1. Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History (1905), p. 102.

2. Fredegar (1960), 4.22.

3. Fredegar, 4.30; Joanna Story, ed., Charlemagne (2005), pp. 16–17; Einhard, «The Life of Charlemagne» 1.2, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (1969).

4. Paul Edward Dutron, ed., Carolingian Civilization (1993), p. n.

5. Slightly condensed from the Clausula de unctione Pippini, in Dutton, p. 12.

6. Fredegar, 4.38–39.

7. «The Donation of Constantine», in Dutton, pp. 14–19.

8. Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 3.18, in Thorpe.

9. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (1962), p. 97.

10. Wallace-Hadrill, Barbarian West (1962), p. 97.

11. Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 2.6, in Thorpe.

12. Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 2.9-10, in Thorpe.

13. Charles Kenneth Scott-Moncrieff, trans., The Song of Roland (1920), p. 80.