Примечания
1. Древние карты неба
1. Детальное описание исследования Лейарда от первого лица можно найти в: Austen Henry Layard, A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh (New York: Derby, 1854). Кстати, 40 000 клинописных таблиц хранятся в Йельской Вавилонской коллекции.
2. Kenneth R. Lang, The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System (Cambridge: London, 2011), 410–20. Более детальное описание Вавилонской астрономии, астрологии и космологии можно найти в: Thorkild Jacobsen, «Enuma Elish — ‘The Babylonian Genesis,’» in Theories of the Universe: From Babylonian Myth to Modern Science, ed. Milton K. Munitz (New York: Free Press, 1965), 8–21. Более подробные примеры см. в моем эссе: «Revelations from Outer Space», New York Review of Books, May 21, 2015,
3. «Astrology in Babylonia», in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 2nd ed., ed. Helaine Selin (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2002), 251.
4. Carlo Rovelli, The First Scientist: Anaximander and His Legacy (Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2011), 57–60, 104. Additional information on the Milesians can be found in F. M. Cornford, «Pattern of Ionian Cosmogony», in Munitz, Theories of the Universe, 21–31; and G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven, and M. Schofield, eds., The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 76–142.
5. John Vardalas, «A History of the Magnetic Compass», Institute, member newspaper of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, November 8, 2013, . John Huth’s recent The Lost Art of Finding Our Way (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).
6. R. C. Taliaferro приводит перевод Альмагеста в Great Books of the Western World, vol. 16 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952). Обзор космологии древних греков начиная от Птолемея см. в: F. M. Cornford, Plato’s Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato (New York: Humanities Press, 1937); and of W. K. C. Guthrie, Aristotle: On the Heavens,Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939).
7. Ali Abdullah al-Daffa, The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics (London: Croom, 1977).
8. Petra G. Schmidl, «Two Early Arabic Sources on the Magnetic Compass», Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 1 (1997–98): 85.
9. Catalan Atlas and by Andreas Cellarius, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, and Bernard Picart — are included in Michael Benson’s comprehensive compendium of images Cosmigraphics: Picturing Space Through Time (New York: Abrams, 2014), which I reviewed in «Revelations from Outer Space».
10. Owen Gingerich, The Book Nobody Read (New York: Penguin, 2005), 146.
11. В действительности Аристарху (310–230 до н. э.) приписывают открытие гелиоцентрической модели. Хотя его работа не сохранилась, на нее ссылается Архимед в своих вычислениях.
12. Gingerich, Book Nobody Read, 170–85.
13. Детали плодотворного сотрудничества Браге и Кеплера можно найти в: Kitty Ferguson’s Tycho and Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership That Forever Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens (New York: Walker, 2002).
2. Границы отодвигаются
1. Walter B. Clausen, Associated Press release, February 4, 1931, цит. по: Gale E. Christianson, Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1995), 210.
2. Jordan Holliday, «Before Revolutionizing Astronomy, Hubble Helped Rewrite Record Books», Chicago Maroon, April 10, 2009, ; Alan Lightman, The Discoveries: Great Breakthroughs in 20th-Century Science, Including the Original Papers (New York: Pantheon, 2005), 230; Marcia Bartusiak, The Day We Found the Universe (New York: Vintage, 2009), 170; and «Rhodes Scholars: Complete List, 1903–2015», . Bartusiak, Archives of the Universe: 100 Discoveries That Transformed Our Understanding of the Cosmos (New York: Vintage, 2004), 414–24.
3. Bartusiak, Day We Found the Universe, 174; and Christianson, Edwin Hubble, 86–87.
4. Aristotle, On the Heavens, book 1, chapter 3, translated by W. K. C. Guthrie, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 25. Неподвижные звезды имеют параллакс, который представляет собой изменение видимого положения, вызванное орбитальным движением Земли. Этот эффект достаточно мал, и его не могли заметить до наших дней. С его помощью можно найти расстояние до ближайших звезд.
5. Liber Hermetis, Part I, translated by Robert Zoller, edited by Robert Hand (Berkeley Springs, WV: Golden Hind, 1993).
6. Шекспир У. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. 8. — М.: Искусство, 1960.
7. Percy Bysshe Shelley, Queen Mab; a Philosophical Poem (New York: William Baldwin, 1821), 46.
8. Robert Mitchell, «‘Here Is Thy Fitting Temple’: Science, Technology and Fiction in Shelley’s Queen Mab», in «Romanticism on the Net», special issue, Romanticism and Science Fiction 21 (February 2001):
9. Эйнштейн А. Собрание научных трудов в четырех томах. — М.: Наука, 1965–1967.
10. Позже Эйнштейн утверждал, что космологическая константа была его «самой большой ошибкой». См.: Mario Livio, Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein — Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013), 233.
11. Lightman, Discoveries, 230–32.
12. Georges Lemaître, «Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques», Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles 47A (1927): 49–59, translated as «A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-galactic Nebulae», Monthly Notices of the Astronomical Society 91 (1931): 483–90, quote on 489.
13. Charles Darwin to W. D. Fox, February 15, 1851, available at Darwin Correspondence Project, accessed August 12, 2014,
14. Immanuel Kant, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (Königsberg: Petersen, 1755), part 1, translated by Hubble himself in his Realm of the Nebulae (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 23–25.
15. Hubble, Realm of the Nebulae, 23.
16. Barbara L. Welther, «Pickering’s Harem», Isis 73 (1982): 94.
17. Lightman, Discoveries, 111–26; and Henrietta Leavitt, «Periods of 25 Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud», article signed by Edward C. Pickering, Harvard College Observatory Circular 173 (March 3, 1912): 3.
18. Harlow Shapley, «Globular Clusters and the Structure of the Galactic System», Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 30, no. 173 (1918): 42–54.
19. Robert W. Smith, «Edwin P. Hubble and the Transformation of Cosmology», Physics Today, April 1990, 52–58.
20. Bartusiak, Day We Found the Universe, 169–250; and Lightman, Discoveries, 236–40. Hubble’s account of his research work is in his Realm of the Nebulae.
21. Световой год — это расстояние, которое проходит свет за год со скоростью примерно 300 000 км/с, приблизительно соответствует расстоянию в 9,7 трлн км.
22. Hubble, Realm of the Nebulae, 23.
23. Smith, «Edwin P. Hubble», 57.
24. George W. Gray, «Invisible Stuff», Atlantic Monthly, July 1931, 47–56.
25. James Stokley, «Eddington Pictures Expanding Universe», New York Times, September 7, 1932, available at
26. Edwin Hubble, «Effects of Red Shifts on the Distribution of Nebulae», Astrophysical Journal 84 (1936): 517–54, quote on 517.
27. Cormac O’Raifeartaigh, Brendan McCann, Werner Nahm, and Simon Mitton, «Einstein’s Steady State Theory: An Abandoned Model of the Cosmos», accepted for publication in European Physics Journal H, last revised May 22, 2014,
28. Fred Hoyle, BBC radio broadcast, March 28, 1949, reprinted in Listener 41 (April 7, 1949): 568. See
29. Fred Hoyle, «Steady State Cosmology Revisited», in Cosmology and Astrophysics: Essays in Honor of Thomas Gold, ed. Yervant Terzian and Elizabeth M. Bilson (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), 51.
30. Helge Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
3. Черная сердцевина
1. Rumiko Takahashi, Inuyasha, originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday from 1996 to 2008. Miroku also appears in season 1, episode 16 of the Inuyasha anime, which first aired on February 19, 2001. See also Rupert W. Anderson, The Cosmic Compendium: Black Holes (self-published through Lulu.com, 2015), 57.
2. Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 8th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 185; J. H. Little, «The Black Hole — the Question of Holwell’s Veracity», in Bengal, Past and Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society 12 (1916), part 1, serial 23: 32–42, 136–71; and «Only One Topic in Paris», New York Times, May 29, 1887, accessed September 15, 2015, .
3. Edgar A. Poe, «The Premature Burial», Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper, July 31, 1844, available at
4. Бартусяк в деталях исследовал этот вопрос в: Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled On by HawkingBecame Loved (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), глава 7.
5. Michael Sanderson, Education, Economic Change and Society in England 1780–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 40.
6. «Case Study: John Michell and Black Holes», excerpt from Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge, ed. Steven Soter and Neil deGrasse Tyson (New York: New Press, 2000), на сайте Американского музея национальной истории:
7. John Michell, «On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, andc. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should Be Found to Take Place in Any of Them, and Such Other Data Should Be Procured from Observations, as Would Be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S»., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 74 (1784): 35–57; and Charles Coulston Gillispie, Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: A Life in Exact Science, with the collaboration of Robert Fox and Ivor Grattan-Guinness (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 175.
8. A. Einstein, «Ist die Tragheit eines Korpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhangig?» [Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?], Annalen der Physik, 4th ser., vol. 18 (1905): 639–41; and Einstein, «Erklarung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie» [Explanation of the perihelion motion of Mercury from the general theory of relativity], Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2 (November 18, 1915): 831–39.
9. Mitchell Begelman and Martin Rees, Gravity’s Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), это полное введение в теорию черных дыр с большим количеством иллюстраций и диаграмм.
10. Einstein, «Tragheit eines Korpers».
11. Michael White and John Gribbin, Einstein: A Life in Science (London: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 115–16; and Frank Watson Dyson, Arthur Stanley Eddington, and Charles Davidson, «A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of 29 May 1919», Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 220A (1920): 291–333.
12. A. Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, translated by Robert W. Lawson, introduction by Roger Penrose (New York: Pi, 2005); and Mario Livio, Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein — Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013), 269. I discuss more generally the provisional nature of science, for instance how new theories displace older ones, in my review essay «What Scientists Really Do», New York Review of Books, October 23, 2014,
13. Karl Schwarzschild, «Uber das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie», Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 (1916): 189–96, translated by Salvatore Antoci and Angelo Loinger as «On the Gravitational Field of a Mass Point According to Einstein’s Theory», submitted May 12, 1999, ; and Roy P. Kerr, «Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics», Physical Review Letters 11, no. 5 (1963): 237.
14. The conflict between Chandra and Eddington is described in Kameshwar C. Wali, Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 123–46. Arthur I. Miller’s Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005) is entirely about the controversy surrounding black holes.
15. Miller, Empire of the Stars, 3–15, 96–119, 135.
16. Ibid., 125–50.
17. Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, translated by F. Gaynor (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 33–34.
18. 1 нанометр — 1 миллиардная часть метра, или 10–9 м.
19. «Riccardo Giacconi — Facts», fact sheet for the Nobel Prize in Physics 2002,
4. Невидимая решетка
1. Richard Panek, The 4 % Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality (New York: Mariner Books, 2011), chapters 1–6.
2. For Fraunhofer’s biography see T. Hockey, ed., The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Heidelberg: Springer, 2009), 388.
3. American Institute of Physics, «Spectroscopy and the Birth of Astrophysics», Center for History of Physics,
4. F. Zwicky, «Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln» [The redshift of extragalactic nebulae], translated by Friedemann Brauer, Helvetica Physica Acta 6 (1933): 110–27. For these translations, I have relied on Sidney van den Bergh, «The Early History of Dark Matter», Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111, no. 760 (June 1999): 657.
5. Sinclair Smith, «The Mass of the Virgo Cluster», Astrophysical Journal 83 (1936): 23–31.
6. Tricia Close, «Lunatic on a Mountain: Fritz Zwicky and the Early History of Dark Matter» (master’s thesis, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 2001), . PDF
7. «Kent Ford & Vera Rubin’s Image Tube Spectrograph Named in Smithsonian’s ‘101 Objects That Made America,’» Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, ; and Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 70.
8. Dark matter particles — whatever they may be — are expected to move at low speeds and are hence referred to as cold.
9. Jon Agar, Science in the Twentieth Century — and Beyond (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), 164.
10. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince, translated by Katherine Woods (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1943), 48; and John F. Fulton, «Robert Boyle and His Influence on Thought in the Seventeenth Century», Isis 18, no. 1 (July 1932): 77–102.
11. Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley, «On the Relative Motion of the Earth and of the Luminiferous Ether», Sidereal Messenger 6 (1887): 306–10. Михельсон получил Нобелевскую премию по физике в 1907 г. за разработку интерферометра.
12. F. Zwicky, Morphological Astronomy (Berlin: Springer, 1957), 132. См. также: J. R. Bond and A. S. Szalay introduced its modern usage referring to cold, collisionless particles into the literature in «The Collisionless Damping of Density Fluctuations in an Expanding Universe», Astrophysical Journal 274 (1983): 443–68.
13. F. Zwicky, «On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae», Astrophysical Journal 86, no. 3 (1937): 237.
14. G. Soucail, «The Giant Luminous Arc in the Centre of the A 37 °Cluster of Galaxies», ESO Messenger 48 (June 1987): 43–44, available at
15. J. H. Oort, «Some Problems Concerning the Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System and the Elliptical Nebulae NGC 3115 and 4494», Astrophysical Journal 91 (1940): 273.
16. F. D. Kahn and L. Woltjer, «Intergalactic Matter and the Galaxy», Astrophysical Journal 130 (1959): 705–17.
17. A. Wilson, «Zwicky: Humanist and Philosopher», Engineering and Science 37 (March — April 1974): 18.
18. Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 18.
19. V. Rubin, K. Ford, and J. Rubin, «A Curious Distribution of Radial Velocities of ScI Galaxies with 14.0 ≤ M ≤ 15.0», Astrophysical Journal Letters 183 (1973): L111.
20. Интервью см.: Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, . Richard Panek describes Rubin’s work and contributions in detail in 4 % Universe, 25–53; см. также Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer, Origins: The Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 291.
21. M. S. Roberts and R. N. Whitehurst, «The Rotation Curve and Geometry of M31 at Large Galactocentric Distances», Astrophysical Journal 201 (1975): 327–46.
22. J. Ostriker and J. P. E. Peebles, «A Numerical Study of the Stability of Flattened Galaxies: or, Can Cold Galaxies Survive?» Astrophysical Journal 186 (1973): 467.
23. J. Ostriker, J. P. E. Peebles, and A. Yahil, «The Size and Mass of Galaxies, and the Mass of the Universe», Astrophysical Journal Letters 193 (1974): L1; and Agris J. Kalnajs, «Halos and Disk Stability», in Dark Matter in the Universe: Proceedings of the 117th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, ed. J. Kormendy and G. R. Knapp (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1987), 289–99.
24. Virginia Trimble, «History of Dark Matter in Galaxies», in Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, ed. Terry D. Oswalt, vol. 5, Galactic Structure and Stellar Populations, ed. Gerry Gilmore (New York: Springer, 2013), 1091–118.
25. George R. Blumenthal, S. M. Faber, Joel R. Primack, and Martin J. Rees, «Formation of Galaxies and Large-Scale Structure with Cold Dark Matter», Nature 311 (1984): 517; and S. D. M. White, C. S. Frenk, and M. Davis, «Clustering in a Neutrino-Dominated Universe», Astrophysical Journal Letters 274 (1983): L1; Vera Rubin, «The Rotation of Spiral Galaxies», Science 220 (June 24, 1983): 1344.
26. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
27. Richard Holmes, The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science (New York: Vintage, 2010) 60–125.
28. A. Einstein, «Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie» [The foundation of the general theory of relativity], Annalen der Physik 49, no. 7 (1916): 769–822.
29. Arrigo Finzi, «On the Validity of Newton’s Law at a Long Distance», communicated by F. A. E. Pirani, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 127 (1963): 28, 30.
30. Jacob Bekenstein and Mordehai Milgrom, «Does the Missing Mass Problem Signal the Breakdown of Newtonian Gravity?» Astrophysical Journal 286 (1984): 7–14; and Milgrom, «Does Dark Matter Really Exist?» Scientific merican, August 2002, 42.
31. Jean-Paul Kneib and Priyamvada Natarajan, «Cluster Lenses», Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 19 (2011): article 47.
5. Меняем масштабы
1. H. G. Wells, The First Men in the Moon (London: Newnes, 1901).
2. Roger Babson, «Gravity — Our Enemy Number One», reprinted in H. Collins, Gravity’s Shadow: The Search for Gravitational Waves (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 828–29; cписок лауреатов премии Фонда можно найти на сайте
3. Richard Panek, The 4 % Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality (New York: Mariner Books, 2011), xv; книга содержит детальное описание поисков сверхновых и открытия темной энергии.
4. Edward N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. «New ton’s Philosophy», by Andrew Janiak, last revised May 6, 2014, ; and Panek, 4 % Universe, 60
5. Panek, 4 % Universe, 60; and Isaac Newton to Richard Bentley, February 25, 1692, THEM00258, 189. R.4.47, fols. 7–8, Newton Project, Trinity College Library, Cambridge, U. K., доступно с 15 сентября 2015, . Латинский текст и английские переводы в главных изданиях приводятся на сайте , part of the Newton Project Canada. См. также книги: Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1687); and Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica: The Third Edition,1726, with Variant Readings, ed. A. Koyre and I. B. Cohen с участием A. Whitman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972).
6. W. Baade, «The Absolute Photographic Magnitude of Supernovae», Astrophysical Journal 88 (1938): 285–304.
7. A. S. Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Relativity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923) 119–46, 152–61; and Eddington, The Expanding Universe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), 102.
8. A. Einstein and W. de Sitter, «On the Relation Between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18 (1932): 213.
9. Более подробно с проблемой всех измеряемых космологических параметров можно ознакомиться в книге: Рис М. Всего шесть чисел. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2018. Гл. 6, 7.
10. Allan Sandage, «The Ability of the 200-Inch Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models», Astrophysical Journal 133 (1961): 389.
11. Отношение Киршнера к проблеме открытия темной энергии изложено в его книге The Extravagant Universe: Exploding Stars, Dark Energy and the Accelerating Cosmos (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 158–262.
12. Panek, 4 % Universe, 71.
13. S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, M. Della Valle, S. Deustua, R. S. Ellis, S. Fabbro, A. Fruchter, et al., «Discovery of a Supernova Explosion at Half the Age of the Universe», Nature 391 (1998): 51.
14. A. G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, P. Challis, A. Clocchiatti, A. Diercks, P. M. Garnavich, R. L. Gilliland, et al., «Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant», Astronomical Journal 116, no. 3 (1998): 1009–38.
15. Panek, 4 % Universe, 158–59.
16. James Glanz, «Exploding Stars Point to a Universal Repulsive Force», Science 279, no. 5351 (January 30, 1998): 651–52, available at
17. Panek, 4 % Universe, 163; Marcia Bartusiak, Archives of the Universe: 100 Discoveries That Transformed Our Understanding of the Cosmos (New York: Vintage, 2004), 608–11.
18. Peter L. Galison, «Introduction: The Many Faces of Big Science», in Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research, ed. Galison and Bruce Hevly (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 1; and W. K. H. Panofsky, «SLAC and Big Science: Stanford University», in ibid., 145.
6. Следующий рубеж
1. Отчет Джона Мазера о запуске спутника СОВЕ приводится в книге Mather and John Boslough, The Very First Light: The True Inside Story of the Scientific Journey Back to the Dawn of the Universe (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 3–9; название «Satellite in Love» связано с популярной песней певца Лу Рида из его альбома Transformer (1972)
2. Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan’s Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe (New York: Harper Collins, 2004); and Mather and Boslough, Very First Light, 255–63.
3. Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 239; and Helge Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 123–34.
4. G. Lemaitre, «L’expansion de l’espace», Revue des questions scientifiques 20 (November 1931): 391–410, translated by Betty H. Korff and Serge A. Korff in The Primeval Atom: An Essay on Cosmogony (New York: Van Nostrand, 1950), quote on 78–79; and Lemaitre, «The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory», Nature 127, no. 3210 (1931): 706. See also Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy, 22–60.
5. Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy, 81–101; Mather and Boslough, Very First Light, 28.
6. О первых результатах Ральфа А. Альфера и Роберта Германа можно прочитать в статье «Evolution of the Universe», Nature 162, no. 4124 (1948): 774–75, а также в книге Mather and Boslough, Very First Light, 42–43.
7. P. J. E. Peebles, «Discovery of the Hot Big Bang: What Happened in 1948», European Physical Journal H 39, no. 2 (2014): 205–23; Mather and Boslough, Very First Light, где в главах 1–6 живо описываются детали истории открытия реликтового излучения, включая анализ причин, по которым вклад Альфера, Германа и Гамова оказался недостаточно оцененным (я согласна с его выводами).
8. Mather and Boslough, Very First Light, 44; and R. H. Dicke, R. Beringer, R. L. Kyle, and A. B. Vane, «Atmospheric Absorption Measurements with a Microwave Radiometer», Physical Review 70 (1946): 340–48.
9. Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy, 133–34.
10. George Gamow, The Creation of the Universe (New York: Dover Science Books, 1952; reissue, 2004), chapters 2–4.
11. Alan Lightman, The Discoveries: Great Breakthroughs in 20th-Century Science, Including the Original Papers (New York: Pantheon, 2005), 411.
12. R. H. Dicke, P. J. E. Peebles, P. G. Roll, and D. T. Wilkinson, «Cosmic Black-Body Radiation», Astrophysical Journal 142 (1965): 416.
13. Marcia Bartusiak, Archives of the Universe: 100 Discoveries That Transformed Our Understanding of the Cosmos (New York: Vintage, 2004), 508.
14. Интервью, данное Ральфом Альфером и Робертом Германом Мартину Харвиту 12 августа 1983 года, Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, 78. ; см. также Mather and Boslough, Very First Light, 39–49, 61–62.
15. Цитирую по данным National Medal of Science citation for Ralph A. Alpher, National Science Foundation, accessed August 25, 2014,
16. Детали можно найти в работе R. H. Dicke, «The Measurement of Thermal Radiation at Microwave Frequencies», Review of Scientific Instruments 17, no.7 (1946): 268–75.
17. John Noble Wilford, «Scientists Report Profound Insight on How Time Began», New York Times, April 24, 1992; see also R. C. Smith, «Essay Review: The Significance of COBE», Contemporary Physics 35, no. 3 (1994): 213–15.
18. Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 46, 830.
19. Дальнейшее описание «Саги программы BICEP» можно найти в книге Priyamvada Natarajan and Ravi Sankrit, «Ringside Seat at the Cutting Edge of Science»,YaleGlobal Online, June 12, 2014,
7. Новая реальность и поиски иных миров
1. Запущенный 6 марта 2009 г. спутник НАСА, названный «Кеплер», оказался первым космическим аппаратом, специально спроектированным для поиска экзопланет. К настоящему времени его аппаратурой зарегистрировано более 4000 представляющих интерес объектов.
2. Рис М. Всего шесть чисел. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2018. Гл. 1, 2.
3. Там же. Гл. 3.
4. Любители и знатоки классической культовой книги Douglas Addams. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy знают, что число 42 в книге — это ответы на высшие вопросы о Жизни, Вселенной и вообще обо всем на свете.
5. W. R. Stoeger, G. F. R. Ellis, and U. Kirchner, «Multiverses and Cosmology: Philosophical Issues», preprint, last revised January 19, 2006,
6. Тит Лукреций Кар. О природе вещей. — М.: Художественная литература, 1983.
7. По мнению Бертрана Рассела, вся западная философия начинается с Фалеса Милетского. См.: Рассел Б. История западной философии. — М.: АСТ, 2017.
8. Ayman Shihadeh, «From al-Ghazali to al-Razi: 6th/12th Century Developments in Muslim Philosophical Theology», Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 15 (2005): 141–79.
9. J. T. Fraser, Of Time, Passion, and Knowledge: Reflections on the Strategy of Existence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 32.
10. Bernard de Bovier de Fontenelle, Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, translated by Elizabeth Gunning (London, 1803), 110.
11. Camille Flammarion, Lumen, translated by A. A. M. and R. M. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1897), доступно на сайте ; см. также книгу Mark Brade, Alien Life Imagined: Communicating the Science and Culture of Astrobiology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 194, 195.
12. Emily Swanson, «Alien Poll Finds Half of Americans Think Extraterrestrial Life Exists», Huffington Post, updated July 29, 2013,
13. Steven J. Dick, Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 193–95; and George Gaylord Simpson, «The Nonprevalence of Humanoids», Science 143, no. 3608 (February 21, 1964): 769–75.
14. Dennis Overbye, «Far-Off Planets like the Earth Dot the Galaxy», New York Times, November 5, 2013; Doyle Rice, «Earthshaking News: There May Be Other Planets like Ours», USA Today, November 4, 2013; and Martin Rees, «Are We Alone in the Universe? We’ll Know Soon», Guardian, September 16, 2012.
15. «Fermi Paradox», SETI Institute, ; Michael Hart, «An Explanation for the Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth», Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 16, no. 2 (1975): 135.
16. Интервью Стивена Джей Гулда Academy of Achievement, June 28, 1991, ; and Theodosius Dobzhansky, «Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution», American Biology Teacher 35, no. 3 (1973): 125–29.
17. Последние данные представлены на странице: Кеплер НАСА Ames Research Center,
18. Информация о проекте «Events», Breakthrough Initiatives, c 22 сентября 2015 года доступна на сайте ; and Rachel Feltman, «Stephen Hawking announces $100 million hunt for alien life», Speaking of Science (blog), Washington Post, July 20, 2015,
