Manning. Slavery and African Life; Patrick Manning. The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System // The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe / eds. Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman. London: Duke University Press, 1992. P. 117–128; Patrick Manning and W. S. Griffiths. Divining the Unprovable: Simulating the Demography of African Slavery // Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1988. № 19. P. 177–201.