1. John J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam (1978), pp. 5–6.

2. Karen Armstrong, Muhammad (1993), p. 62.

3. Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, vol. 2, Part 1 (2002), pp. 2–3, 140; Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, 2d ed. (2004), p.17.

4. Alois Grillmeier, Christ in Christian Tradition, vol. 2, trans. О. C. Dean (1996), p. 306.

5. «The Letter of Simeon of Beth Arsham», quoted in Dionysius, Chronicle, part

3, trans. Witold Witakowski (1996), pp. 53–57, and in Stuart Munro-Hay, The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant (1996), pp. 60–62.

6. Procopius, History of the Wars and Buildings, vol. 1,1.10; Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, p. 13; Armstrong Muhammad, p. 56; Grillmeier, p. 320.

7. Procopius, Secret History, 1.1–1.2, 9.15.

8. Ibid., 9.27–30.

9. James Stevenson, ed., Creeds, Councils and Controversies (1966), p. 337.

10. Sevetus of AFAshmunein, History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, trans. B. Evens (1904), Chapter 13; Antigone Samellas, Death in the Eastern Mediterranean (50-600 a.d.) (2002), p. 41 n. 77.

11. Fred Blume, trans., Annotated Justinian Code (2008), 5.4.

12. Gregory, pp. 124–126.

13. Blume, 1.14.

14. Ibid., 1.1.

15. Quoted in Sara Rappe, Reading Neoplatonism (2000), p. 197.