Примечания
Предисловие
1. Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, p. 311.
2. Harris, 1998a, p. 2.
3. Thornhill & Palmer, 2000, p. 176; цитата изменена, чтобы сделать ее гендерно нейтральной.
4. Hunt, 1999; Jensen, 1972; Kors & Silverglate, 1998; P. Rushton, "The new enemies of evolutionary science," Liberty, March 1998, pp. 31–35; "Psychologist Hans Eysenck, Freudian critic, dead at 81," Associated Press, September 8, 1997.
Часть I. «Чистый лист», «благородный дикарь» и «дух в машине»
1. Macnamara, 1999; Passmore, 1970; Stevenson & Haberman, 1998; Ward, 1998.
2. Бытие 1:21.
3. Бытие 3:16.
4. В соответствии с более поздними интер¬претациями Библии, которые не разделяют тело и душу явным образом.
5. Творение: Opinion Dynamics, August 30, 1999; чудеса: Princeton Survey Research Associates, April 15, 2000; ангелы: Opinion Dynamics, December 5, 1997; дьявол: Princeton Survey Research Associates, April 20, 2000; жизнь после смерти: Gallup. Organization, April 1, 1998; эволюция: Opinion Dynamics, August 30, 1999. Available through the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut Public Opinion Online: .
Глава 1. Официальная теория
1. Locke, 1690/1947, Book II, chap. 1, p. 26.
2. Hacking, 1999.
3. Rousseau, 1755/1994, pp. 61–62.
4. Hobbes, 1651/1957, pp. 185–186.
5. Descartes, 1641/1967, Meditation VI, p. 177.
6. Ryle, 1949, pp. 13–17.
7. Descartes, 1637/2001, Part V, p. 10.
8. Ryle, 1949, p. 20.
9. Cohen, 1997.
10. Rousseau, 1755/1986, p. 208.
11. Rousseau, 1762/1979, p. 92.
12. Quoted in Sowell, 1987, p. 63.
13. Originally in Red Flag (Beijing), June 1, 1958; quoted in Courtois et al., 1999.
14. J. Kalb, "The downtown gospel according to Reverend Billy." New York Times, February 27, 2000.
15. D. R. Vickery, "And who speaks for our earth?" Boston Globe, December 1, 1997.
16. Green, 2001; R. Mishra, "What can stem cells really do?" Boston Globe, August 21, 2001.
Глава 2. Умный пластилин
1. Jespersen, 1938/1982, pp. 2–3.
2. Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Gould, 1981; Richards, 1987.
3. Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Gould, 1981; Rachels, 1990; Richards, 1987; Ridley, 2000.
4. Degler, 1991; Gould, 1981; Kevles, 1985; Richards, 1987; Ridley, 2000.
5. Термин «стандартная модель социальной науки» был введен Джоном Туби и Ледой Космидес (1992 г.). Философы Рон Маллон и Стивен Стич (2000 г.) использовали термин «социальный конструкционизм», поскольку он близок по смыслу, но короче. «Социальное конструирование» было придумано одним из основателей социологии, Эмилем Дюркгеймом, и проанализировано Хакингом в 1999 г.
6. See Curti, 1980; Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Freeman, 1999; Richards, 1987; Shipman, 1994; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.
7. Degler, 1991, p. viii.
8. White, 1996.
9. Quoted in Fox, 1989, p. 68.
10. Watson, 1924/1998.
11. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 139.
12. Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 158–159.
13. Breland & Breland, 1961.
14. Skinner, 1974.
15. Skinner, 1971.
16. Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Gallistel, 1990; Pinker & Mehler, 1988.
17. Gallistel, 2000.
18. Preuss, 1995; Preuss, 2001.
19. Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994.
20. Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Haidt, In press.
21. Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997.
22. McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.
23. Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986, p. 143.
24. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 148.
25. Boas, 1911. За примеры благодарю Дэвида Кеммерера.
26. Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Freeman, 1999.
27. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 84.
28. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.
29. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 96.
30. Durkheim, 1895/1962, pp. 103–106.
31. Durkheim, 1895/1962, p. 110.
32. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 161.
33. Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 26.
34. Ortega y Gassett, 1935/2001.
35. Montagu, 1973a, p. 9. Часть перед многоточием взята из более раннего издания, процитировано у Деглера, 1991, с. 209.
36. Benedict, 1934/1959, p. 278.
37. Mead, 1935/1963, p. 280.
38. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 209.
39. Mead, 1928.
40. Geertz, 1973, p. 50.
41. Geertz, 1973, p. 44.
42. Shweder, 1990.
43. Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 22.
44. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 208.
45. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 204.
46. Degler, 1991; 1990; Shipman, 1994.
47. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 188.
48. Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 103–104.
49. Quoted in Degler, 1991, 210.
50. Cowie, 1999; Elman et al., 1996, pp. 390–391.
51. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 330.
52. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.
53. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 100.
54. Charles Singer, A short history of biology; quoted in Dawkins, 1998, p. 90.
Глава 3. Последнее препятствие
1. Wilson, 1998. Идея была выдвинута Джоном Туби и Ледой Космидес в 1992 г.
2. Anderson, 1995; Crevier, 1993; Gardner, 1985; Pinker, 1997.
3. Fodor, 1994; Haugeland, 1981; Newell, 1980; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2.
4. Brutus.1, by Selmer Bringsjord. S. Bringsjord, "Chess is too easy," Technology Review, March/April 1998, pp. 23–28.
5. EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), by David Cope. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head." New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.
6. Aaron, by Harold Cohen. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head". New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.
7. Goldenberg, Mazursky, & Solomon, 1999.
8. Leibniz, 1768/1996, bk. II, chap. i, p. 111.
9. Leibniz, 1768/1996, preface, p. 68.
10. Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1988b; Fodor, 1981.
11. Elman et al., 1996; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986.
12. Dennett, 1986.
13. Elman et al., 1996, p. 82.
14. Elman et al., 1996, pp. 99–100.
15. Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1993; Chomsky, 2000; Pinker, 1994.
16. See also Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2; Pinker, 1999, chaps. 1, 10.
17. Baker, 2001.
18. Baker, 2001.
19. Shweder, 1994; see Ekman & Davidson, 1994, and Lazarus, 1991, обсуждение.
20. See Lazarus, 1991, обзор теории эмоций.
21. Mallon & Stich, 2000.
22. Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Lazarus, 1991.
23. Ekman & Davidson, 1994.
24. Fodor, 1983; Gardner, 1983; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1997.
25. Elman et al., 1996; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992.
26. Anderson, 1995; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998.
27. Calvin, 1996a; Calvin, 1996b; Calvin & Ojemann, 2001; Crick, 1994; Damasio, 1994; Gazzaniga, 2000a; Gazzaniga, 2000b; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998; Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, 2000.
28. Crick, 1994.
29. Достоевский Ф. Братья Карамазовы. – М.: Терра-Нова, 2007.
30. Damasio, 1994.
31. Damasio, 1994; Dennett, 1991; Gazzaniga, 1998.
32. Gazzaniga, 1992; Gazzaniga, 1998.
33. Anderson et al., 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lykken, 1995.
34. Monaghan & Glickman, 1992.
35. Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001. Также см. главу V.
36. Thompson et al., 2001.
37. Thompson et al., 2001.
38. Witelson, Kigar, & Harvey, 1999.
39. LeVay, 1993.
40. Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Raine et al., 2000.
41. Bouchard, 1994; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lykken, 1995; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001; Ridley, 2000.
42. Hyman, 1999; Plomin, 1994.
43. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, 1998; Damasio, 2000; Lykken et al., 1992; Plomin, 1994; Thompson et al., 2001; Tramo et al., 1995; Wright, 1995.
44. Segal, 2000.
45. Lai et al., 2001; Pinker, 2001b.
46. Frangiskakis et al., 1996.
47. Chorney et al., 1998.
48. Benjamin et al., 1996.
49. Lesch et al., 1996.
50. Lai et al., 2001; Pinker, 2001b.
51. Charlesworth, 1987; Miller, 2000c; Mousseau & Roff, 1987; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
52. Bock & Goode, 1996; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
53. Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Hare, 1993; Kirwin, 1997; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
54. Anderson et al., 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lalumière, Harris, & Rice, 2001; Lykken, 2000; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
55. Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Betzig, 1997; Buss, 1999; Cartwright, 2000; Crawford & Krebs, 1998; Evans & Zarate, 1999; Gaulin & McBurney, 2000; Pinker, 1997; Pope, 2000; Wright, 1994.
56. Dawkins, 1983; Dawkins, 1986; Gould, 1980; Maynard Smith, 1975/1993; Ridley, 1986; Williams, 1966.
57. Dawkins, 1983; Dawkins, 1986; Maynard Smith, 1975/1993; Ridley, 1986; Williams, 1966.
58. Улучшенная метафора «мегаломаниакальный ген» предложена философом Колином Макгинном.
59. Etcoff, 1999.
60. Frank, 1988; Trivers, 1971; Haidt, In press.
61. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988.
62. McGuinness, 1997; Pinker, 1994.
63. Brown, 1991; Brown, 2000.
64. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Spelke, 1995.
65. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Calvin & Bickerton, 2000; Kingdon, 1993; Klein, 1989; Mithen, 1996.
66. Gallistel, 1992; Hauser, 1996; Hauser, 2000; Trivers, 1985.
67. James, 1890/1950, vol. 2, chap. 24.
68. Freeman, 1983; Freeman, 1999.
69. Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
70. Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
71. Keeley, 1996, graph adapted by Ed Hagen.
72. Ghiglieri, 1999; Keeley, 1996; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
73. Ember, 1978. See also Ghiglieri, 1999; Keeley, 1996; Knauft, 1987; Wrangham &Peterson, 1996.
74. Divale, 1972; see Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989, p. 323, обсуждение.
75. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Divale, 1972; Edgerton, 1992; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
76. Axelrod, 1984; Brown, 1991; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 2000.
77. Brown, 1991.
Глава 4. Ценители культуры
1. Borges, 1964, p. 30.
2. Pinker, 1984a.
3. Boyer, 1994; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Norenzayan & Atran, In press; Schaller & Crandall, In press; Sperber, 1994; Talmy, 2000; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.
4. Adams et al., 2000.
5. Tomasello, 1999.
6. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Karmiloff-Smith et al., 1995.
7. Rapin, 2001.
8. Baldwin, 1991.
9. Carpenter, Akhtar, & Tomasello, 1998.
10. Meltzoff, 1995.
11. Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1996; Pinker, 1999.
12. Campbell & Fairey, 1989; Frank, 1985; Kelman, 1958; Latané & Nida, 1981.
13. Deutsch & Gerard, 1955.
14. Harris, 1985.
15. Cronk, 1999; Cronk, Chagnon, & Irons, 2000.
16. Pinker, 1999, chap. 10.
17. Searle, 1995.
18. Sperber, 1985; Sperber, 1994.
19. Boyd & Richerson, 1985; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981; Durham, 1982; Lumsden & Wilson, 1981.
20. Cavalli-Sforza, 1991; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981.
21. Toussaint-Samat, 1992.
22. Degler, 1991.
23. Sowell, 1996, p. 378. See also Sowell, 1994, and Sowell, 1998.
24. Diamond, 1992; Diamond, 1998.
25. Diamond, 1997.
26. Putnam, 1973.
27. Chomsky, 1980, p. 227; Marr, 1982; Tinbergen, 1952.
28. Pinker, 1999.
Глава 5. Последняя линия обороны «чистого листа»
1. Venter et al., 2001.
2. See, e.g., the contributors to Rose & Rose, 2000.
3. R. McKie, in The Guardian, February 11, 2001. See also S. J. Gould, "Humbled by the genome's mysteries," New York Times, February 19, 2001.
4. The Observer, February 11, 2001.
5. E. Pennisi, "The human genome," Science, 291, 2001, 1177–1180; see pp. 1178–1179.
6. "Gene count," Science, 295, 2002, p. 29; R. Mishar, "Biotech CEO says map missed much of genome," Boston Globe, April 9, 2001; Wright et al., 2001.
7. Claverie, 2001; Szathmáry, Jordán, & Pál, 2001; Venter et al., 2001.
8. Szathmáry, Jordán, & Pál, 2001.
9. Claverie, 2001.
10. Venter et al., 2001.
11. Evan Eichler, quoted by G. Vogel, "Objection #2: Why sequence the junk?" Science, 291, 2001, p. 1184.
12. Elman et al., 1996; McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; McLeod, Plunkett, & Rolls, 1998; Pinker, 1997, pp. 98–111; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.
13. Anderson, 1993; Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Hadley, 1994a; Hadley, 1994b; Hummel & Holyoak, 1997; Lachter & Bever, 1988; Marcus, 1998; Marcus, 2001a; McCloskey & Cohen, 1989; Minsky & Papert, 1988; Shastri & Ajjanagadde, 1993; Smolensky, 1995; Sougné, 1998.
14. Berent, Pinker, & Shimron, 1999; Marcus et al., 1995; Pinker, 1997; Pinker, 1999; Pinker, 2001a; Pinker &Prince, 1988.
15. Pinker, 1997, pp. 112–131.
16. Pinker, 1999. See also Clahsen, 1999; Marcus, 2001a; Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 1998; Pinker, 1991.
17. See Marcus et al., 1995, and Marcus, 2001a, for examples.
18. Hinton & Nowlan, 1987; Nolfi, Elman, & Parisi, 1994.
19. For examples, see Hummel & Biederman, 1992; Marcus, 2001a; Shastri, 1999; Smolensky, 1990.
20. Deacon, 1997; Elman et al., 1996; Hard-castle & Buller, 2000; Panskepp & Panskepp, 2000; Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997.
21. Elman et al, 1996, p. 108.
22. Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997, pp. 552, 555.
23. Maguire et al., 2000.
24. E. Κ. Miller, 2000.
25. Sadato et al., 1996.
26. Neville & Bavelier, 2000; Petitto et al., 2000.
27. Pons et al., 1991; Ramachandran & Blakeslee, 1998.
28. Curtiss, de Bode, & Shields, 2000; Stromswold, 2000.
29. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Miller, Keller, & Stryker, 1989.
30. Sharma, Angelucci, & Sur, 2000; Sur, 1988; Sur, Angelucci, & Sharma, 1999.
31. For related arguments, see Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz & Crowley, 2002; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Marcus, 2001b.
32. R. Restak, "Rewiring" (Review of The talking cure by S. C. Vaughan), New York Times Book Review, June 22, 1997, pp. 14–15.
33. D. Milmore," 'Wiring' the brain for life," Boston Globe, November 2, 1997, pp. N5 – N8.
34. William Jenkins, quoted in A. Ellin, "Can 'neurobics' do for the brain what aerobics do for the lungs?" New York Times, October 3, 1999.
35. Quotations from A. Ellin, "Can 'neurobics' do for the brain what aerobics do for the lungs?" New York Times, October 3, 1999.
36. G. Kolata, "Muddling fact and fiction in policy," New York Times, August 8, 1999.
37. Bruer, 1997; Bruer, 1999.
38. R. Saltus, "Study shows brain adaptable," Boston Globe, April 20, 2000.
39. Van Essen & Deyoe, 1995, p. 388.
40. Crick & Koch, 1995.
41. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Levitt, 2000; Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001; Verhage et al., 2000; Zhou & Black, 2000.
42. См. предыдущую ссылку, а также Geary & Huffman, 2002; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001; Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996.
43. Geary & Huffman, 2002; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001.
44. D. Normile, "Gene expression differs in human and chimp brains," Science, 292, 2001, pp. 44–45.
45. Kaas, 2000, p. 224.
46. Hardcastle & Buller, 2000; Panksepp & Panksepp, 2000.
47. Gu & Spitzer, 1995.
48. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996.
49. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Stryker, 1994.
50. Каталано и Шатц, 1998; Страйкер, 1994.
51. Wang et al., 1998.
52. Brown, 1985; Hamer & Copeland, 1994.
53. J. R. Skoyles, June 7, 1999, on an email discussion list for evolutionary psychology.
54. Recanzone, 2000, p. 245.
55. Van Essen & Deyoe, 1995.
56. Kosslyn, 1994.
57. Kennedy, 1993; Kosslyn, 1994, pp. 334–335; Zimler & Keenan, 1983; though see also Arditi, Holtzman, & Kosslyn, 1988.
58. Petitto et al., 2000.
59. Klima & Bellugi, 1979; Padden & Perlmutter, 1987; Siple & Fischer, 1990.
60. Cramer & Sur, 1995; Sharma, Angelucci, & Sur, 2000; Sur, 1988; Sur, Angelucci, & Sharma, 1999.
61. Sur, 1988, pp. 44, 45.
62. Bregman, 1990; Bregman & Pinker, 1978; Kubovy, 1981.
63. Hubel, 1988.
64. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Levitt, 2000; Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001; Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996; Verhage et al., 2000; Zhou & Black, 2000.
65. Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000, p. 209.
66. Crowley & Katz, 2000.
67. Verhage et al., 2000.
68. Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999.
69. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000. See also Rakic, 2001.
70. Thompson et al., 2001.
71. Brugger et al., 2000; Melzack, 1990; Melzack et al., 1997; Ramachandran, 1993.
72. Curtiss, de Bode, & Shields, 2000; Stromswold, 2000.
73. Described in Stromswold, 2000.
74. Farah et al., 2000.
75. Anderson et al., 1999.
76. Anderson, 1976; Pinker, 1979; Pinker, 1984a; Quine, 1969.
77. Adams et al., 2000.
78. Tooby & Cosmides, 1992; Williams, 1966.
79. Gallistel, 2000; Hauser, 2000.
80. Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Burnham & Phelan, 2000; Wright, 1994.
81. Brown, 1991.
82. Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1997, chap. 5.
83. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Gopnik, Meltzoff, & Kuhl, 1999; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Leslie, 1994; Spelke, 1995; Spelke et al., 1992.
84. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Fisher et al., 1998; Frangiskakis et al., 1996; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lai et al., 2001; Rossen et al., 1996.
85. Bouchard, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001.
86. Caspi, 2000; McCrae et al., 2000.
87. Bouchard, 1994; Harris, 1998a; Plomin et al., 2001; Turkheimer, 2000.
88. См. ссылки к этой главе.
ЧАСТЬ II. СТРАХ И НЕНАВИСТЬ
1. Глава 6. Ученые-политики
2. Weizenbaum, 1976.
3. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p.x.
4. Herrnstein, 1971.
5. Jensen, 1969; Jensen, 1972.
6. Herrnstein, 1973.
7. Darwin, 1872/1998; Pinker, 1998.
8. Ekman, 1987; Ekman, 1998.
9. Wilson, 1975/2000.
10. Sahlins, 1976, p. 3.
11. Sahlins, 1976, p. x.
12. Allen et al., 1975, p. 43.
13. Chorover, 1979, pp. 108–109.
14. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 548.
15. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 555.
16. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 550.
17. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 554.
18. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 569.
19. Segerstråle, 2000; Wilson, 1994.
20. Wright, 1994.
21. Trivers & Newton, 1982.
22. Trivers, 1981.
23. Trivers, 1981, p. 37.
24. Gould, 1976a; Gould, 1981; Gould, 1998a; Lewontin, 1992; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984; Rose & Rose, 2000; Rose, 1997.
25. Только в названиях работ мы встречаем слово «детерминизм» у Гулда, 1976a; Роуза, 1997; Роуза и Группы диалектической биологии, 1982; и в четырех из девяти глав у Левонтина, Роуза и Камина, 1984.
26. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 236.
27. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 5.
28. Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 164.
29. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 11.
30. Dawkins, 1985.
31. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 287.
32. Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 20, ударение добавлено.
33. Levins & Lewontin, 1985, pp. 88, 128; Lewontin, 1983, p. 68; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 287; Lewontin, 1982, p. 18, здесь перефразировано «управляется нашими генами".
34. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 149.
35. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 260.
36. Rose, 1997, p. 211.
37. Freeman, 1999.
38. Письмо Тернера и Спонсела можно найти на сайте Коннектикутского университета uconn.edu/gradstudents/dhume/darkness_in_el_dorado.
39. Chagnon, 1988; Chagnon, 1992.
40. Tierney, 2000.
41. University of Michigan Report on the Ongoing Investigation of the Neel-Chagnon Allegations (); John J. Miller, "The Fierce People: The wages of anthropological incorrectness," National Review, November 20, 2000.
42. John Tooby, "Jungle fever: Did two U. S. scientists start a genocidal epidemic in the Amazon, or was The New Yorker duped?" Slate, October 24, 2000; University of Michigan Report on the Ongoing Investigation of the Neel-Chagnon Allegations (); John J. Miller, "The Fierce People: The wages of anthropological incorrectness," National Review, November 20, 2000; "A statement from Bruce Alberts," National Academy of Sciences, November 9, 2000, ; John Tooby, "Preliminary Report," Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, December 10, 2000 (; see also ); Lou Marano, "Darkness in anthropology," UPI, October 20, 2000; Michael Shermer, "Spin-doctoring the Yanomamö," Skeptic, 2001; Virgilio Bosh & eight other signatories, "Venezuelan response to Yanomamö book," Science, 291, 2001, pp. 985–986; "The Yanomamö and the 1960s measles epidemic": letters from J. V. Neel, Jr., K. Hill, and S. L. Katz, Science, 292, June 8, 2001, pp. 1836–1837; "Yanomamö wars continue," Science, 295, January 4, 2002, p. 41; yahoo,com/group/evolutionary-psychology/files/aaa.html. November 2001. Расширенное собрание документов, касающихся дела Тьерни, можно найти на сайте .
43. Edward Hagen, "Chagnon and Neel saved hundreds of lives," The Fray, Slate, December 8, 2000 (); S. L. Katz, "The Yanomamö and the 1960s measles epidemic" (letter), Science, 292, June 8, 2001, p. 1837.
44. In the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, quoted in John J. Miller, "The Fierce People: The wages of anthropological incorrectness," National Review, November 20, 2000.
45. Chagnon, 1992, chaps. 5–6.
46. Valero & Biocca, 1965/1996.
47. Ember, 1978; Keeley, 1996; Knauft, 1987.
48. Tierney, 2000, p. 178.
49. Redmond, 1994, p. 125; quoted in John Tooby, Slate, October 24, 2000.
50. Sponsel, 1996, p. 115.
51. Sponsel, 1996, pp. 99, 103.
52. Sponsel, 1998, p. 114.
53. Tierney, 2000, p. 38.
54. Neel, 1994.
55. John J. Miller, "The Fierce People: The wages of anthropological incorrectness," National Review, November 20, 2000.
56. Tierney, 2000, p.xxiv.
Глава 7. Святая троица
1. Hunt, 1999.
2. Halpern, Gilbert, & Coren, 1996.
3. Allen et al., 1975.
4. Gould, 1976a.
5. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 267.
6. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 267.
7. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 14.
8. Lewontin, 1992, p. 123.
9. Précis of Lewontin, 1982, on the book jacket.
10. Lewontin, 1992, p. 123.
11. Montagu, 1973a.
12. S. Gould, "A time of gifts," New York Times, September 26, 2001.
13. Gould, 1998b.
14. Mealey, 1995.
15. Gould, 1998a, p. 262.
16. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Divale, 1972; Edgerton, 1992; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
17. Gould, 1998a, p. 262.
18. Gould, 1998a, p. 265.
19. Levins & Lewontin, 1985, p. 165.
20. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. ix.
21. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 76.
22. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 270.
23. Rose, 1997, pp. 7, 309.
24. Gould, 1992.
25. Hunt, 1999.
26. Quoted in J. Salamon, "A stark explanation for mankind from an unlikely rebel" (Review of the PBS series "Evolution"), New York Times, September 24, 2001.
27. D. Wald, "Intelligent design meets congressional designers," Skeptic, 8, 2000, p. 13. Lyrics from "Bad Touch" by the Bloodhound Gang.
28. Quoted in D. Falk, "Design or chance?" Boston Globe Magazine, October 21, 2001, pp. 14–23, quotation on p. 21.
29. National Center for Science Education, . See also Berra, 1990; Kitcher, 1982; Miller, 1999; Pennock, 2000; Pennock, 2001.
30. Quoted in L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23–31.
31. Behe, 1996.
32. Behe, 1996; Crews, 2001; Dorit, 1997; Miller, 1999; Pennock, 2000; Pennock, 2001; Ruse, 1998.
33. R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
34. D. Berlinski, "The deniable Darwin," Commentary, June 1996. See R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997. The Pope's views on evolution are discussed in Chapter 11.
35. A 1991 essay, quoted in R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
36. Quoted in R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
37. R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
38. L. Kass, "The end of courtship," Public Interest, 126, Winter 1997.
39. A. Ferguson, "The end of nature and the next man" (Review of F. Fukuyama's The great disruption), Weekly Standard, June 28, 1999.
40. A. Ferguson, "How Steven Pinker's mind works" (Review of S. Pinker's How the mind works), Weekly Standard, January 12, 1998.
41. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000. Ellipses in original.
42. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000.
43. C. Holden, "Darwin's brush with racism," Science, 292, 2001, p. 1295. Resolution HLS 01–2652, Regular Session, 2001, House Concurrent Resolution No. 74 by Representative Broome.
44. R. Wright, "The accidental creationist," New Yorker, December 13, 1999. Точно так же креационистский Институт Дискавери использовал атаки Левонтина на эволюционную психологию чтобы раскритиковать документальный сериал «Эволюция», вышедший в 2001 году на канале PBS television. .
45. Rose, 1978.
46. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; В слегка измененном виде перепечатано у Wolfe, 2000.
47. Gould, 1976b.
48. A. Ferguson, "The end of nature and the next man" (Review of F. Fukuyama's The great disruption), Weekly Standard, 1999.
49. See Dennett, 1995, p. 263, for a similar report.
50. E. Smith, "Look who's stalking," New York, February 14, 2000.
51. Alcock, 1998.
52. For example, the articles entitled "Eugenics revisited" (Horgan, 1993), "The new Social Darwinists" (Horgan, 1995), and "Is a new eugenics afoot?" (Allen, 2001).
53. New Republic, April 27, 1998, p. 33.
54. New York Times, February 18, 2001, Week in Review, p. 3.
55. Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 49.
56. Chimps: Montagu, 1973b, p. 4. Heritability of IQ: Kamin, 1974; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 116. IQ as reification: Gould, 1981. Personality and social behavior: Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, chap. 9. Sex differences: Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 156. Pacific clans: Gould, 1998a, p. 262.
57. Daly, 1991.
58. Alcock, 2001.
59. Buss, 1995; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly & Wilson, 1999; Etcoff, 1999; Harris, 1998a; Hrdy, 1999; Ridley, 1993; Ridley, 1997; Symons, 1979; Wright, 1994.
60. Plomin et al., 2001.
ЧАСТЬ III. ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКАЯ ПРИРОДА С ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИМ ЛИЦОМ
Глава 8. Страх неравенства
1. From The Rambler, no. 60.
2. From the Analects.
3. Charlesworth, 1987; Lewontin, 1982; Miller, 2000b; Mousseau & Roff, 1987; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
4. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
5. Lander et al, 2001.
6. Bodmer & Cavalli-Sforza, 1970.
7. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
8. Patai & Patai, 1989.
9. Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1995a.
10. Patterson, 1995; Patterson, 2000.
11. Cappon, 1959, pp. 387–392.
12. Seventh Lincoln-Douglas debate, October 15, 1858.
13. Mayr, 1963, p. 649. Современный вариант этого же аргумента с точки зрения эволюционной биологии – Crow, 2002.
14. Chomsky, 1973, pp. 362–363. See also Segerstråle, 2000.
15. For further discussion, see Tribe, 1971.
16. Los Angeles Times poll, December 21, 2001.
17. Nozick, 1974.
18. Gould, 1981, pp. 24–25. For reviews, see Blinkhorn, 1982; Davis, 1983; Jensen, 1982; Rushton, 1996; Samelson, 1982.
19. Putnam, 1973, p. 142.
20. See the consensus statements by Neisser et al., 1996; Snyderman & Rothman, 1988; and Gottfredson, 1997; and also Andreasen et al., 1993; Caryl, 1994; Deary, 2000; Haier et al., 1992; Reed & Jensen, 1992; Thompson et al., 2001; Van Valen, 1974; Willerman et al., 1991.
21. Moore & Baldwin, 1903/1996; Rachels, 1990.
22. Rawls, 1976.
23. Hayek, 1960/1978.
24. Chirot, 1994; Courtois et al., 1999; Glover, 1999.
25. Horowitz, 2001; Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1996.
26. Lykken et al., 1992.
27. Интервью журналу Boston Phoenix в конце 1970х, цитата пересказана условно. По иронии судьбы сын Уолда Элайя стал радикальным научным автором, как и его отец и мать, биолог Руфь Хаббард.
28. Degler, 1991; Kevles, 1985; Ridley, 2000.
29. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Glover, 1999; Gould, 1981.
30. Richards, 1987, p. 533.
31. Glover, 1999; Murphy, 1999.
32. Proctor, 1999.
33. Laubichler, 1999.
34. Обсуждение марксистских геноцидов XX века в сравнении с нацистским холокостом: Besançon, 1998; Bullock, 1991; Chandler, 1999; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al., 1999; Getty, 2000; Minogue, 1999; Shatz, 1999; Short, 1999.
35. Дискуссия об интеллектуальных корнях марксизма в сравнении с интеллектуальными корнями нацизма: Berlin, 1996; Besançon, 1981; Besançon, 1998; Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Glover, 1999; Minogue, 1985; Minogue, 1999; Scott, 1998; Sowell, 1985. For discussions of the Marxist theory of human nature, see Archibald, 1989; Bauer, 1952; Plamenatz, 1963; Plamenatz, 1975; Singer, 1999; Stevenson & Haberman, 1998; Venable, 1945.
36. See, e.g., Venable, 1945, p. 3.
37. Marx, 1847/1995, chap. 2.
38. Marx & Engels, 1846/1963, part I.
39. Marx, 1859/1979, preface.
40. Marx, 1845/1989; Marx & Engels, 1846/1963.
41. Marx, 1867/1993, vol. 1, p. 10.
42. Marx & Engels, 1844/1988.
43. Glover, 1999, p. 254.
44. Minogue, 1999.
45. Glover, 1999, p. 275.
46. Glover, 1999, pp. 297–298.
47. Courtois et al., 1999, p. 620.
48. See the references cited in notes 34 and 35.
49. Marx quotation from Stevenson & Haberman, 1998, p. 146; Hitler quotation from Glover, 1999, p. 315.
50. Besançon, 1998.
51. Watson, 1985.
52. Tajfel, 1981.
53. Originally in Red Flag (Beijing), June 1, 1958; quoted in Courtois et al., 1999.
Глава 9. Страх невозможности совершенствования
1. The Prelude, Book Sixth, "Cambridge and the Alps," I. Published 1799–1805.
2. Passmore, 1970, epigraph.
3. For example, the Seville Statement on Violence, 1990.
4. "Study says rape has its roots in evolution," Boston Herald, January 11, 2000, p. 3.
5. Thornhill & Palmer, 2001.
6. Brownmiller & Merhof, 1992.
7. Gould, 1995, p. 433.
8. Ну, почти. Художник Джим Джонсон сказал мне, что он, возможно, оклеветал китов. Позже он узнал, что не киты, а морские леопарды убивают пингвинов для забавы.
9. Williams, 1988.
10. Jones, 1999; Williams, 1988.
11. Williams, 1966, p. 255.
12. On the relevance of human nature to morality, see McGinn, 1997; Petrinovich, 1995; Rachels, 1990; Richards, 1987; Singer, 1981; Wilson, 1993.
13. Masters, 1989, p. 240.
14. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly & Wilson, 1999.
15. Jones, 1997.
16. Daly & Wilson, 1999, pp. 58–66.
17. Science Friday, National Public Radio, May 7, 1999.
18. Singer, 1981.
19. Maynard Smith &Szathmáry, 1997; Wright, 2000.
20. De Waal, 1998; Fry, 2000.
21. Axelrod, 1984; Brown, 1991; Fry, 2000; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 2000.
22. Singer, 1981.
23. Skinner, 1948/1976; Skinner, 1971; Skinner, 1974.
24. Chomsky, 1973.
25. Berlin, 1996; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Glover, 1999; Minogue, 1985; Minogue, 1999; Scott, 1998.
26. Scott, 1998.
27. Quoted in Scott, 1998, pp. 114–115.
28. Perry, 1997.
29. Harris, 1998a.
30. From a dialogue with Betty Friedan in Saturday Review, June 14, 1975, p. 18, quoted in Sommers, 1994, p. 18.
31. Quoted by Elizabeth Powers, Commentary, January 1, 1997.
32. From a talk at the Cornell University Institute on Women and Work, quoted by C. Young, "The mommy wars," Reason, July 2000.
33. Liza Mundy, "The New Critics," Lingua Franca, 3, September/October 1993, p. 27.
34. "From Carol Gilligan's chair," interview by Michael Norman, New York Times Magazine, November 7, 1997.
35. Letter by Bruce Bodner, New York Times Magazine, November 30, 1997.
36. C. Young, "Where the boys are," Reason, February 2, 2001.
37. Sommers, 2000.
Глава 10. Страх детерминизма
1. Kaplan, 1973, p. 10.
2. E. Felsenthal, "Man's genes made him kill, his lawyers claim," Wall Street Journal, November 15, 1994. The defense was unsuccessful: see "Mobley v. The State," Supreme Court of Georgia, March 17, 1995, 265 Ga. 292, 455 S. E. 2d 61.
3. "Lawyers may use genetics study in rape defense," National Post (Canada), January 22, 2000, p.A8.
4. Jones, 2000; Jones, 1999.
5. Dennett, 1984. See also Kane, 1998; Nozick, 1981, pp. 317–362; Ridley, 2000; Staddon, 1999.
6. Dershowitz, 1994; J. Ellement, "Alleged con man's defense: 'Different' mores," Boston Globe, February 25, 1999; N. Hall, "Metis woman avoids jail term for killing her husband," National Post (Canada), January 20, 1999.
7. B. English, "David Lisak seeks out a dialogue with murderers," Boston Globe, July 27, 2000.
8. M. Williams, "Social work in the city: Rewards and risks," New York Times, July 30, 2000.
9. S. Morse, Review of C. Sandford's Springsteen point blank, Boston Globe, November 19, 1999.
10. M. Udovich, Review of M. Meade's The unruly life of Woody Allen, New York Times, March 5, 2000.
11. L. Franks, Interview with Hillary Clinton, Talk, August 1999.
12. K. Q. Seelye, "Clintons try to quell debate over interview," New York Times, August 5, 1999.
13. Dennett, 1984; Kane, 1998; Nozick, 1981, pp. 317–362; Ridley, 2000; Staddon, 1999.
14. Quoted in Kaplan, 1973, p. 16.
15. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988; Pinker, 1997; Schelling, 1960.
16. Quoted in Kaplan, 1973, p. 29.
17. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 256.
18. Dershowitz, 1994; Faigman, 1999; Kaplan, 1973; Kirwin, 1997.
19. Rice, 1997.
Глава 11. Страх нигилизма
1. October 22, 1996; reprinted in the English edition of L'Osservatore Romano, October 30, 1996.
2. Macnamara, 1999; Miller, 1999; New-some, 2001; Ruse, 2000.
3. See Nagel, 1970; Singer, 1981.
4. Cummins, 1996; Trivers, 1971; Wright, 1994.
5. Zahn-Wexler et al., 1992.
6. Brown, 1991.
7. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
8. Rachels, 1990.
9. Murphy, 1999.
10. Damewood, 2001.
11. Ron Rosenbaum, "Staring into the heart of darkness," New York Times Magazine, June 4, 1995; Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 79.
12. Antonaccio & Schweiker, 1996; Brink, 1989; Murdoch, 1993; Nozick, 1981; Sayre-McCord, 1988.
13. Singer, 1981.
ЧАСТЬ IV. ПОЗНАЙ СЕБЯ
1. Alexander, 1987, p. 40.
Глава 12. В контакте с реальностью
1. Quotation from Cartmill, 1998.
2. Shepard, 1990.
3. www-bcs.mit.edu/persci/high/gallery/checkershadowillusion.html.
4. www-bcs.mit.edu/persci/high/gallery/checkershadowillusion.html.
5. From the computer scientist Oliver Selfridge; reproduced in Neisser, 1967.
6. Brown, 1991.
7. Brown, 1985; Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995.
8. "Phony science wars" (Review of Ian Hacking's The social construction of what?), Atlantic Monthly, November 1999.
9. Hacking, 1999.
10. Searle, 1995.
11. Anderson, 1990; Pinker, 1997, chaps.2, 5; Pinker, 1999, chap. 10; Pinker & Prince, 1996.
12. Armstrong, Gleitman, &Gleitman, 1983; Erikson &Kruschke, 1998; Marcus, 2001a; Pinker, 1997, chaps.2, 5; Pinker, 1999, chap. 10; Sloman, 1996.
13. Ahnetal., 2001.
14. Lee, Jussim, &McCauley, 1995.
15. McCauley, 1995; Swim, 1994.
16. Jussim, McCauley, & Lee, 1995; McCauley, 1995.
17. Jussim&Eccles, 1995.
18. Brown, 1985; Jussim, McCauley, & Lee, 1995; McCauley, 1995.
19. Gilbert &Hixon, 1991; Pratto&Bargh, 1991.
20. Brown, 1985, p. 595.
21. Jussim&Eccles, 1995; Smith, Jussim, &Eccles, 1999.
22. Flynn, 1999; Loury, 2002; Valian, 1998.
23. Цит. по: Галилео Галилей. Избранные труды. Т. I. С. 203. – М.: Наука. 1964.
24. Whorf, 1956.
25. Geertz, 1973, p. 45.
26. QuotationsfromLehman, 1992.
27. Barthes, 1972, p. 135.
28. Pinker, 1994, chap. 3.
29. Pinker, 1984a.
30. Lakoff& Johnson, 1980.
31. Jackendoff, 1996.
32. Baddeley, 1986.
33. Dehaene et al., 1999.
34. Pinker, 1994, chap. 3; Siegal, Varley, & Want, 2001; Weiskrantz, 1988.
35. Gallistel, 1992; Gopnik, Meltzoff, &Kuhl, 1999; Hauser, 2000.
36. Anderson, 1983.
37. Pinker, 1994.
38. "Minority' a bad word in San Diego," Boston Globe, April 4, 2001; S. Schweitzer, "Council mulls another word for 'minority, '" Boston Globe, August 9, 2001.
39. Brooker, 1999, pp. 115–116.
40. Leslie, 1995.
41. Abbott, 2001; Leslie, 1995.
42. Frith, 1992.
43. Kosslyn, 1980; Kosslyn, 1994; Pinker, 1984b; Pinker, 1997, chap. 4.
44. Kosslyn, 1980; Pinker, 1997, chap. 5.
45. Chase & Simon, 1973.
46. Dennett, 1991, pp. 56–57.
47. A. Gopnik, "Black studies," New Yorker, December 5, 1994, pp. 138–139.
Глава 13. То, что нам не по плечу
1. Caramazza & Shelton, 1998; Gallistel, 2000; Gardner, 1983; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Keil, 1989; Pinker, 1997, chap. 5; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.
2. Spelke, 1995.
3. Atran, 1995; Atran, 1998; Gelman, Coley, & Gottfried, 1994; Keil, 1995.
4. Bloom, 1996; Keil, 1989.
5. Gallistel, 1990; Kosslyn, 1994.
6. Butterworth, 1999; Dehaene, 1997; Devlin, 2000; Geary, 1994; Lakoff & Nunez, 2000.
7. Cosmides & Tooby, 1996; Gigerenzer, 1997; Kahneman & Tversky, 1982.
8. Braine, 1994; Jackendoff, 1990; Macnamara & Reyes, 1994; Pinker, 1989.
9. Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1999.
10. Quoted in Ravitch, 2000, p. 388.
11. McGuinness, 1997.
12. Geary, 1994; Geary, 1995.
13. Carey, 1986; Carey & Spelke, 1994; Gardner, 1983; Gardner, 1999; Geary, 1994; Geary, 1995; Geary, in press.
14. Carey, 1986; McCloskey, 1983.
15. Gardner, 1999.
16. McGuinness, 1997.
17. Dehaene et al., 1999.
18. Bloom, 1994.
19. Pinker, 1990.
20. Carey & Spelke, 1994.
21. Geary, 1995; Geary, in press; Harris, 1998a.
22. Green, 2001, chap. 2.
23. S. G. Stolberg, "Reconsidering embryo research," New York Times, July 1, 2001.
24. Brock, 1993, p. 372, n. 14 p. 385; Glover, 1977; Tooley, 1972; Warren, 1984.
25. Green, 2001.
26. R. Bailey, "Dr. Strangelunch, or: Why we should learn to stop worrying and love genetically modified food," Reason, January 2001.
27. "EC-sponsored research on safety of genetically modified organisms– A review of results." Report EUR 19884, October 2001, European Union Office for Publications.
28. Ames, Profet, & Gold, 1990.
29. Ames, Profet, & Gold, 1990.
30. E. Schlosser, "Why McDonald's fries tas: _ so good," Atlantic Monthly, January 2001.
31. Ahn et al., 2001; Frazer, 1890/1996; Rozin, 1996; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997; p. Stevens, 2001 (but see also M. Stevens, 2001).
32. Rozin & Fallon, 1987.
33. Ahn et al, 2001.
34. Rozin, 1996; Rozin & Fallon, 1987; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
35. Rozin, 1996.
36. Mayr, 1982.
37. Ames, Profet, & Gold, 1990; Lewis, 1990; G. Gray & D. Ropeik, "What, me worry?" Boston Globe, November 11, 2001, p.E8.
38. Marks & Nesse, 1994; Seligman, 1971.
39. Slovic, Fischof, & Lichtenstein, 1982.
40. Sharpe, 1994.
41. Cosmides & Tooby, 1996; Gigerenzer, 1991; Gigerenzer, 1997; Pinker, 1997, chap. 5.
42. Hoffrage et al., 2000; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973.
43. Slovic, Fischof, & Lichtenstein, 1982.
44. Tooby & DeVore, 1987.
45. Fiske, 1992.
46. Cosmides & Tooby, 1992.
47. Sowell, 1980.
48. Sowell, 1980; Sowell, 1996.
49. Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1996.
50. R. Radford (writing in 1945), quoted in Sowell, 1994, p. 57.
51. From "The figure of the youth as virile poet"; Stevens, 1965.
52. Jackendoff, 1987; Pinker, 1997; Pinker, 1999.
53. Bailey, 2000.
54. Sen, 1984.
55. Simon, 1996.
56. Bailey, 2000; Romer, 1991; Romer & Nelson, 1996; P. Romer, "Ideas and things," Economist, September 11, 1993.
57. Romer & Nelson, 1996.
58. Quoted in M. Kumar, "Quantum reality," Prometheus, 2, pp. 20–21, 1999.
59. Quoted in M. Kumar, "Quantum reality," Prometheus, 2, pp. 20–21, 1999.
60. Quoted in Dawkins, 1998, p. 50.
61. McGinn, 1993; McGinn, 1999; Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.
Глава 14. Корни наших страданий
1. Trivers, 1976.
2. Trivers, 1971; Trivers, 1972; Trivers, 1974; Trivers, 1976; Trivers, 1985.
3. Alexander, 1987; Cronin, 1992; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 1994.
4. Hamilton, 1964; Trivers, 1971; Trivers, 1972; Trivers, 1974; Williams, 1966.
5. "Renewing American Civilization," a talk presented at Reinhardt College, January 7, 1995.
6. Chagnon, 1988; Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Fox, 1984; Mount, 1992; Shoumatoff, 1985.
7. Chagnon, 1992; Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 321–329.
8. Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993.
9. Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Singer, 1981.
10. Masters, 1989, pp. 207–208.
11. Quoted in J. Muravchick, "Socialism's last stand," Commentary, March 2002, pp. 47–53, quotation from p. 51.
12. Broadcast on Radio Free LA, January 1997, . Transcript available at or as a cached page on .
13. Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Mount, 1992.
14. Johnson, Ratwik, & Sawyer, 1987; Salmon, 1998.
15. Fiske, 1992.
16. Fiske, 1992, p. 698.
17. Trivers, 1974; Trivers, 1985.
18. Agrawal, Brodie, & Brown, 2001; Godfray, 1995; Trivers, 1985.
19. Haig, 1993.
20. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hrdy, 1999.
21. Hrdy, 1999.
22. Trivers, 1976; Trivers, 1981.
23. Trivers, 1985.
24. Harris, 1998a; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Sulloway, 1996; Turkheimer, 2000.
25. Trivers, 1985, p. 159.
26. Использовалось в качестве эпиграфа к книге Джудит Рич Харрис «The nurture assumption».
27. Dunn & Plomin, 1990.
28. Hrdy, 1999.
29. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Wilson, 1993.
30. Wilson, 1993.
31. Trivers, 1972; Trivers, 1985.
32. Blum, 1997; Buss, 1994; Geary, 1998; Ridley, 1993; Symons, 1979.
33. Buss, 1994; Kenrick et al., 1993; Salmon & Symons, 2001; Symons, 1979.
34. Buss, 2000.
35. Alexander, 1987.
36. Brown, 1991; Symons, 1979.
37. K. Kelleher, "When students 'hook up, 'someone inevitably gets let down," Los Angeles Times, August 13, 2001.
38. Symons, 1979.
39. Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997.
40. Wilson & Daly, 1992.
41. Ridley, 1997. See also Lewontin, 1990.
42. Rose & Rose, 2000.
43. Fiske, 1992.
44. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1971.
45. Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Frank, Gilovich, & Regan, 1993; Gigerenzer & Hug, 1992; Kanwisher & Moscovitch, 2000; Mealey, Daood, & Krage, 1996.
46. Yinon & Dovrat, 1987.
47. Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 329–338; Haidt, in press; Trivers, 1971, pp. 49–54.
48. Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Gintis, 2000; Price, Cosmides, & Tooby, 2002.
49. Ridley, 1997, p. 84.
50. Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Gaulin & McBurney, 2001, pp. 333–335.
51. Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Ridley, 1997.
52. Williams, Harkins, & Latané, 1981.
53. Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Spann, 1989.
54. J. Muravchik, "Socialism's last stand," Commentary, March 2002, pp. 47–53, quotation from p. 53.
55. Fiske, 1992.
56. Cashdan, 1989; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989; Fiske, 1992; Hawkes, O'Connell, & Rogers, 1997; Kaplan, Hill, & Hurtado, 1990; Ridley, 1997.
57. Ridley, 1997, p. 111.
58. Junger, 1997, p. 76.
59. Cited in Williams, 1966, p. 116.
60. Williams, 1966.
61. Fehr, Fischbacher, & Gächter, in press; Gintis, 2000.
62. Nunney, 1998; Reeve, 2000; Trivers, 1998; Wilson & Sober, 1994.
63. Williams, 1988, pp. 391–392.
64. Frank, 1988; Hirshleifer, 1987; Trivers, 1971.
65. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
66. По наследуемости асоциальных черт см. Bock & Goode, 1996; Deater-Deckard & Plomin, 1999; Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995; Rushton et al, 1986. Что касается альтруизма, одно исследование не смогло доказать, что он наследуется (Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001); другое (два раза большиее количество испытуемых) показало, что оно в значительной мере наследуемо (Rushton et al, 1986).
67. Miller, 2000b.
68. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
69. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995; Ridley, 1997.
70. Dugatkin, 1992; Harpending & Sobus, 1987; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
71. Rice, 1997.
72. Lalumière, Harris, & Rice, 2001.
73. M. Kakutani, "The strange case of the writer and the criminal," New York Times Book Review, September 20, 1981.
74. S. McGraw, "Some used their second chance at life; others squandered it," The Record (Bergen County, N. J.), October 12, 1998.
75. Rice, 1997.
76. Trivers, 1976.
77. Goleman, 1985; Greenwald, 1988; Krebs & Denton, 1997; Lockard & Paulhaus, 1988; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989; Trivers, 1985; Wright, 1994.
78. Nesse & Lloyd, 1992.
79. Gazzaniga, 1998.
80. Damasio, 1994, p. 68.
81. Babcock & Loewenstein, 1997; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989.
82. Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Greenwald, 1988.
83. Haidt, 2001.
84. Dutton, 2001, p. 209; Fox, 1989; Hogan, 1997; Polti, 1921/1977; Storey, 1996, pp. 110, 142.
85. Steiner, 1984, p. 1.
86. Steiner, 1984, p. 231.
87. Steiner, 1984, pp. 300–301.
88. Symons, 1979, p. 271.
89. D. Symons, в личном разговоре, July 30, 2001.
Глава 15. Лицемерное животное
1. Alexander, 1987; Haidt, in press; Krebs, 1998; Trivers, 1971; Wilson, 1993; Wright, 1994.
2. Haidt, Koller, & Dias, 1993.
3. Haidt, 2001.
4. Haidt, in press.
5. Shweder et al., 1997.
6. Haidt, in press; Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
7. Glendon, 2001; Sen, 2000.
8. Cronk, 1999; Sommers, 1998; Wilson, 1993; C. Sommers, 1998, "Why Johnny can't tell right from wrong," American Outlook, Summer 98, pp. 45–47.
9. D. Symons, в личном разговоре, July 26, 2001.
10. Etcoff, 1999.
11. Glover, 1999.
12. L. Kass, "The wisdom of repugnance," New Republic, June 2, 1997.
13. Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
14. Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
15. Tetlock, 1999.
16. Tetlock et al, 2000.
17. Hume, 1739/2000.
18. I. Buruma, Review of Ian Kershaw's Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis, New York Times Book Review, December 10, 2000, p. 13.
ЧАСТЬ V. ГОРЯЧИЕ КЛАВИШИ
1. Haidt&Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
2. Haidt&Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
Глава 16. Политика
1. Из комической оперы Салливана и Гилберта «Иоланта».
2. D. Lykken, April 11, 2001, в личном разговоре. Другие оценки наследуемости консервативных взглядов обычно ранжируются от 0,4 до 0,5: Bouchardetal., 1990; Eaves, Eysenck, &Martin, 1989; Holden, 1987; Martinetal., 1986; Plominetal., 1997, p. 206; Scarr&Weinberg, 1981.
3. Tesser, 1993.
4. Wilson, 1994, pp. 338–339.
5. Masters, 1982; Masters, 1989.
6. Dawkins, 1976/1989; Williams, 1966.
7. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1985.
8. Sowell, 1987.
9. Sowell, 1995b.
10. From the preface to On the rocks: A political fantasy in two acts.
11. Smith, 1759/1976, pp. 233–234.
12. Burke, 1790/1967, p. 93.
13. Quoted in E. M. Kennedy, "Tribute to Senator Robert F. Kennedy," June 8, 1968, .
14. Hayek, 1976, pp. 64, 33.
15. QuotedinSowell, 1995, pp. 227, 112.
16. «Если закон так говорит – стало быть, он осел… идиот!» (из «ОливераТвиста»).
17. Quoted in Sowell, 1995, p. 11.
18. Hayek, 1976.
19. Здесь видна точка соприкосновения с альтернативной теорией психологической основы расхождения правых и левых, предложенной лингвистом Джорджем Лакоффом: левые верят, что правительство должно вести себя как заботливый родитель, в то время как правые уверены, что оно должно вести себя как родитель строгий. Lakoff, 1996.
20. See Chapter 14, and also Burnstein, Crandall, &Kitayama, 1994; Chagnon, 1992; Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Fox, 1984; Gaulin&McBurney, 2001, pp. 321–329; Mount, 1992; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Shoumatoff, 1985.
21. See Chapter 14, and also Bowles &Gintis, 1999; Cosmides&Tooby, 1992; Fehr, Fischbacher, &Gächter, in press; Fehr &Gächter, 2000; Fiske, 1992; Gaulin&McBurney, 2001, pp. 333–335; Gintis, 2000; Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Price, Cosmides, &Tooby, 2002; Ridley, 1997; Spann, 1989; Williams, Harkins, &Latané, 1981.
22. See Chapters 3 and 17, especially the references in notes 39, 52, 53, 72, 73, and 74 in Chapter 3, and notes 42, 43, and 45 in Chapter 17.
23. Brown, 1991; Brown, 1985; Sherif, 1966; Tajfel, 1981.
24. See Chapters 3 and 19, and also Bouchard, 1994; Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin et al., 2001.
25. See Chapter 14, and also Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Gazzaniga, 1998; Greenwald, 1988; Nesse& Lloyd, 1992; Wright, 1994.
26. See Chapter 15, and also Haidt, in press; Haidt, Koller, & Dias, 1993; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Rozin, Markwith, &Stoess, 1997; Shweder et al., 1997; Singer, 1981; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
27. Sowell, 1987.
28. Marx & Engels, 1844/1988.
29. Quoted in Singer, 1999, p. 4.
30. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al., 1999; Glover, 1999.
31. Quoted in J. Getlin, "Natural wonder: At heart, Edward Wilson's an ant man," Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1994, p. El.
32. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
33. Bailyn, 1967/1992; Maier, 1997.
34. Lutz, 1984.
35. McGinnis, 1996; McGinnis, 1997.
36. Federalist Papers No. 10, Rossiter, 1961, p. 78.
37. Quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 236.
38. Federalist Papers No. 72, Rossiter, 1961, p. 437.
39. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
40. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, pp. 331–332.
41. From Helvedius No. 4, quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 130.
42. Boehm, 1999; de Waal, 1998; Dunbar, 1998.
43. Singer, 1999, p. 5.
44. L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23–31.
45. For arguments similar to Singer's, see Brociner, 2001.
46. Singer, 1999, p. 6.
47. Singer, 1999, pp. 8–9.
48. Chomsky, 1970, p. 22.
49. See Barsky, 1997; Chomsky, 1988a.
50. Chomsky, 1975, p. 131.
51. Trivers, 1981.
52. A. Wooldridge, "Bell Curve liberals," New Republic, February 27, 1995.
53. Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, chap. 22. See also Murray's afterword in the 1996 paperback edition.
54. Gigerenzer&Selten, 2001; Jones, 2001; Kahneman&Tversky, 1984; Thaler, 1994; Tversky&Kahneman, 1974.
55. Akerlof, 1984; Daly & Wilson, 1994; Jones, 2001; Rogers, 1994.
56. Frank, 1999; Frank, 1985.
57. Bowles &Gintis, 1998; Bowles &Gintis, 1999.
58. Gintis, 2000.
59. Wilkinson, 2000.
60. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly, Wilson, &Vasdev, 2001; Wilson & Daly, 1997.
Глава 17. Насилие
1. Quoted by R. Cooper in "The long peace," Prospect, April 1999.
2. National Defense Council Foundation, Alexandria, Va., .
3. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.
4. Keeley, 1996; Walker, 2001.
5. Gibbons, 1997; Holden, 2000.
6. Fernández-Jalvo et al., 1996.
7. FBI Uniform Crime Reports 1999: .
8. Seville, 1990.
9. Ortega y Gasset, 1932/1985, epilogue.
10. New York Times, June 13, 1999.
11. Paul Billings, quoted in B. H. Kevles& D. J. Kevles, "Scapegoat biology," Discover, October 1997, pp. 59–62, quotation from p. 62.
12. B. H. Kevles& D. J. Kevles, "Scapegoat biology," Discover, October 1997, pp. 59–62, quotation from p. 62.
13. Daphne White, quoted in M. Wilkinson, "Parent group lists 'dirty dozen' toys," Boston Globe, December 5, 2000, p. A5.
14. H. Spivak& D. Prothrow-Stith, "The next tragedy of Jonesboro," Boston Globe, April 5, 1998.
15. C. Burrell, "Study of inmates cites abuse factor," Associated Press, April 27, 1998.
16. G. Kane, "Violence as a cultural imperative," Boston Sunday Globe, October 6, 1996.
17. Quoted in A. Flint, "Some see bombing's roots in a US culture of conflict," Boston Globe, June 1, 1995.
18. A. Flint, "Some see bombing's roots in a US culture of conflict," Boston Globe, June 1, 1995.
19. M. Zuckoff, "More murders, more debate," Boston Globe, July 31, 1999.
20. A. Diamant, "What's the matter with men?" Boston Globe Magazine, March 14, 1993.
21. Mesquida& Wiener, 1996.
22. Freedman, 2002.
23. Fischoff, 1999; Freedman, 1984; Freedman, 1996; Freedman, 2002; Renfrew, 1997.
24. Charlton, 1997.
25. J. Q. Wilson, "Hostility in America," New Republic, August 25, 1997, pp. 38–41.
26. Nisbett& Cohen, 1996.
27. E. Marshal, "The shots heard 'round the world," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 570–574.
28. Wakefield, 1992.
29. M. Enserink, "Searching for the mark of Cain," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 575–579; quotation from p. 579.
30. Clark, 1970, p. 220.
31. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. be.
32. Shipman, 1994, p. 252.
33. E. Marshal, "A sinister plot or victim of politics?" Science, 289, 2000, p. 571.
34. Shipman, 1994, p. 243.
35. Quoted in R. Wright, "The biology of violence," New Yorker, March 13, 1995, pp. 68–77; quotation from p. 69.
36. Daly & Wilson, 1988.
37. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Rogers, 1994; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.
38. Quoted by Frederick Goodwin in R. Wright, "The biology of violence," New Yorker, March 13, 1995, p. 70.
39. C. Holden, "The violence of the lambs," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 580–581.
40. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Rice, 1997.
41. Ghiglieri, 1999; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.
42. Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Renfrew, 1997.
43. Geary, 1998, pp. 226–227; Sherif, 1966.
44. R. Tremblay, quoted in C. Holden, "The violence of the lambs," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 580–581.
45. Buss &Duntley, in press; Kenrick& Sheets, 1994.
46. Hobbes, 1651/1957, p. 185.
47. Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 66.
48. Bueno de Mesquita, 1981.
49. Trivers, 1972.
50. Chagnon, 1992; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Keeley, 1996.
51. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 163.
52. Rogers, 1994; Wilson & Daly, 1997.
53. Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.
54. Mesquida& Wiener, 1996.
55. Singer, 1981.
56. Wright, 2000.
57. Glover, 1999.
58. Zimbardo, Maslach, & Haney, 2000.
59. Quoted in Glover, 1999, p. 53.
60. Quoted in Glover, 1999, pp. 37–38.
61. Bourke, 1999, pp. 63–64; Graves, 1992; Spiller, 1988.
62. Bourke, 1999; Glover, 1999; Horowitz, 2001.
63. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Glover, 1999; Schelling, 1960.
64. Chagnon, 1992; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.
65. Van den Berghe, 1981.
66. Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Axtell, 1996; Richardson, 1960; Saperstein, 1995.
67. Chagnon, 1988; Chagnon, 1992.
68. Glover, 1999.
69. Vasquez, 1992.
70. Rosen, 1992.
71. Wrangham, 1999.
72. Daly & Wilson, 1988.
73. Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 225–226.
74. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988; Schelling, 1960.
75. Brown, 1985; Horowitz, 2001.
76. Daly & Wilson, 1988.
77. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Fox &Zawitz, 2000; Nisbett& Cohen, 1996.
78. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 127.
79. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 229.
80. Chagnon, 1992; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988.
81. Nisbett& Cohen, 1996.
82. Nisbett&Cohen, 1996.
83. E. Anderson, "The code of the streets," Atlantic Monthly, May 1994, pp. 81–94.
84. See also Patterson, 1997.
85. E. Anderson, "The code of the streets," Atlantic Monthly, May 1994, pp. 81–94, quotation from p. 82.
86. Quoted in L. Helmuth, "Has America's tide of violence receded for good?" Science, 289, 2000, pp. 582–585, quotation from p. 582.
87. L. Helmuth, "Has America's tide of violence receded for good?" Science, 289, 2000, pp. 582–585, quotation from p. 583.
88. Wilkinson, 2000; Wilson & Daly, 1997.
89. Harris, 1998a, pp. 212–213.
90. Hobbes, 1651/1957, p. 190.
91. Hobbes, 1651/1957, p. 223.
92. Fry, 2000.
93. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Keeley, 1996.
94. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.
95. Daly & Wilson, 1988.
96. Daly & Wilson, 1988.
97. Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.
98. L. Helmuth, "Has America's tide of violence receded for good?" Science, 289, 2000; Kelling& Sousa, 2001.
99. Time, October 17, 1969, p. 47.
100. Kennedy, 1997.
101. National Defense Council Foundation, Alexandria, Va., .
102. Quoted by Glover, 1999, p. 227.
103. Horowitz, 2001; Keegan, 1976.
104. C. Nickerson, "Canadians remain gun-shy of Americans," Boston Globe, February 11, 2001.
105. Quoted in Wright, 2000, p. 61.
106. Chagnon, 1988; Chagnon, 1992.
107. Axelrod, 1984.
108. Glover, 1999, p. 159.
109. Glover, 1999, p. 202.
110. Axelrod, 1984; Ridley, 1997.
111. Glover, 1999, pp. 231–232.
112. M. J. Wilkinson, в личном разговоре, October 29, 2001; Wilkinson, in press.
113. See Chapters 3 and 13, and also Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2; Pinker, 1999, chap. 1.
Глава 18. Гендер
1. Jaggar, 1983.
2. Quoted in Jaggar, 1983, p. 27.
3. J. N. Wilford, "Sexes equal on South Sea isle," New York Times, March 29, 1994.
4. L. Tye, "Girls appear to be closing aggression gap with boys," Boston Globe, March 26, 1998.
5. M. Zoll, "What about the boys?" Boston Globe, April 23, 1998.
6. Quoted in Young, 1999, p. 247.
7. Crittenden, 1999; Shalit, 1999.
8. L. Kass, "The end of courtship," Public Interest, 126, Winter 1997.
9. Patai, 1998.
10. Grant, 1993; Jaggar, 1983; Tong, 1998.
11. Sommers, 1994. See also Jaggar, 1983.
12. Quoted in Sommers, 1994, p. 22.
13. Gilligan, 1982.
14. Jaffe & Hyde, 2000; Sommers, 1994, chap. 7; Walker, 1984.
15. Belenky et al., 1986.
16. Denfeld, 1995; Kaminer, 1990; Lehrman, 1997; McElroy, 1996; Paglia, 1992; Patai, 1998; Patai&Koertge, 1994; Sommers, 1994; Taylor, 1992; Young, 1999.
17. Sommers, 1994.
18. Denfeld, 1995; Lehrman, 1997; Roiphe, 1993; Walker, 1995.
19. S. Boxer, "One casualty of the women's movement: Feminism," New York Times, December 14, 1997.
20. C. Paglia, "Crying wolf," Salon, February 7, 2001.
21. Patai, 1998; Sommers, 1994.
22. Trivers, 1976; Trivers, 1981; Trivers, 1985.
23. Trivers& Willard, 1973.
24. Jensen, 1998, chap. 13.
25. Blum, 1997; Eagly, 1995; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999.
26. Salmon & Symons, 2001; Symons, 1979.
27. Daly & Wilson, 1988. Surgery anecdote from Barry, 1995.
28. Geary, 1998; Maccoby&Jacklin, 1987.
29. Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999.
30. Blum, 1997; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Hedges &Nowell, 1995; Lubinski&Benbow, 1992.
31. Hedges &Nowell, 1995; Lubinski& Ben-bow, 1992.
32. Blum, 1997; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999.
33. Blum, 1997; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999.
34. Provine, 1993.
35. Hrdy, 1999.
36. Fausto-Sterling, 1985, pp. 152–153.
37. Brown, 1991.
38. Buss, 1999; Geary, 1998; Ridley, 1993; Symons, 1979; Trivers, 1972.
39. Daly & Wilson, 1983; Geary, 1998; Hauser, 2000.
40. Geary, 1998; Silverman &Eals, 1992.
41. Gibbons, 2000.
42. Blum, 1997; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999.
43. Blum, 1997; Geary, 1998; Gur&Gur, in press; Gur et al., 1999; Halpern, 2000; Jensen, 1998; Kimura, 1999; Neisser et al., 1996.
44. Dabbs&Dabbs, 2000; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999; Sapolsky, 1997.
45. A. Sullivan, "Testosterone power," Women's Quarterly, Summer 2000.
46. Kimura, 1999.
47. Blum, 1997; Gangestad&Thornhill, 1998.
48. Blum, 1997; Geary, 1998; Halpern, 2000; Kimura, 1999.
49. Symons, 1979, chap. 9.
50. Reiner, 2000.
51. QuotedinHalpern, 2000, p. 9.
52. QuotedinColapinto, 2000.
53. Colapinto, 2000; Diamond&Sigmundson, 1997.
54. Skuseetal, 1997.
55. Barkley et al., 1977; Harris, 1998a; Lytton & Romney, 1991; Maccoby&Jacklin, 1987.
56. B. Friedan, "The future of feminism," Free Inquiry, Summer 1999.
57. "Land of plenty: Diversity as America's competitive edge in science, engineering, and technology," Report of the Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development, September 2000.
58. J. Alper, "The pipeline is leaking women all the way along," Science, 260, April 16, 1993; J. Mervis, "Efforts to boost diversity face persistent problems," Science, 284, June 11, 1999; J. Mervis, "Diversity: Easier said than done," Science, 289, March 16, 2000; J. Mervis, "NSF searches for right way to help women," Science, 289, July 21, 2000; J. Mervis, "Gender equity: NSF program targets institutional change," Science, 291, July 21, 2001.
59. J. Mervis, "Efforts to boost diversity face persistent problems," Science, 284, June 11, 1999, p. 1757.
60. P. Healy, "Faculty shortage: Women in sciences," Boston Globe, January 31, 2001.
61. C. Holden, "Parity as a goal sparks bitter battle," Science, 289, July 21, 2000, p. 380.
62. QuotedinYoung, 1999, pp. 22, 34–35.
63. Estrich, 2000; Furchtgott-Roth &Stolba, 1999; Goldin, 1990; Gottfredson, 1988; Haus-man, 1999; Kleinfeld, 1999; Lehrman, 1997; Lubinski&Benbow, 1992; Roback, 1993; Schwartz, 1992; Young, 1999.
64. Browne, 1998; Furchtgott-Roth &Stolba, 1999; Goldin, 1990.
65. В случайной выборке из 100 членов Международной ассоциации по изучению языка у детей я насчитал 75 женщин и 25 мужчин. Стэнфордский форум изучения языка у детей на своем сайте (csli.stanford.edu/~clrf/history.html) выложил список 18 ключевых спикеров: 15 женщин и трое мужчин.
66. Browne, 1998; Furchtgott-Roth &Stolba, 1999; Goldin, 1990; Gottfredson, 1988; Kleinfeld, 1999; Roback, 1993; Young, 1999.
67. Lubinski&Benbow, 1992.
68. See Browne, 1998, and the references in note 63.
69. Buss, 1992; Ellis, 1992.
70. Hrdy, 1999.
71. Browne, 1998; Hrdy, 1999.
72. Roback, 1993.
73. Becker, 1991.
74. Furchtgott-Roth &Stolba, 1999.
75. Quoted in C. Young, "Sex and science," Salon, April 12, 2001.
76. Quoted in C. Holden, "Parity as a goal sparks bitter battle," Science, 289, July 21, 2000.
77. Quoted in C. Holden, "Parity as a goal sparks bitter battle," Science, 289, July 21, 2000.
78. Kleinfeld, 1999.
79. National Science Foundation, Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 1998, .
80. Thornhill& Palmer, 2000.
81. "Report on the situation of human rights in the territory of the former Yugoslavia," 1993. United Nations Document E/CN.4/1993/50.
82. J. E. Beals, "Ending the silence on sexual violence," Boston Globe, April 10, 2000.
83. R. Haynor, "Violence against women," Boston Globe, October 22, 2000.
84. Brownmiller, 1975, p. 14.
85. Young, 1999, p. 139.
86. McElroy, 1996.
87. McElroy, 1996.
88. Thiessen& Young, 1994.
89. Dworkin, 1993.
90. J. Tooby& L. Cosmides, "Reply to Jerry Coyne," .
91. Gordon &Riger, 1991, p. 47.
92. Rose & Rose, 2000, p. 139.
93. M. Wertheim, "Born to rape?" Salon, February 29, 2000.
94. G. Miller, "Why men rape," Evening Standard, March 6, 2000, p. 53.
95. Symons, 1979; Thornhill& Palmer, 2000.
96. Jones, 1999. See also Check &Malamuth, 1985; Ellis & Beattie, 1983; Symons, 1979; Thornhill& Palmer, 2000.
97. Gottschall&Gottschall, 2001.
98. Jones, 1999, p. 890.
99. Bureau of Justice Statistics, .
100. Quoted in A. Humphreys, "Lawyers may use genetics study in rape defense," National Post (Canada), January 22, 2000, p.A8.
101. Quoted in Jones, 1999.
102. Paglia, 1990, pp. 51, 57.
103. McElroy, 1996.
104. J. Phillips, "Exploring inside to live on the outside," Boston Globe, March 21, 1999.
105. S. Satel, "The patriarchy made me do it," Women's Freedom Newsletter, 5, September/October 1998.
Глава 19. Дети
1. Turkheimer, 2000.
2. Goldberg, 1968; Janda, 1998; Neisser et al., 1996.
3. Jensen, 1971.
4. Plomin et al., 2001.
5. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard et al., 1990; Bouchard, 1998; Loehlin, 1992; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001.
6. Plomin et al., 2001.
7. McLearn et al, 1997; Plomin, Owen, & McGuffin, 1994.
8. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard et al., 1990; Bouchard, 1998; Loehlin, 1992; Lykken et al., 1992; Plomin, 1990; Plomin, 1994; Stromswold, 1998.
9. Plomin et al., 2001.
10. Bouchard et al., 1990; Plomin, 1991; Plomin, 1994; Plomin & Daniels, 1987.
11. Bouchard et al, 1990; Pedersen et al., 1992.
12. Bouchard et al., 1990; Bouchard, 1998.
13. Scarr & Carter-Saltzman, 1979.
14. Loehlin & Nichols, 1976.
15. Bouchard, 1998; Gutknecht, Spitz, & Carlier, 1999.
16. McGue, 1997.
17. Etcoff, 1999; Persico, Postlewaite, & Silverman, 2001.
18. Jackson & Huston, 1975.
19. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard et al., 1990.
20. Kamin, 1974; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 116.
21. Neisser et al, 1996; Snyderman & Roth-man, 1988.
22. Hunt, 1999, pp. 50–51.
23. Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Plomin et al., 2001.
24. Bouchard, 1994; Harris, 1998a; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Turkheimer & Wal-dron, 2000. Пример невоспроизводимого открытия – недавнее заявление Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001, что на альтруизм влияет общее окружение, что противоречит исследованию, проведенному Rushton et al., 1986, в котором использовались схожие методы и большая выборка.
25. Stoolmiller, 2000.
26. Bouchard et al., 1990; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Reiss et al., 2000; Rowe, 1994.
27. Plomin, 1991; Plomin & Daniels, 1987, p. 6; Plomin et al., 2001.
28. Bouchard, 1994; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Turkheimer, 2000; Turkheimer & Waldron, 2000.
29. Schütze, 1987.
30. B. Singer, "How to raise a perfect child…," Boston Globe Magazine, March 26, 2000, pp. 12–36.
31. D. Barry, "Is your kid's new best friend named 'Bessie'? Be very afraid," Miami Herald, October 31, 1999.
32. Harris, 1998a, chap. 2; Lytton, 1990.
33. Harris, 1998a, chap. 4; Harris, 2000b.
34. Harris, 1998a, pp. 319–320, 323.
35. Harris, 1998a; Harris, 1998b; Harris, 2000a; Harris, 2000b.
36. Harris, 1998a, chaps. 2, 3; Maccoby & Martin, 1983.
37. Harris, 1998a, pp. 300–311.
38. Bruer, 1999, p. 5.
39. Chabris, 1999.
40. T. B. Brazelton, "To curb teenage smoking, nurture children in their earliest years," Boston Globe, May 21, 1998.
41. Bruer, 1999.
42. Collins et al., 2000; Vandell, 2000.
43. Harris, 1995; Harris, 1998b; Harris, 2000b; Loehlin, 2001; Rowe, 2001.
44. Plomin, DeFries, & Fulker, 1988; Reiss et al., 2000; Turkheimer & Waldron, 2000.
45. D. Reiss, quoted in A. M. Paul, "Kid stuff: Do parents really matter?" Psychology Today, January/February 1998, pp. 46–49, 78.
46. Sulloway, 1996.
47. Sulloway, 1995.
48. Harris, 1998a, appendix 1; Harris, in press.
49. Hrdy, 1999.
50. Dunphy, 1963.
51. Pinker, 1994, chaps. 2, 9.
52. Kosof, 1996.
53. Harris, 1998a, chaps. 9, 12, 13.
54. Harris, 1998a, p. 264.
55. Harris, 1998a, chap. 13; Rowe, 1994; Rutter, 1997.
56. Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Harris, 1998a, chap. 13.
57. Harris, 1998a, chap. 8.
58. M. Wertheim, "Mindfield" (Review of S. Pinker's How the mind works), The Australian's Review of Books, 1998.
59. O. James, "It's a free market on the nature of nurture," The Independent, October 20, 1998.
60. . See also Anheuser-Busch's .
61. J. Leo, "Parenting without a care," US News and World Report, September 21, 1998.
62. Quoted in J. Leo, "Parenting without a care," US News and World Report, September 21, 1998.
63. S. Begley, "The parent trap," Newsweek, September 7, 1998, p. 54.
64. S. Begley, "The parent trap," Newsweek, September 7, 1998, p. 54.
65. J. Kagan, "A parent's influence is peerless," Boston Globe, September 13, 1998, p. E3.
66. Harris, 1998b; Harris, 2000a; Harris, 2000b; Loehlin, 2001; Rowe, 2001.
67. See also Miller, 1997.
68. Austad, 2000; Finch & Kirkwood, 2000.
69. Hartman, Garvik, & Hartwell, 2001; Waddington, 1957.
70. Harris, 1998a, pp. 78–79.
71. Quoted in B. M. Rubin, "Raising a ruckus being a parent is difficult, but is it necessary?" Chicago Tribune, August 31, 1998.
72. Harris, 1998a, p. 291.
73. Harris, 1998a, p. 342.
Глава 20. Искусство и гуманитарные науки
1. R. Brustein, "The decline of high culture," New Republic, November 3, 1997.
2. A. Kernan, Yale University Press, 1992.
3. A. Delbanco, New York Review of Books, November 4, 1999.
4. R. Brustein, New Republic, November 3, 1997.
5. Conference at the Stanford University Humanities Center, April 23, 1999.
6. G. Steiner, PN Review, 25, March – April 1999.
7. J. Engell & A. Dangerfield, Harvard Magazine, May – June 1998, pp. 48–55, 111.
8. A. Louch, Philosophy and Literature, 22, April 1998, pp. 231–241.
9. C. Woodring, Columbia University Press, 1999.
10. J. M. Ellis, Yale University Press, 1997.
11. G. Wheatcroft, Prospect, August/September 1998.
12. R. E. Scholes, Yale University Press, 1998.
13. A. Kernan (Ed.), Princeton University Press, 1997.
14. C. P. Freund, Reason, March 1998, pp. 33–38.
15. Quoted in Cowen, 1998, pp. 9–10.
16. J. Engell & A. Dangerfield, "Humanities in the age of money," Harvard Magazine, May – June 1998, pp. 48–55, 111.
17. J. Engell & A. Dangerfield, "Humanities in the age of money," Harvard Magazine, May – June 1998, pp. 48–55, 111.
18. Cowen, 1998; Ν. Gillespie, "All culture, all the time," Reason, April 1999, pp. 24–35.
19. Cowen, 1998.
20. Quoted in Cowen, 1998, p. 188.
21. Cowen, 1998.
22. Actually, "human character changed," from her essay "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown".
23. Crick, 1994; Gardner, 1983; Peretz, Gagnon, & Bouchard, 1998.
24. Miller, 2000a.
25. Dutton, 2001.
26. Dissanayake, 1992; Dissanayake, 2000.
27. Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.
28. Marr, 1982; Pinker, 1997, chap. 8; Ramachandran & Hirstein, 1999; Shepard, 1990. See also Gombrich, 1982/1995; Miller, 2001.
29. Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.
30. Kaplan, 1992; Orians, 1998; Orians & Heerwgen, 1992; Wilson, 1984.
31. Wilson, 1984.
32. Etcoff, 1999; Symons, 1995; Thornhill, 1998.
33. Tooby & DeVore, 1987.
34. Abbott, 2001; Pinker, 1997.
35. 35 Dissanayake, 1998.
36. Dissanayake, 1992.
37. Frank, 1999; Veblen, 1899/1994.
38. Zahavi & Zahavi, 1997.
39. Miller, 2000a, p. 270.
40. Bell, 1992; Wolfe, 1975; Wolfe, 1981.
41. Bourdieu, 1984.
42. From his 1757 essay "Of the standard of taste," quoted in Dutton, 2001, p. 206.
43. Dutton, 2001, p. 213.
44. Dutton, 1998; Komar, Melamid, & Wypijewski, 1997.
45. Dissanayake, 1998.
46. Dutton, 1998.
47. Lingua Franca, 2000.
48. Turner, 1997, pp. 170, 174–175.
49. Etcoff, 1999; Kaplan, 1992; Orians & Heerwgen, 1992.
50. Leslie, 1994; Schellenberg & Trehub, 1996; Storey, 1996; Zentner & Kagan, 1996.
51. Martindale, 1990.
52. Steiner, 2001.
53. Quoted in Dutton, 2000.
54. C. Darwent, "Art of staying pretty," New Statesman, February 13, 2000.
55. Steiner, 2001.
56. Bell, 1992.
57. The Onion, 36, September 21–27, 2000, p. 1.
58. Wolfe, 1975, pp. 2–4.
59. J. Miller, "Is bad writing necessary? George Orwell, Theodor Adorno, and the politics of language," Lingua Franca, December/January, 2000.
60. .
61. Steiner, 1967, preface.
62. New York Times, September 19, 2001.
63. Работа "Gnaw" скульптора Жанин Антони; G. Beauchamp, "Dissing the middle class: The view from Burns Park," American Scholar, Summer 1995, pp. 335–349.
64. K. Limaye, "Adieu to the Avant-Garde," Reason, July 1997.
65. K. Limaye, "Adieu to the Avant-Garde," Reason, July 1997.
66. C. Darwent, "Art of staying pretty," New Statesman, February 13, 2000; C. Lambert, "The stirring of sleeping beauty," Harvard Magazine, September – October 1999, pp. 46–53; K. Limaye, "Adieu to the Avant-Garde," Reason, July 1997; A. Delbanco, "The decline and fall of literature," New York Review of Books, November 4, 1999; Perloff, 1999; Turner, 1985; Turner, 1995.
67. Abbott, 2001; Boyd, 1998; Carroll, 1995; Dutton, 2001; Easterlin, Riebling, & Crews, 1993; Evans, 1998; Gottschall & Jobling, in preparation; Hernadi, 2001; Hogan, 1997; Steiner, 2001; Turner, 1985; Turner, 1995; Turner, 1996.
68. Goguen, 1999; Gombrich, 1982/1995; Kubovy, 1986.
69. Aiello & Sloboda, 1994; Lerdahl & Jackendoff, 1983.
70. Keyser, 1999; Keyser & Halle, 1998; Turner, 1991; Turner, 1996; Williams, 1990.
71. Keyser, 1999; Keyser & Halle, 1998; Turner, 1991; Turner, 1996; Williams, 1990.
72. Abbott, 2001.
73. A. Quart, "David Bordwell blows the whistle on film studies," Lingua Franca, March 2000, pp. 35–43.
74. Abbott, 2001; Aiken, 1998; Cooke & Turner, 1999; Dissanayake, 1992; Etcoff, 1999; Kaplan, 1992; Orians & Heerwgen, 1992; Thornhill, 1998.
75. Teuber, 1997.
76. Behrens, 1998.
77. Quoted in Storey, 1996, p. 182.
78. A. S. Byatt, "Narrate or die," New York Times Magazine, April 18, 1999, pp. 105–107.
79. John Updike, "The tried and the trēowe," Forbes ASAP, October 2, 2000, pp. 201, 215.
80. Storey, 1996, p. 114.
ЧАСТЬ VI. ГОЛОС ВИДА
1. Degler, 1991, p. 135.
2. Dickinson, 1976.
3. Vonnegut, 1968/1998.
4. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.205.
5. For example, Gould, 1981; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, pp. ix-x.
6. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.217.
7. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.220.
8. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.220.
9. Orwell, 1949/1983, p. 222.
10. Twain, 1884/1983, pp.293–295.
11. Twain, 1884/1983, p. 295.
12. Twain, 1884/1983, pp. 330–331.
13. Twain, 1884/1983, p. 332.
14. Twain, 1884/1983, p. 339.
15. Singer, 1972.
16. Singer, 1972, pp. 68–78. Диалог взят в сокращенном виде из текста книги и из кинофильма.
