1. Quoted in Margaret Mahler, A History of Chirk Castle and Chirkland (1912), p. 202.

2. Magnus Magnusson, Scotland (2000), p. 40.

3. Collins, p. 194; Simeon of Durham, The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham, trans. J. Stevenson (1855), p. 487.

4. Bryan Sykes, Saxons, Vikings, and Celts (2006), p. 261; Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, trans. Erling Monsen (1932), p. 5; John Asser, Asser’s Life of King Alfred, trans. Lionel Cecil Jane (1908), p. 41.

5. Bede, p. 299.

6. Seamus Heaney, Beowulf (2001), 2.175–179.

7. Sykes, p. 262.

8. Swanton, p. 68.

9. Ibid., p. 70; Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, trans., Alfred the Great (1983), p. 77.

10. Swanton, p. 71.

11. Keynes and Lapidge, p. 83.

12. Asser, p. 38.

13. Simeon of Durham, p. 476.

14. Keynes and Lapidge, p. 84.

15. John of Worcester, The Chronicle of John of Worcester, vol. 2: The Annals from 450 to 1066, trans. Jennifer Bray and P. McGurk (1995), p. 355.