1. Orosius, book 7; Sozoman, Ecclesiastical History, 7.24 in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 2; Socrates, Ecclesiastical History 5.25, in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 12.

3. Finley Hooper, Roman Realities (1979), p. 536; Vasiliev, p. 90; Zosimus, book 5; J. B. Bury, A History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 1 (1966), p. 62.

4. Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000, 2d ed. (1999), p. 30.

5. Ibid., pp. 23–24, 39.

6. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 1, p. 64; Vasiliev, p. 91.

7. Claudian, «Against Rufinus», in Claudian (1922), trans. Maurice Platnauer, pp. 88–89.

8. Ibid., p. 88; Zosimus, book 5.

9. Zosimus, book 5.