1. Psellus, pp. 53, 57.

2. Ibid., pp. 64–65.

3. Ibid., p. 81.

4. Shaun Tougher, «Byzantine Eunuchs: An Overview, with Special Reference to Their Creation and Origin», in Liz James, ed., Women, Men, and Eunuchs (1997), pp. 178–179.

5. Psellus, p. 93.

6. Ibid., p. 116.

7. Ibid., pp. 138–139.

8. Ibid., p. 155.

9. Ibid., p. 158.

10. Luscome and Riley-Smith, p. 230.

11. Grousset, p. 150.

12. Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir, The Annals of the Saljuq Turks, trans. D. S. Richards (2002), pp. 67–68; Ibrahim Kafesoglu and Gary Leiser, A History of the Seljuks (1988), pp. 40–41.

13. Psellus, pp. 224–225.

14. Ibid., p. 300.

15. Archer Jones, The Art of War in the Western World (1987), p. 100.

16. Ibid., p. 101.

17. Psellus, pp. 365–366.