Сейфера, доктора Аниши Пател, доктора Сьюзен Булвер, доктора Лори Хендерсен и доктора Джека Тюрбена. Доктор Говард Джонс-младший и доктор Клод Мижон рассказали о ранних этапах истории терапии трансгендеров. Дополнительную информацию я нашла в кни ге Joanne Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004) и нескольких мемуарах: Jenny Boylan, She’s Not There: A Life in Two Genders (New York: Broadway Books, 2013); Amy Ellis Nutt, Becoming Nicole: The Transformation of an American Family (New York: Random House, 2015); Julia Serrano, Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press: 2007); Pagan Kennedy, The First Man-Made Man (New York: Bloomsbury, 2007); Christine Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography (New York: Bantam, 1968) и Andrew Solomon, “Transgender,” chapter 11 in Far From the Tree (New York: Scribner, 2012), 599–676.

1. Sari L. Reisner et al., “Global Health Burden and Needs of Transgender Populations: A Review,” Lancet 388, no. 10042 (2016): 412–436.

2. uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf.

3. В дополнение к книгам, упомянутым выше: Deirdre W. McCloskey, Crossing: A Memoir (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Max Wolf Valerio, The Testosterone Files (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press: 2006); Jamison Green, Becoming a Visible Man (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004). Документальные фильмы включают в себя в том числе Gender Revolution: A Journey with Katie Couric, National Geographic, 2017. Среди статей отмечу Rachel Rabkin Peachman, “Raising a Transgender Child,” New York Times Magazine, January 31, 2017, а также Hannah Rosin, “A Boy’s Life,” Atlantic, November 2008. См. также сериал «Очевидное», снятый Джилл Солоуэй.

4. Felix Abraham, “Genitalumwandlungen anzwei männlichen Transvestiten,” Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolitik 18 (1931): 223–226, описывает операции в Ин ституте сексуальной науки, основанном Магнусом Хирхфильдом и описанном в Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed. Историю о датском художнике Эйнаре Вегенере, ставшем женщиной по имени Лили Эльбе, пересказали в фильме «Девушка из Дании» (2015).

5. Wylie C. Hembree et al., “Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102, no. 11 (2017): 1–35.

6. New York Daily News, December 1, 1951.

7. Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen, 72.

8. “Surgery Makes Him a Woman,” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 1, 1952.

9. U. P., “My Dear, Did You Hear About My Operation?” Austin Statesman, December 2, 1952.

10. Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen, 218.

11. Dr. Harry Benjamin, The Transsexual Phenomenon (New York: Julian Press, 1966).

12. Harry Benjamin, introduction to Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen, Х.

13. См. главу 7.

14. Доктор Лори Хендерсен и доктор Джошуа Сейфер, интервью автора. См. также Margaret M. McCarthy and A. P. Arnold, “Reframing Sexual Differentiation of the Brain,” Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (2011): 677–683; S. A. Berenbaum and A. M. Beltz, “Sexual Differentiation of Human Behavior: Effects of Prenatal and Pubertal Organizational Hormones,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32, no. 2 (2011): 183–200; I. Savic, A. Garcia-Falgueras, and D. F. Swaab, “Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain in Relation to Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation,” Progress in Brain Research 186 (2010): 41–62; and Elke Stefanie Smith et al., “The Transsexual Brain: A Review of Findings on the Neural Basis of Transsexualism,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 59 (2015): 251–266.

15. Charles Phoenix et al., “Organizing Action of Prenatally Administered Testosterone Propionate on the Tissues Mediating Mating Behavior in the Female Guinea Pig,” Endocrinology 65 (1959): 369–382, reprinted in Hormonal Behavior 55, no. 5 (2009): 566.

16. Доктор Лесли Хендерсон, интервью автора.

17. Подробный современный обзор см. в Margaret M. McCarthy, “Multifaceted Origins of Sex Differences in the Brain,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371, no. 1688 (2016).

18. Доктор Джошуа Сейфер, интервью автора.

19. Там же. О влиянии гормонального лечения на серотониновые рецепторы, которые, возможно, влияют на депресию, см. G. S. Kranz et al., “High-Dose Testosterone Treatment Increases Serotonin Transporter Binding in Transgender People,” Biological Psychiatry 78, no. 8 (2015): 525–533. О воздействии гормональной терапии на пациентов-трансгендеров см. Cécile A. Unger, “Hormone Therapy for Transgender Patients,” Translational Andrology and Urology 5, no. 6 (2016): 877–884.

20. Hembree et al., “Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons.”

21. Там же; Ann P. Haas, PhD, et al., “Suicide Attempts Among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults,” Williams Institute, .

Эта глава основана на обширных интервью с Карен Снизек и интервью с доктором Рудольфом Лейбелом, профессором педиатрии и медицины в Институте человеческого питания, Колледж врачей и хирургов Колумбийского университета; доктором Джеффри Фридманом, директором Центра человеческой генетики им. Старра Рокфеллеровского университета; и сэром Стивеном О’Рейли, профессором кли нической биохимии и медицины Кембриджского университета, и его коллегой Садафом Фаруки, специалистом по обмену веществ и медицине, которые находятся на переднем крае разработки лекарств. Также я взяла интервью у доктора Джеральда Шульмана, профессора клеточной и молекулярной физиологии Йельского университета; доктора Фрэнка Гринуэя, медицинского директора амбулаторной клиники Pennington Biomedical Research в Батон-Руже, штат Луизиана; и доктора Дженнифер Миллер из Флоридского университета.

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3. Ellen Rupell Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Epidemic (New York: Grove Press, 2002); “Douglas Coleman: Obituary,” Daily Telegraph, April 17, 2014.

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8. Доктор Руди Лейбел, интервью автора.

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14. Ilseung Cho and Martin J. Blaser, “The Human Microbiome: At the Interface of Health and Disease,” Nature Reviews Genetics 13, no. 4 (2012): 260–270; Torsten P. M. Scheithauer et al., “Causality of Small and Large Intestinal Microbiota in Weight Regulation and Insulin Resistance,” Molecular Metabolism 5, no. 9 (2016): 759–770.

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17. Valentina Tremaroli et al., “Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation,” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 2 (2015): 228–238.

18. Wendee Holtcamp, “Obesogens: An Environmental Link to Obesity,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 2 (2012): a62–a68; David Epstein, “Do These Chemicals Make Me Look Fat?” ProPublica, October 11, 2013; Jerrold Heindel, “Endocrine Disruptors and the Obesity Epidemic,” Toxicological Sciences 76, no. 2 (2003): 247–249.

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