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Eric Auchard, “Google to Shut Down News Site in Spain over Copyright Fees,” Reuters, December 11, 2014, .
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WhatsApp, “One Billion,” WhatsApp (blog), February 1, 2016, .
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“WhatsApp Reaches a Billion Monthly Users,” BBC News, February 1, 2016, .
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Важнейшие работы были сделаны Джо Фарреллом и Гартом Салонером (например, Joseph Farrell and Garth Saloner, “Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation,” Rand Journal of Economics 16, no. 1 [Spring 1985], 70–83, ) и Майклом Кацем и Карлом Шапиро (Michael Katz and Carl Shapiro, “Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility,” American Economic Review 75, no. 3 [June 1985]: 424–40, ).