Примечания

Пролог

1 Charles Darwin (1972 [orig. 1871]), p. 105.

2 Ernst Mayr (1982), p. 97.

3 Richard Byrne (1995), Jacques Vauclair (1996), Michael Tomasello and Josep Call (1997), James Gould and Carol Grant Gould (1999), Marc Bekoff et al. (2002), Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds (2006), John Pearce (2008), Sara Shettleworth (2012), and Clive Wynne and Monique Udell (2013).

Глава 1. Волшебные колодцы

1 Werner Heisenberg (1958), p. 26.

2 Jakob von Uexküll (1957 [orig. 1934]), p. 76. See also Jakob von Uexküll (1909).

3 Thomas Nagel (1974).

4 Ludwig Wittgenstein (1958 [orig. 1953]), p. 225.

5 Martin Lindauer (1987), p 6, quoting Karl von Frisch.

6 Donald Griffin (2001).

7 Ronald Lanner (1996).

8 Niko Tinbergen, (1953), Eugиne Marais (1969), Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1992), Alexandra Horowitz (2010), and E. O. Wilson (2010).

9 Benjamin Beck (1967).

10 Preston Foerder et al. (2011).

11 Daniel Povinelli (1989).

12 12 Joshua Plotnik et al. (2006).

13 Lisa Parr and Frans de Waal (1999).

14 Doris Tsao et al. (2008).

15 Konrad Lorenz (1981), p. 38.

16 Edward Thorndike (1898) inspired Edwin Guthrie and George Horton (1946).

17 Bruce Moore and Susan Stuttard (1979).

18 Edward Wasserman (1993).

19 Donald Griffin (1976).

20 Victor Stenger (1999).

21 Jan van Hooff (1972), Marina Davila Ross et al. (2009).

22 Frans de Waal (1999).

23 Gordon Burghardt (1991).

24 Frans de Waal (2000), Nicola Koyama (2001), Mathias Osvath and Helena Osvath (2008).

25 William Hodos and C. B. G. Campbell (1969).

26 "Pigeon, rat, monkey, which is which? It doesn't matter." B. F. Skinner (1956), p. 230.

27 Konrad Lorenz (1941).

Глава 2. Повесть о двух школах

1 Esther Cullen (1957).

2 Bonnie Perdue et al. (2011), Steven Gaulin and Randall Fitzgerald (1989).

3 Bruce Moore (1973), Michael Domjan and Bennett Galef (1983).

4 Sara Shettleworth (1993), Bruce Moore (2004).

5 Louise Buckley et al. (2011).

6 Harry Harlow (1953), p. 31.

7 Donald Dewsbury (2006), p. 226.

8 John Falk (1958).

9 Keller Breland and Marian Breland (1961).

10 B. F. Skinner (1969), p. 40.

11 William Thorpe (1979).

12 Richard Burkhardt (2005).

13 Desmond Morris (2010), p. 51.

14 Anne Burrows et al. (2006).

15 George Romanes (1882), George Romanes (1884).

16 C. Lloyd Morgan (1894), pp. 53–54.

17 Roger Thomas (1998), Elliott Sober (1998).

18 C. Lloyd Morgan (1903).

19 Frans de Waal (1999).

20 René Röell (1996).

21 Niko Tinbergen (1963).

22 Oskar Pfungst (1911).

23 Douglas Candland (1993).

24 "The Remarkable Orlov Trotter," Black River Orlovs, www.infohorse.com/ShowAd.asp?id=3693.

25 Juliane Kaminski et al. (2004).

26 Gordon Gallup (1970).

27 Robert Epstein et al. (1981).

28 Roger Thompson and Cynthia Contie (1994), but see Emiko Uchino and Shigeru Watanabe (2014).

29 Celia Heyes (1995).

30 Daniel Povinelli et al. (1997).

31 Jeremy Kagan (2000), Frans de Waal (2009a).

32 Kinji Imanishi (1952), Junichiro Itani and Akisato Nishimura (1973).

33 Bennett Galef (1990).

34 Frans de Waal (2001).

35 Satoshi Hirata et al. (2001).

36 David Premack and Ann Premack (1994).

37 Josep Call (2004), Juliane Bräuer et al. (2006).

38 Josep Call (2006).

39 Daniel Lehrman (1953).

40 Richard Burkhardt (2005), p. 390.

41 Ibid., p. 370; Hans Kruuk (2003).

42 Frank Beach (1950).

43 Donald Dewsbury (2000).

44 John Garcia et al. (1955).

45 Shettleworth (2010).

46 Hans Kummer et al. (1990).

47 Frans de Waal (2003b).

48 Hans Kruuk (2003), p. 157.

49 Niko Tinbergen and Walter Kruyt (1938).

50 Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

Глава 3. Волны познания

1 Wolfgang Kцhler (1925). The German original, Intelligenzprüfungen an Anthropoiden, appeared in 1917.

2 Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 120.

3 Robert Epstein (1987).

4 Emil Menzel (1972). Menzel was interviewed by the author in 2001.

5 Jane Goodall (1986), p. 357.

6 Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

7 Jennifer Pokorny and Frans de Waal (2009).

8 John Marzluff and Tony Angell (2005), p. 24.

9 John Marzluff et al. (2010); Garry Hamilton (2012).

10 Michael Sheehan and Elizabeth Tibbetts (2011).

11 Johan Bolhuis and Clive Wynne (2009), see also Frans de Waal (2009a).

12 Marco Vasconcelos et al. (2012).

13 Jonathan Buckley et al. (2010).

14 Barry Allen (1997).

15 M. M. Günther and Christophe Boesch (1993).

16 Gen Yamakoshi (1998).

17 "Tool use is the external employment of an unattached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself when the user holds or carries the tool during or just prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool." Benjamin Beck (1980), p. 10.

18 Robert Amant and Thomas Horton (2008).

19 Jane Goodall (1967), p. 32.

20 Crickette Sanz et al. (2010).

21 Christophe Boesch et al. (2009), Ebang Wilfried and Juichi Yamagiwa (2014).

22 William McGrew (2010).

23 Jill Pruetz and Paco Bertolani (2007).

24 Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1997).

25 Jürgen Lethmate (1982).

26 Carel van Schaik et al. (1999).

27 Thibaud Gruber et al. (2010), Esther Herrmann et al. (2008).

28 Thomas Breuer et al. (2005), Jean-Felix Kinani and Dawn Zimmerman (2015).

29 Eduardo Ottoni and Massimo Mannu (2001).

30 Dorothy Fragaszy et al. (2004).

31 Julio Mercader et al. (2007).

32 Elisabetta Visalberghi and Luca Limongelli (1994).

33 Luca Limongelli et al. (1995), Gema Martin-Ordas et al. (2008).

34 William Mason (1976), pp. 292–93.

35 Michael Gumert et al. (2009).

36 "Honey Badgers: Masters of Mayhem," Nature, broadcast Feb. 19, 2014, Public Broadcasting Service.

37 Alex Weir et al. (2002).

38 Gavin Hunt (1996), Hunt and Russell Gray (2004).

39 Christopher Bird and Nathan Emery (2009), Alex Taylor and Russell Gray (2009), Sarah Jelbert et al. (2014).

40 Alex Taylor et al. (2014).

41 Natacha Mendes et al. (2007), Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).

42 Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).

43 Gavin Hunt et al. (2007), p. 291.

44 William McGrew (2013).

45 Alex Taylor et al. (2007).

46 Nathan Emery and Nicola Clayton (2004).

47 Vladimir Dinets et al. (2013).

48 Julian Finn et al. (2009).

Глава 4. Говори со мной

1 Bishop of Polignac, cited in Corbey (2005), p. 54.

2 Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts (2002 [orig. 1935]).

3 Herbert Terrace et al. (1979).

4 Irene Pepperberg (2008).

5 Michele Alexander and Terri Fisher (2003).

6 Norman Malcolm (1973), p. 17.

7 Jerry Fodor (1975), p. 56.

8 Irene Pepperberg (1999).

9 Bruce Moore (1992).

10 Alice Auersperg et al. (2012).

11 Ewen Callaway (2012).

12 Sarah Boysen and Gary Berntson (1989).

13 Irene Pepperberg (2012).

14 Irene Pepperberg (1999), p. 327.

15 Sapolsky (2010).

16 Evolution of Language International Conferences, www.evolang.org.

17 Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982], de Waal (1996), de Waal (2009a).

18 Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1990).

19 Kate Arnold and Klaus Zuberbьhler (2008).

20 Toshitaka Suzuki (2014).

21 Brandon Wheeler and Julia Fischer (2012).

22 Tabitha Price (2013), Nicholas Ducheminsky et al. (2014).

23 Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal (2007), Katja Liebal et al. (2013), Catherine Hobaiter and Richard Byrne (2014).

24 Frans de Waal (2003a).

25 In 1980 Thomas Sebeok and the New York Academy of Sciences organized a conference entitled "The Clever Hans Phenomenon: Communication with Horses, Whales, Apes, and People."

26 Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin (1994), p. 50, Jean Aitchison (2000).

27 Muhammad Spocter et al. (2010).

28 Sandra Wohlgemuth et al. (2014).

29 Andreas Pfenning et al. (2014).

30 Frans de Waal (1997), p. 38.

31 Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 79.

32 Oliver Sacks (1985).

33 Robert Yerkes (1943).

34 Vilmos Csónyi (2000), Alexandra Horowitz (2009), Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods (2013).

35 Tiffani Howell et al. (2013).

36 Sally Satel and Scott Lilienfeld (2013).

37 Craig Ferris et al. (2001), John Marzluff et al. (2012).

38 Gregory Berns (2013).

39 Gregory Berns et al. (2013).

Глава 5. Мера всех вещей

1 Sana Inoue and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2007), Alan Silberberg and David Kearns (2009), Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2009).

2 Jo Thompson (2002).

3 David Premack (2010), p. 30.

4 Marc Hauser interviewed by Jerry Adler (2008).

5 The Public Broadcasting Service entitled a 2010 series The Human Spark.

6 Alfred Russel Wallace (1869), p. 392.

7 Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al. (2014), Ferris Jabr (2014).

8 Katerina Semendeferi et al. (2002), Suzana Herculano-Houzel (2009), Frederico Azevedo et al. (2009).

9 Ajit Varki and Danny Brower (2013), Thomas Suddendorf (2013), Michael Tomasello (2014).

10 Jeremy Taylor (2009), Helene Guldberg (2010).

11 Virginia Morell (2013), p. 232.

12 Robert Sorge et al. (2014).

13 Emil Menzel (1974).

14 Katie Hall et al. (2014).

15 David Premack and Guy Woodruff (1978).

16 Frans de Waal (2008), Stephanie Preston (2013).

17 Adam Smith (1976 [orig. 1759]), p. 10.

18 J. B. Siebenaler and David Caldwell (1956), p. 126.

19 Frans de Waal (2005), p. 191.

20 Frans de Waal (2009a).

21 Shinya Yamamoto et al. (2009).

22 Yuko Hattori et al. (2012).

23 Henry Wellman et al. (2000).

24 Ljerka Ostojicґ et al. (2013).

25 Daniel Povinelli (1998).

26 Derek Penn and Daniel Povinelli (2007).

27 David Leavens et al. (1996), Autumn Hostetter et al. (2001).

28 Catherine Crockford et al. (2012), Anne Marijke Schel et al. (2013).

29 Brian Hare et al. (2001).

30 Hika Kuroshima et al. (2003), Anne Marije Overduin-de Vries et al. (2013).

31 Anna Ilona Roberts et al. (2013).

32 Daniel Povinelli (2000).

33 Esther Herrmann et al. (2007).

34 Yuko Hattori et al. (2010).

35 Allan Gardner et al. (2011).

36 Frans de Waal (2001), de Waal et al. (2008), Christophe Boesch (2007).

37 Nathan Emery and Nicky Clayton (2001).

38 Thomas Bugnyar and Bernd Heinrich (2005); see also "Quoth the Raven", Economist, May 13, 2004.

39 Josep Call and Michael Tomasello (2008).

40 Atsuko Saito and Kazutaka Shinozuka (2013), p. 689.

41 Brian Hare et al. (2002), Бdбm Miklуsi et al. (2003), Hare and Michael Tomasello (2005), Monique Udell et al. (2008, 2010), Mбrta Gбcsi et al. (2009).

42 Miho Nagasawa et al. (2015).

43 Leslie White (1959), p. 5.

44 Edward Thorndike (1898), p. 50, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call (1997).

45 Michael Tomasello et al. (1993ab), David Bjorklund et al. (2000).

46 Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten (2005).

47 David Premack (2010).

48 Andrew Whiten et al. (2005), Victoria Horner et al. (2006), Kristin Bonnie et al. (2006), Horner and Frans de Waal (2010), Horner and de Waal (2009).

49 Michael Huffman (1996), p. 276.

50 Edwin van Leeuwen et al. (2014).

51 William McGrew and Caroline Tutin (1978).

52 Frans de Waal (2001), de Waal and Kristin Bonnie (2009).

53 Elizabeth Lonsdorf et al. (2004).

54 Victoria Horner et al. (2010), Rachel Kendal et al. (2015).

55 Christine Caldwell and Andrew Whiten (2002).

56 Friederike Range and Zsуfia Virбnyi (2014).

57 Jeremy Kagan (2004), David Premack (2007).

58 Charles Darwin, Notebook M, 1838, http://darwin-online.org.uk.

59 Lydia Hopper et al. (2008).

60 Frans de Waal (2009a), Delia Fuhrmann et al. (2014).

61 Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al. (2011, 2014).

62 Josef Parvizi (2009).

63 Robert Barton (2012).

64 Michael Corballis (2002), William Calvin (1982).

65 Natasja de Groot et al. (2010)

66 The "Mens vs aap—experiment" video can be seen at http://bit.ly/ 1gb LiCm.

67 Christopher Martin et al. (2014).

68 Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

69 Benjamin Beck (1982).

70 Alaska governor Sarah Palin, policy speech, Pittsburgh, PA, October 24, 2008.

Глава 6. Социальные навыки

1 Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

2 Donald Griffin (1976).

3 Hans Kummer (1971), Kummer (1995).

4 Jane Goodall (1971).

5 Christopher Martin et al. (2014).

6 Frans de Waal and Jan van Hooff (1981).

7 Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

8 Marcel Foster et al. (2009)

9 Toshisada Nishida et al. (1992).

10 Toshisada Nishida (1983), Nishida and Kazuhiko Hosaka (1996).

11 Victoria Horner et al. (2011).

12 Malini Suchak and Frans de Waal (2012).

13 Hans Kummer et al. (1990), Frans de Waal (1991).

14 Richard Byrne and Andrew Whiten (1988).

15 Robin Dunbar (1998b).

16 Thomas Geissmann and Mathias Orgeldinger (2000).

17 Sarah Gouzoules et al. (1984).

18 Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1992).

19 Susan Perry et al. (2004).

20 Susan Perry (2008), p. 47.

21 Katie Slocombe and Klaus Zuberbühler (2007).

22 Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1986, 1989), Filippo Aureli et al. (1992).

23 Peter Judge (1991), Judge and Sonia Mullen (2005).

24 Ronald Schusterman et al. (2003).

25 Dalila Bovet and David Washburn (2003), Regina Paxton et al. (2010).

26 Jorg Massen et al. (2014a).

27 Meredith Crawford (1937).

28 Kim Mendres and Frans de Waal (2000).

29 Alicia Melis et al. (2006a), Alicia Melis et al. (2006b), Sarah Brosnan et al. (2006).

30 Frans de Waal and Michelle Berger (2000).

31 Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher (2003).

32 Robert Boyd (2006), countered by Kevin Langergraber et al. (2007).

33 Malini Suchak and Frans de Waal (2012), Jingzhi Tan and Brian Hare (2013).

34 National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, Keck Futures Initiative Conference, Irvine, CA, November 2014.

35 E. O. Wilson (1975).

36 Michael Tomasello (2008), Gary Stix (2014), p. 77.

37 Emil Menzel (1972).

38 Joshua Plotnik et al. (2011).

39 Ingrid Visser et al. (2008).

40 Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann (2000).

41 The two photographs are featured in Gary Stix (2014).

42 Malini Suchak et al. (2014).

43 Michael Wilson et al. (2014).

44 Sarah Calcutt et al. (2014).

45 Hal Whitehead and Luke Rendell (2015).

46 Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2003). See also "Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally," TED Blog Video, http://bit.ly/1GO05tz.

47 Sarah Brosnan et al. (2010), Proctor et al. (2013).

48 Frederieke Range et al. (2008), Claudia Wascher and Thomas Bugnyar (2013), Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2014).

49 Redouan Bshary and Ronald Noё (2003).

50 Redouan Bshary et al. (2006).

51 Alexander Vail et al. (2014).

52 Toshisada Nishida and Kazuhiko Hosaka (1996).

53 Jorg Massen et al. (2014b).

54 Caitlin O'Connell (2015).

Глава 7. Время покажет

1 Robert Browning (2006 [orig. 1896]), p. 113.

2 Otto Tinklepaugh (1928).

3 Gema Martin-Ordas et al. (2013).

4 Marcel Proust (1913), p. 48.

5 Karline Janmaat et al. (2014), Simone Ban et al. (2014).

6 Endel Tulving (1972, 2001).

7 Nicola Clayton and Anthony Dickinson (1998).

8 Stephanie Babb and Jonathon Crystal (2006).

9 Sadie Dingfelder (2007), p. 26.

10 Thomas Suddendorf (2013), p. 103.

11 Endel Tulving (2005).

12 Mathias Osvath (2009).

13 Lucia Jacobs and Emily Liman (1991).

14 Nicholas Mulcahy and Josep Call (2006).

15 Mathias Osvath and Helena Osvath (2008), Osvath and Gema Martin-Ordas (2014).

16 Juliane Bräuer and Josep Call (2015).

17 Caroline Raby et al. (2007), Sйrgio Correia et al. (2007), William Roberts (2012).

18 Nicola Koyama et al. (2006).

19 Carel van Schaik et al. (2013).

20 Anoopum Gupta et al. (2010), Andrew Wikenheiser and David Redish (2012).

21 Sara Shettleworth (2007), Michael Corballis (2013).

22 In 2011 French media compared Dominique Strauss-Kahn to a "chimpanzé en rut."

23 Richard Byrne (1995), p. 133, Robin Dunbar (1998a).

24 Ramona Morris and Desmond Morris (1966).

25 Philip Kitcher (2006), p. 136.

26 Harry Frankfurt (1971), p. 11, also Roy Baumeister (2008).

27 Jessica Bramlett et al. (2012).

28 Michael Beran (2002), Theodore Evans and Beran (2007).

29 Friederike Hilleman et al. (2014).

30 Adrienne Koepke et al. (in press).

31 Walter Mischel and Ebbe Ebbesen (1970).

32 David Leavens et al. (2001).

33 Walter Mischel et al. (1972), p. 217.

34 Michael Beran (2015).

35 Sarah Boysen and Gary Berntson (1995).

36 Edward Tolman (1927).

37 David Smith et al. (1995).

38 Robert Hampton (2004).

39 Allison Foote and Jonathon Crystal (2007).

40 Arii Watanabe et al. (2014).

41 Josep Call and Malinda Carpenter (2001), Robert Hampton et al. (2004).

42 Alastair Inman and Sara Shettleworth (1999).

43 The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, July 7, 2012, Francis Crick Memorial Conference at Churchill College, University of Cambridge.

Глава 8. О зеркалах и банках

1 Joshua Plotnik et al. (2006). See also "Mirror Self-Recognition in Asian Elephants" (video), Jan. 11, 2015, http://bit.ly/1spFNoA.

2 Joshua Plotnik et al. (2014).

3 Michael Garstang et al. (2014).

4 Ulric Neisser (1967), p. 3.

5 Lucy Bates et al. (2007).

6 Karen McComb et al. (2014).

7 Karen McComb et al. (2011).

8 Joseph Soltis et al. (2014).

9 Gordon Gallup Jr. (1970), James Anderson and Gallup (2011).

10 Daniel Povinelli (1987).

11 Emanuela Cenami Spada et al. (1995), Mark Bekoff and Paul Sherman (2003).

12 Matthew Jorgensen et al. (1995), Koji Toda and Shigeru Watanabe (2008).

13 Doris Bischof-Köhler (1991), Carolyn Zahn-Waxler et al. (1992), Frans de Waal (2008).

14 Abigail Rajala et al. (2010), Liangtang Chang et al. (2015).

15 Frans de Waal et al. (2005).

16 Philippe Rochat (2003).

17 Diana Reiss and Lori Marino (2001).

18 Helmut Prior et al. (2008).

19 My translation of Jürgen Lethmate and Gerti Dücker (1973), p. 254.

20 Ralph Buchsbaum et al. (1987 [orig. 1938]).

21 Roland Anderson and Jennifer Mather (2010).

22 Katherine Harmon Courage (2013), p. 115.

23 Roland Anderson et al. (2010).

24 Jennifer Mather et al. (2010), Roger Hanlon and John Messenger (1996).

25 Roland Anderson et al. (2002).

26 Aristotle (1991), p. 323.

27 Jennifer Mather and Roland Anderson (1999), Sarah Zylinski (2015).

28 Roger Hanlon (2007), Hanlon (2013).

29 Roger Hanlon et al. (1999).

30 Culum Brown et al. (2012).

31 Robert Jackson (1992), Stim Wilcox and Jackson (2002).

32 Andrew Whiten et al. (2005).

33 Edwin van Leeuwen and Daniel Haun (2013).

34 Susan Perry (2009); see also Marietta Dindo et al. (2009).

35 Elizabeth Lonsdorf et al. (2004).

36 Jenny Allen et al. (2013).

37 Erica van de Waal et al. (2013).

38 Nicolas Claidiére et al. (2015).

39 Frans de Waal and Denise Johanowicz (1993).

40 Kristin Bonnie and Frans de Waal (2007).

41 Michio Nakamura et al. (2000).

42 Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Matsuzawa (1997).

43 Stuart Watson et al. (2015).

44 Tetsuro Matsuzawa et al. (2001), Frans de Waal (2001).

45 Konrad Lorenz (1952), p. 86.

46 Frans de Waal and Jennifer Pokorny (2008).

47 Frans de Waal and Peter Tyack (2003).

48 Stephanie King et al. (2013).

49 Laela Sayigh et al. (1999), Vincent Janik et al. (2006).

50 Jason Bruck (2013).

51 Stephanie King and Vincent Janik (2013).

Глава 9. Эволюционное познание

1 Marc Bekoff and Colin Allen (1997), p. 316.

2 Anthony Tramontin and Eliot Brenowitz (2000).

3 Jonathan Marks (2002), p. xvi.

4 David Hume (1985 [orig. 1739]), p. 226, with thanks to Gerald Massey.

5 "Study: Dolphins Not So Intelligent on Land," Onion, Feb. 15, 2006.

6 Jolyon Troscianko et al. (2012).

7 Donald Dewsbury (2000).

8 Frans de Waal and Sarah Brosnan (2006).

9 Frans de Waal and Pier Francesco Ferrari (2010).