R. Thomson, ‘The Eastern Mediterranean in the Thirteenth Century: Identities and Allegiances. The Peripheries; Armenia’, in Herrin and Saint-Gobain, Identities and Allegiances, рр. 202–204.

J.-L. van Dieten, ‘Das Lateinische Kaiserreich von Konstantinopel und die Verhandlungen über kirchliche Wiedervereinigung’, in V. van Aalst and K. Ciggaar (eds), The Latin Empire: Some Contributions (Hernen, 1990), рр. 93–125.

Wiliam of Rubruck, Mission of Friar William, 33, р. 227.

George Pachymeres, Chronicon, ed. and tr. A. Faillier, Relations historiques, 2 vols (Paris, 1984), 2, рр. 108–109; J. Langdon, ‘Byzantium’s Initial Encounter with the Chinggisids: An Introduction to the Byzantino-Mongolica’, Viator 29 (1998), рр. 130–133.

Abdallāh b. Faḍlallāh Waṣṣāf, Tarjiyat al-amṣār wa-tajziyat al-aʿṣār, in Spuler, History of the Mongols, рр. 120–121.

Allsen, Commodity and Exchange, рр. 28–29.

J. Richard, ‘Une Ambassade mongole à Paris en 1262’, Journal des Savants 4 (1979), рр. 295–303; Jackson, Mongols and the West, р. 123.

N. Nobutaka, ‘The Rank and Status of Military Refugees in the Mamluk Army: A Reconsideration of the Wāfidīyah’, Mamluk Studies Review 10.1 (2006), рр. 55–81; R. Amitai-Preiss, ‘The Remaking of the Military Elite of Mamluk Egypt by al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn’, Studia Islamica 72 (1990), рр. 148–150.

Р. Jackson, ‘The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260’, English Historical Review 95 (1980), рр. 481–513.

R. Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281 (Cambridge, 1995).

Jūzjānī, Tabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirī, tr. H. Raverty, A general history of the Muhammadan dynasties of Asia, including Hindūstān, from 810 A.D. to 1260 A.D., and the irruption of the infidel Mugẖ̱als into Islam (Calcutta, 1881), 23.3–4, рр. 1104, 1144–1145.

L. Lockhart, ‘The Relations between Edward I and Edward II of England and the Mongol Il-Khans of Persia’, Iran 6 (1968), 23. О экспедиции – C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (London, 1988), рр. 124–132.

W. Budge, The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China (London, 1928), рр. 186–187.

S. Schein, ‘Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300: The Genesis of a Non-Event’, English Historical Review 94.272 (1979), рр. 805–819.

R. Amitai, ‘Whither the Ilkhanid Army? Ghazan’s First Campaign into Syria (1299–1300)’, in di Cosmo, Warfare in Inner Asian History, рр. 221–264.

Стихотворение Уильяма Блейка «Иерусалим». Легенды об Иосифе Аримафейском, посетившем Британские острова, распространились в Англии со времен Средневековья, W. Lyons, Joseph of Arimathea: A Study in Reception History (Oxford, 2014), рр. 72–104.

S. Karpov, ‘The Grain Trade in the Southern Black Sea Region: The Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century’, Mediterranean Historical Review 8.1 (1993), рр. 55–73.

A. Ehrenkreutz, ‘Strategic Implications of the Slave Trade between Genoa and Mamluk Egypt in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century’, in A. Udovitch (ed.), The Islamic Middle East, 700–1900 (Princeton, 1981), рр. 335–343.

G. Lorenzi, Monumenti per servire alla storia del Palazzo Ducale di Venezia. Parte I: dal 1253 al 1600 (Venice, 1868), р. 7.

‘Anonimo genovese’, in G. Contini (ed.), Poeti del Duecento, 2 vols (Milan, 1960), 1, рр. 751–759.

V. Cilocitan, The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (Leiden, 2012), рр. 16, 21; S. Labib, ‘Egyptian Commercial Policy in the Middle Ages’, in M. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East (London, 1970), р. 74.

См. D. Morgan, ‘Mongol or Persian: The Government of Īl-khānid Iran’, Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 3 (1996), рр. 62–76, и, главным образом, Lane, Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran.

G. Alef, ‘The Origin and Development of the Muscovite Postal System’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 15 (1967), рр. 1–15.

Morgan, The Mongols, рр. 88–90; Golden, ‘Činggisid Conquests’, рр. 38–40; T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia and the Islamic Lands, 1251–1259 (Berkeley, 1987), рр. 189–216.

Juvaynī, History of the World Conqueror, 3, 1, р. 26.

Согласно докладам путешественников, этот процесс начался уже в середине тринадцатого века, G. Guzman, ‘European Clerical Envoys to the Mongols: Reports of Western Merchants in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1231–1255’, Journal of Medieval History 22.1 (1996), рр. 57–67.

William of Rubruck, Mission of Friar William, 35, рр. 241–242.

J. Ryan, ‘Preaching Christianity along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar “Middle Kingdom” in the Fourteenth Century’, Journal of Early Modern History 2.4 (1998), рр. 350–373. О Персии – R. Lopez, ‘Nuove luci sugli italiani in Estremo Oriente prima di Colombo’, Studi Colombiani 3 (1952), рр. 337–398.

Dawson, Mission to Asia, рр. 224–226; de Rachewiltz, Papal Envoys, рр. 160–178; а также J. Richard, La Papauté et les missions d’Orient au moyen age (XIIIe – XVe siècles) (Rome, 1977), р. 144ff. Иоанн нападал на несторианцев за то, что они обвиняли его в шпионаже и колдовстве. Соперники схлестнулись в Китае так же, как до того в Персии.

Р. Jackson, ‘Hülegü Khan and the Christians: The Making of a Myth’, in J. Phillips and Р. Edbury (eds), The Experience of Crusading, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2003), 2, рр. 196–213; S. Grupper, ‘The Buddhist Sanctuary-Vihara of Labnasagut and the Il-qan Hülegü: An Overview of Il-Qanid Buddhism and Related Matters’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 13 (2004), рр. 5–77; Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road, р. 122.

S. Hackel, ‘Under Pressure from the Pagans? – The Mongols and the Russian Church’, in J. Breck and J. Meyendorff (eds), The Legacy of St Vladimir: Byzantium, Russia, America (Crestwood, NY, 1990), рр. 47–56; C. Halperin, ‘Know Thy Enemy: Medieval Russian Familiarity with the Mongols of the Golden Horde’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 30 (1982), рр. 161–175.

D. Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589 (Cambridge, 1998); M. Bilz-Leonardt, ‘Deconstructing the Myth of the Tartar Yoke’, Central Asian Survey 27.1 (2008), рр. 35–36.

R. Hartwell, ‘Demographic, Political and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42.2 (1982), рр. 366–369; R. von Glahn, ‘Revisiting the Song Monetary Revolution: A Review Essay’, International Journal of Asian Studies 1.1 (2004), р. 159.

Например, G. Wade, ‘An Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900–1300 CE’, Journal of Southeast Asia Studies 40.2 (2009), рр. 221–265.

S. Kumar, ‘The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate’, Modern Asian Studies 43.1 (2009), рр. 72–76.

Р. Buell, E. Anderson and C. Perry, A Soup for the Qan: Chinese Dietary Medicine of the Mongol Era as Seen in Hu Szu-hui’s Yin-shan Cheng-yao (London, 2000).

Р. Buell, ‘Steppe Foodways and History’, Asian Medicine, Tradition and Modernity 2.2 (2006), рр. 179–180, 190.

Р. Buell, ‘Mongolian Empire and Turkization: The Evidence of Food and Foodways’, in R. Amitai-Preiss (ed.), The Mongol Empire and its Legacy (Leiden, 1999), рр. 200–223.

Allsen, Commodity and Exchange, рр. 1–2, 18; J. Paviot, ‘England and the Mongols (c. 1260–1330)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10.3 (2000), рр. 317–318.

Р. Freedman, ‘Spices and Late-Medieval European Ideas of Scarcity and Value’, Speculum 80.4 (2005), рр. 1209–1227.

S. Halikowski-Smith, ‘The Mystification of Spices in the Western Tradition’, European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’Histoire 8.2 (2001), рр. 119–125.

A. Appadurai, ‘Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value’, in A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge, 1986), рр. 3–63.

Francesco Pegolotti, Libro di divisamenti di paesi (e di misure di mercatantie), tr. H. Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither, 4 vols (London, 1913–1916), 3, рр. 151–155. Также см. здесь J. Aurell, ‘Reading Renaissance Merchants’ Handbooks: Confronting Professional Ethics and Social Identity’, in J. Ehmer and C. Lis (eds), The Idea of Work in Europe from Antiquity to Modern Times (Farnham, 2009), рр. 75–77.

R. Prazniak, ‘Siena on the Silk Roads: Ambrozio Lorenzetti and the Mongol Global Century, 1250–1350’, Journal of World History 21.2 (2010), рр. 179–181; M. Kupfer, ‘The Lost Wheel Map of Ambrogio Lorenzetti’, Art Bulletin 78.2 (1996), рр. 286–310.

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, al-Riḥla, tr. H. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, 4 vols (Cambridge, 1994), 4, 22, рр. 893–894.

E. Endicott-West, ‘The Yuan Government and Society’, Cambridge History of China, 6, рр. 599–560.

Allsen, Commodity and Exchange, рр. 31–39.

C. Salmon, ‘Les Persans à l’extrémité orientale de la route maritime (IIe a.e. – XVIIe siècle)’, Archipel 68 (2004), рр. 23–58; а также L. Yingsheng, ‘A Lingua Franca along the Silk Road: Persian Language in China between the 14th and the 16th Centuries’, in R. Kauz (ed.), Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road from the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea (Wiesbaden, 2010), рр. 87–95.

F. Hirth and W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chi (St. Petersburg, 1911), рр. 124–125, 151, 142–143.

См. R. Kauz, ‘The Maritime Trade of Kish during the Mongol Period’, in Komaroff (ed.), Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan (Leiden, 2006), рр. 51–67.

Marco Polo, Le Devisament dou monde, tr. A. Moule and Р. Pelliot, The Description of the World, 2 vols (London, 1938); Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, 22, Travels, 4, р. 894.

О Марко Поло см. J. Critchley, Marco Polo’s Book (Aldershot, 1992), а также H. Vogel, Marco Polo was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues (Leiden, 2013).

C. Wake, ‘The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries’, International Journal of Maritime History 9.2 (1997), рр. 51–81.

E. Schafer, ‘Tang’, in K. Chang (ed.), Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspective (New Haven, 1977), рр. 85–140.

V. Tomalin, V. Sevakumar, M. Nair and Р. Gopi, ‘The Thaikkal-Kadakkarapally Boat: An Archaeological Example of Medieval Ship Building in the Western Indian Ocean’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 33.2 (2004), рр. 253–263.

R. von Glahn, Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China 1000–1700 (Berkeley, 1996), р. 48.

A. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, Economic History Review 20.1 (1967), рр. 26–27; I. Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Age: Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250–1450 (Stuttgart, 2001), 3, рр. 945–948.

T. Sargent and F. Velde, The Big Problem of Small Change (Princeton, 2002), р. 166; J. Deyell, ‘The China Connection: Problems of Silver Supply in Medieval Bengal’, in J. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern World (Durham, NC, 1983); M. Allen, ‘The Volume of the English Currency, 1158–1470’, Economic History Review 54.4 (2001), рр. 606–607.

Реальный случай в Японии четырнадцатого века, A. Kuroda, ‘The Eurasian Silver Century, 1276–1359: Commensurability and Multiplicity’, Journal of Global History 4 (2009), рр. 245–269.

V. Fedorov, ‘Plague in Camels and its Prevention in the USSR’, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 23 (1960), рр. 275–281. О более ранних экспериментах см. Цеисс А. Инфекционные заболевания у верблюдов, неизвестного до сих пор происхождения // Вестник микробиологии, эпидемиологии и паразитологии. – 1928.– № 7.1. – С. 98–105.

Boccaccio, Decamerone, tr. G. McWilliam, Decameron (London, 2003), р. 51.

T. Ben-Ari, S. Neerinckx, K. Gage, K. Kreppel, A. Laudisoit et al., ‘Plague and Climate: Scales Matter’, PLoS Pathog 7.9 (2011), рр. 1–6, а также B. Krasnov, I. Khokhlova, L. Fielden and N. Burdelova, ‘Effect of Air Temperature and Humidity on the Survival of Pre-Imaginal Stages of Two Flea Species (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)’, Journal of Medical Entomology 38 (2001), рр. 629–637; К. Gage, T. Burkot, R. Eisen and E. Hayes, ‘Climate and Vector-Borne Diseases’, Americal Journal of Preventive Medicine 35 (2008), рр. 436–450.

N. Stenseth, N. Samia, H. Viljugrein, K. Kausrud, M. Begon et al., ‘Plague Dynamics are Driven by Climate Variation’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (2006), рр. 13110–13115.

Некоторые ученые предполагают, что ранние находки были обнаружены на надгробиях на кладбищах в восточной части Кыргызстана, начиная с 1330-х годов, S. Berry and N. Gulade, ‘La Peste noire dans l’Occident chrétien et musulman, 1347–1353’, Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 25.2 (2008), р. 466. Однако это основано на недоразумении, см. J. Norris, ‘East or West? The Geographic Origin of the Black Death’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 51 (1977), рр. 1–24.

Gabriele de’ Mussis, Historia de Morbo, in The Black Death, tr. R. Horrox (Manchester, 2001), рр. 14–17; M. Wheelis, ‘Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 8.9 (2002), рр. 971–975.

M. de Piazza, Chronica, in Horrox, Black Death, рр. 35–41.

Anonimalle Chronicle, in Horrox, Black Death, р. 62.

John of Reading, Chronica, in Horrox, Black Death, р. 74.

Ibn al-Wardī, Risālat al-nabaʾ ʿan al-wabaʾ, цитируется по B. Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, 1977), рр. 57–63.

M. Dods, ‘Ibn al-Wardi’s “Risalah al-naba” an al-waba’, in D. Kouymjian (ed.), Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History (Beirut, 1974), р. 454.

B. Dols, Black Death in the Middle East, рр. 160–161.

Boccaccio, Decameron, р. 50.

de’ Mussis, Historia de Morbo, р. 20; ‘Continuation Novimontensis’, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, 9, р. 675.

John Clynn, Annalium Hibernae Chronicon, in Horrox, Black Death, р. 82.

Louis Heylgen, Breve Chronicon Clerici Anonymi, in Horrox, Black Death, рр. 41–42.

Horrox, Black Death, рр. 44, 117–118; Dols, Black Death in the Middle East, р. 126.

Bengt Knutsson, A Little Book for the Pestilence, in Horrox, Black Death, р. 176; John of Reading, Chronica, рр. 133–134.

S. Simonsohn (ed.), The Apostolic See and the Jews: Documents, 492–1404 (Toronto, 1988), 1, no. 373.

В целом см. здесь O. Benedictow, The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History (Woodbridge, 2004), р. 380ff.

O. Benedictow, ‘Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics’, Population Studies 41 (1987), рр. 401–431; O. Benedictow, What Disease was Plague? On the Controversy over the Microbiological Identity of Plague Epidemics of the Past (Leiden, 2010), esр. р. 289ff.

Petrarch, Epistolae, in Horrox, Black Death, р. 248.

Historia Roffensis, in Horrox, Black Death, р. 70.

S. Pamuk, ‘Urban Real Wages around the Eastern Mediterranean in Comparative Perspective, 1100–2000’, Research in Economic History 12 (2005), рр. 213–232.

S. Pamuk, ‘The Black Death and the Origins of the “Great Divergence” across Europe, 1300–1600’, European Review of Economic History 11 (2007), рр. 308–309; S. Epstein, Freedom and Growth: The Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300–1750 (London, 2000), рр. 19–26, а также M. Bailey, ‘Demographic Decline in Late Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research’, Economic History Review 49 (1996), рр. 1–19.

H. Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300–1460 (Cambridge, 1975); D. Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge, 1997).

D. Herlihy, ‘The Generation in Medieval History’, Viator 5 (1974), рр. 347–364.

О сокращении в Египте и Леванте – A. Sabra, Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam: Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517 (Cambridge, 2000).

S. DeWitte, ‘Mortality Risk and Survival in the Aftermath of the Medieval Black Death’, Plos One 9.5 (2014), рр. 1–8. Об улучшении питания – T. Stone, ‘The Consumption of Field Crops in Late Medieval England’, in C. Woolgar, D. Serjeantson and T. Waldron (eds), Food in Medieval England: Diet and Nutrition (Oxford, 2006), рр. 11–26.

Epstein, Freedom and Growth, рр. 49–68; van Bavel, ‘People and Land: Rural Population Developments and Property Structures in the Low Countries, с. 1300 – c. 1600’, Continuity and Change 17 (2002), рр. 9–37.

Pamuk, ‘Urban Real Wages’, рр. 310–311.

Anna Bijns, ‘Unyoked is Best! Happy the Woman without a Man’, in K. Wilson, Women Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation (Athens, 1987), р. 382. См. здесь T. de Moor and J. Luiten van Zanden, ‘Girl Power: The European Marriage Pattern and Labour Markets in the North Sea Region in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Period’, Economic History Review (2009), рр. 1–33.

J. de Vries, ‘The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution’, Journal of Economic History 54.2 (1994), рр. 249–270; J. Luiten van Zanden, ‘The “Revolt of the Early Modernists” and the “First Modern Economy”: An Assessment’, Economic History Review 55 (2002), рр. 619–641.

E. Ashtor, ‘The Volume of Mediaeval Spice Trade’, Journal of European Economic History 9 (1980), рр. 753–757; E. Ashtor, ‘Profits from Trade with the Levant in the Fifteenth Century’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 38 (1975), рр. 256–287; Freedman, ‘Spices and Late Medieval European Ideas’, рр. 1212–1215.

О венецинском импорте пигментов см. L. Matthew, ‘“Vendecolori a Venezia”: The Reconstruction of a Profession’, Burlington Magazine 114.1196 (2002), рр. 680–686.

Marin Sanudo, ‘Laus Urbis Venetae’, in A. Aricò (ed.), La città di Venetia (De origine, situ et magistratibus Urbis Venetae) 1493–1530 (Milan, 1980), рр. 21–23; об изменении внутреннего пространства в этот период см. R. Good, ‘Double Staircases and the Vertical Distribution of Housing in Venice 1450–1600’, Architectural Research Quarterly 39.1 (2009), рр. 73–86.

B. Krekic, ‘L’Abolition de l’esclavage à Dubrovnik (Raguse) au XVe siècle: mythe ou réalité?’, Byzantinische Forschungen 12 (1987), рр. 309–317.

S. Mosher Stuard, ‘Dowry Increase and Increment in Wealth in Medieval Ragusa (Dubrovnik)’, Journal of Economic History 41.4 (1981), рр. 795–811.

M. Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India (New Delhi, 1988).

Ma Huan, Ying-yai sheng-lan, tr. J. Mills, The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores (Cambridge, 1970), р. 140.

T. Sen, ‘The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200–1450’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49.4 (2006), рр. 427, 439–440; H. Ray, Trade and Trade Routes between India and China, c. 140 BC – AD 1500 (Kolkata, 2003), рр. 177–205.

H. Tsai, The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (New York, 1996), р. 148; T. Ju-kang, ‘Cheng Ho’s Voyages and the Distribution of Pepper in China’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2 (1981), рр. 186–197.

W. Atwell, ‘Time, Money and the Weather: Ming China and the “Great Depression” of the Mid-Fifteenth Century’, Journal of Asia Studies 61.1 (2002), р. 86.

T. Brook, The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties (Cambridge, MA, 2010), рр. 107–109.

Ruy González de Clavijo, Embajada a Tamorlán, tr. G. Le Strange, Embassy to Tamerlane 1403–1406 (London, 1928), 11, рр. 208–209.

Там же, 14, р. 270.

Там же, рр. 291–292. О распространении видения Тимуридов в искусстве и архитектуре см. T. Lentz and G. Lowry, Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century (Los Angeles, 1989), рр. 159–232.

Khvānd Mīr, Habibu’s-siyar, Tome Three, ed. and tr. W. Thackston, The Reign of the Mongol and the Turk, 2 vols (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 1, р. 294; D. Roxburgh, ‘The “Journal” of Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash, Timurid Envoy to Khan Balïgh, and Chinese Art and Architecture’, in L. Saurma-Jeltsch and A. Eisenbeiss (eds), The Power of Things and the Flow of Cultural Transformations: Art and Culture between Europe and Asia (Berlin, 2010), р. 90.

R. Lopez, H. Miskimin and A. Udovitch, ‘England to Egypt, 1350–1500: Long-Term Trends and Long-Distance Trade’, in M. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day (London, 1970), рр. 93–128. J. Day, ‘The Great Bullion Famine’, Past & Present 79 (1978), рр. 3–54, J. Munro, ‘Bullion Flows and Monetary Contraction in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries’, in J. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, NC, 1983), рр. 97–158.

R. Huang, Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China (Cambridge, 1974), рр. 48–51.

T. Brook, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (Berkeley, 1998).

N. Sussman, ‘Debasements, Royal Revenues and Inflation in France during the Hundred Years War, 1415–1422’, Journal of Economic History 53.1 (1993), рр. 44–70; N. Sussman, ‘The Late Medieval Bullion Famine Reconsidered’, Journal of Economic History 58.1 (1998), рр. 126–154.

R. Wicks, ‘Monetary Developments in Java between the Ninth and Sixteenth Centuries: A Numismatic Perspective’, Indonesia 42 (1986), рр. 59–65; J. Whitmore, ‘Vietnam and the Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries’, in Richards, Precious Metal, рр. 363–393; J. Deyell, ‘The China Connection: Problems of Silver Supply in Medieval Bengal’, in Richards, Precious Metal, рр. 207–227.

Atwell, ‘Time, Money and the Weather’, рр. 92–96.

A. Vasil’ev, ‘Medieval Ideas of the End of the World: West and East’, Byzantion 16 (1942–1943), рр. 497–499; D. Strémooukhoff, ‘Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine’, Speculum (1953), р. 89; ‘Drevnie russkie paskhalii na os’muiu tysiachu let ot sotvereniia mira’, Pravoslavnyi Sobesednik 3 (1860), рр. 333–334.

A. Bernáldez, Memorías de los reyes católicos, ed. M. Gómez-Moreno and Carriazo (Madrid, 1962), р. 254.

I. Aboab, Nomologia, o Discursos legales compuestos (Amsterdam, 1629), р. 195; Altabé, Spanish and Portuguese Jewry before and after 1492 (Brooklyn, 1983), р. 45.

Freedman, ‘Spices and Late Medieval European Ideas’, рр. 1220–1227.

V. Flint, The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus (Princeton, 1992), рр. 47–64.

C. Delaney, ‘Columbus’s Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (2006), рр. 260–262.

Там же, рр. 264–265; M. Menocal, The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage (Philadelphia, 1987), р. 12. Тексты писем-заявлений – S. Morison, Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (New York, 1963), р. 30.

O. Dunn and J. Kelley (ed. and tr.), The Diario of Christopher Columbus’ First Voyage to America, 1492–1493 (Norman, OK, 1989), р. 19.

Ibn al-Faqīh, in N. Levtzion and J. Hopkins (eds), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Cambridge, 1981), р. 28.

R. Messier, The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad (Santa Barbara, 2010), рр. 21–34. Также см. R. Messier, ‘The Almoravids: West African Gold and the Gold Currency of the Mediterranean Basin’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17 (1974), рр. 31–47.

V. Monteil, ‘Routier de l’Afrique blanche et noire du Nord-Ouest: al-Bakri (cordue 1068)’, Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire 30.1 (1968), р. 74; I. Wilks, ‘Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. 1. The Matter of Bitu’, Journal of African History 23.3 (1982), рр. 333–334.

N. Levtzion, ‘Islam in West Africa’, in W. Kasinec and M. Polushin (eds), Expanding Empires: Cultural Interaction and Exchange in World Societies from Ancient to Early Modern Times (Wilmington, 2002), рр. 103–114; T. Lewicki, ‘The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in the Relationship between North and South’, in M. El Fasi (ed.), Africa from the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries (London, 1988), рр. 276–313.

S. Mody Cissoko, ‘L’Intelligentsia de Tombouctou aux 15e et 16e siècles’, Présence Africaine 72 (1969), рр. 48–72. Эти рукописи были каталогизированы в шестнадцатом веке Мухаммедом аль-Уонгэри и стали частью великолепной коллекции, которая принадлежит его потомкам и сейчас. Первоначальное сообщение о том, что документы были уничтожены туарегами в 2012 году, оказалось ошибочным.

Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār, tr. Levtzion and Hopkins, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources, рр. 270–271. Снижение ценности золота широко отмечают современные комментаторы; более скептический взгляд см. W. Schultz, ‘Mansa Musa’s Gold in Mamluk Cairo: A Reappraisal of a World Civilizations Anecdote’, in J. Pfeiffer and S. Quinn (eds), History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods (Wiesbaden, 2006), рр. 451–457.

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Travels, 25, 4, р. 957.

B. Kreutz, ‘Ghost Ships and Phantom Cargoes: Reconstructing Early Amalfitan Trade’, Journal of Medieval History 20 (1994), рр. 347–357; A. Fromherz, ‘North Africa and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance: Christian Europe and the Almohad Islamic Empire’, Islam and Christian Muslim Relations 20.1 (2009), рр. 43–59; D. Abulafia, ‘The Role of Trade in Muslim-Christian Contact during the Middle Ages’, in D. Agius and R. Hitchcock (eds), The Arab Influence in Medieval Europe (Reading, 1994), рр. 1–24.

См. новаторскую работу M. Horton, Shanga: The Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Community on the Coast of East Africa (London, 1996); а также S. Guérin, ‘Forgotten Routes? Italy, Ifriqiya and the Trans-Saharan Ivory Trade’, Al-Masāq 25.1 (2013), рр. 70–91.

D. Dwyer, Fact and Legend in the Catalan Atlas of 1375 (Chicago, 1997); J. Messing, ‘Observations and Beliefs: The World of the Catalan Atlas’, in J. Levenson (ed.), Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration (New Haven, 1991), р. 27.

S. Halikowski Smith, ‘The Mid-Atlantic Islands: A Theatre of Early Modern Ecocide’, International Review of Social History 65 (2010), рр. 51–77; J. Lúcio de Azevedo, Epocas de Portugal Económico (Lisbon, 1973), рр. 222–223.

F. Barata, ‘Portugal and the Mediterranean Trade: A Prelude to the Discovery of the “New World”’, Al-Masāq 17.2 (2005), рр. 205–219.

Письмо короля Португалии Диниса, 1293 год, J. Marques, Descobrimentos Portugueses – Documentos para a sua História, 3 vols (Lisbon, 1944–1971), 1, no. 29; о средиземноморских маршрутах см. C. – E. Dufourcq, ‘Les Communications entre les royaumes chrétiens et les pays de l’Occident musulman dans les derniers siècles du Moyen Age’, Les Communications dans la Péninsule Ibérique au Moyen Age. Actes du Colloque (Paris, 1981), рр. 30–31.

Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Crónica da Tomada de Ceuta (Lisbon, 1992), рр. 271–276; A. da Sousa, ‘Portugal’, in Р. Fouracre et al. (eds), The New Cambridge Medieval History, 7 vols (Cambridge, 1995–2005), 7, рр. 636–637.

A. Dinis (ed.), Monumenta Henricina, 15 vols (Lisbon, 1960–1974), 12, рр. 73–74, tr. Р. Russell, Prince Henry the Navigator: A Life (New Haven, 2000), р. 121.

Р. Hair, The Founding of the Castelo de São Jorge da Mina: An Analysis of the Sources (Madison, 1994).

J. Dias, ‘As primeiras penetrações portuguesas em África’, in L. de Albequerque (ed.), Portugal no Mundo, 6 vols (Lisbon, 1989), 1, рр. 281–289.

M.-T. Seabra, Perspectives da colonização portuguesa na costa occidental Africana: análise organizacional de S. Jorge da Mina (Lisbon, 2000), рр. 80–93; Z. Cohen, ‘Administração das ilhas de Cabo Verde e seu Distrito no Segundo Século de Colonização (1560–1640)’, in M. Santos (ed.), Historia Geral de Cabo Verde, 2 vols (1991), 2, рр. 189–224.

L. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 (Minneapolis, MN, 1984), рр. 60–63; J. O’Callaghan, ‘Castile, Portugal, and the Canary Islands: Claims and Counterclaims’, Viator 24 (1993), 287–310.

Gomes Eanes de Zuara, Crónica de Guiné, tr. C. Beazley, The chronicle of the discovery and conquest of Guinea, 2 vols (London, 1896–1899), 18, 1, р. 61. О Португалии в этот период – M. – J. Tavares, Estudos de História Monetária Portuguesa (1383–1438) (Lisbon, 1974); F. Barata, Navegação, comércio e relações politicas: os portgueses no Mediterrâneo occidental (1385–1466) (Lisbon, 1998).

Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Chronicle, 25, 1, рр. 81–82. Некоторые комментарии об этом сложном источнике – L. Barreto, ‘Gomes Eanes de Zurara e o problema da Crónica da Guiné’, Studia 47 (1989), рр. 311–369.

A. Saunders, A Social History of Black Slaves and Freemen in Portugal, 1441–1555 (Cambridge, 1982); T. Coates, Convicts and Orphans: Forces and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550–1755 (Stanford, 2001).

Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Chronicle, 87, 2, р. 259.

Там же, 18, 1, р. 62.

H. Hart, Sea Road to the Indies: An Account of the Voyages and Exploits of the Portuguese Navigators, Together with the Life and Times of Dom Vasco da Gama, Capitão Mór, Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira (New York, 1950), рр. 44–45.

Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Chronicle, 87, 2, р. 259.

J. Cortés López, ‘El tiempo africano de Cristóbal Colón’, Studia Historica 8 (1990), рр. 313–326.

A. Brásio, Monumenta Missionaria Africana, 15 vols (Lisbon, 1952), 1, рр. 84–85.

Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his Son Ferdinand, tr. B. Keen (New Brunswick, NJ, 1992), р. 35; C. Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem (London, 2012), рр. 48–49.

C. Jane (ed. and tr.), Select Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Columbus, 2 vols (London, 1930–1931), 1, рр. 2–19.

O. Dunn and J. Kelley (eds and trs), The Diario of Christopher Columbus’s First Voyage to America, 1492–1493 (Norman, OK, 1989), р. 67.

Там же, рр. 143–145.

W. Phillips and C. Rahn Phillips, Worlds of Christopher Columbus (Cambridge, 1992), р. 185. О распространении писем по Европе – R. Hirsch, ‘Printed Reports on the Early Discoveries and their Reception’, in M. Allen and R. Benson (eds), First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old (New York, 1974), рр. 90–91.

M. Zamora, ‘Christopher Columbus’ “Letter to the Sovereigns”: Announcing the Discovery’, in S. Greenblatt (ed.), New World Encounters (Berkeley, 1993), р. 7.

Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, р. 144.

Bartolomé de las Casas, Historia de las Indias, 1.92, tr. Р. Sullivan, Indian Freedom: The Cause of Bartolomé de las Casas, 1484–1566 (Kansas City, 1995), рр. 33–34.

E. Vilches, ‘Columbus’ Gift: Representations of Grace and Wealth and the Enterprise of the Indies’, Modern Language Notes 119.2 (2004), рр. 213–214.

C. Sauer, The Early Spanish Main (Berkeley, 1966), р. 109.

L. Formisano (ed.), Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci’s Discovery of America (New York, 1992), р. 84; M. Perri, ‘“Ruined and Lost”: Spanish Destruction of the Pearl Coast in the Early Sixteenth Century’, Environment and History 15 (2009), рр. 132–134.

Dunn and Kelley, The Diario of Christopher Columbus’s First Voyage, р. 235.

Там же, рр. 285–287.

Там же, рр. 235–237.

Bartolomé de las Casas, Historia, 3.29, р. 146.

Francisco López de Gómara, Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by his Secretary, tr. L. Byrd Simpson (Berkeley, 1964), 27, р. 58.

Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Book 12, tr. A. Anderson and C. Dibble (Santa Fe, NM, 1975), р. 45; R. Wright (tr.), Stolen Continents: Five Hundred Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas (New York, 1992), р. 29.

S. Gillespie, The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexican History (Tucson, AZ, 1989), рр. 173–207; C. Townsend, ‘Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico’, American Historical Review 108.3 (2003), рр. 659–687.

Изображение сейчас находится в картинной галерее «Хантингтон» в Остине, штат Техас, на нем Кортеса приветствует лидер тласкалов, который стремился использовать в своих интересах вновь прибывших, чтобы укрепить свое положение в Центральной Америке.

J. Ginés de Sepúlveda, Demócrates Segundo o de la Justas causas de la Guerra contra los indios, ed. A. Losada (Madrid, 1951), рр. 35, 33. Сравнение с обезьянами было вычеркнуто из рукописи, используемой Лосадой, A. Pagden, Natural Fall of Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge, 1982), р. 231, n. 45.

Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 12, р. 49; Wright (tr.), Stolen Continents, рр. 37–38.