Книга: Великие завоевания варваров. Падение Рима и рождение Европы
Назад: Третий закон Ньютона для империй?
Дальше: Примечания

Основные источники

GCSDie Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte,

CSELCorpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum,

CCCorpus Christianorum,

SCSources Chrétiennes.



Adam of Bremen, History of the Bishops of Hamburg, ed. Schmeidler (1917); trans. Tschan (1959)

Agathias, History, ed. Keydell (1967); trans. Frendo (1975) Ammianus Marcellinus, ed. and trans. Rolfe (1935–1939) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. and trans. Whitelock et al. (1961)

Annals of Fulda, ed. Pertz and Kurze (1891); trans. Reuter (1992)

Annals of St Bertin, ed. Waitz (1883); trans. Nelson (1991)

Anonymous Bavarian Geographer, ed. Bielowski (1946)

Anonymous Valesianus, ed. and trans. in Rolfe (1935–1939), vol. 3

Aurelius Victor, Caesars, ed. Pichlmayr (1911); trans. Bird (1994)

Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Colgrave and Mynors (1969)

Caesar, Gallic War

Cassiodorus, Variae, ed. Mommsen (1894b); trans. Hodgkin (1886); Barnish (1992)

Chronicle of Ireland, trans. Charles-Edwards (2006)

Chronicle of Monemvasia, ed. and trans. Charanis (1950)

Chronicon Paschale, ed. Dindorf (1832); trans. Whitby and Whitby (1989)

Claudian, Works, ed. and trans. Platnauer (1922)

Codex Theodosianus, ed. Mommsen and Kreuger (1905); trans. Pharr (1952)

Constantius, Life of St Germanus, ed. Noble and Head (1995), 75–106

Consularia Constantinopolitana, ed. Mommsen (1892)

Cosmas of Prague, Chronicle of Bohemia, ed. Bretholz and Weinberger (1923)

Crith Gablach: ed. Binchy (1970).

De Administrando Imperio, ed. and trans. Moravcsik and Jenkins (1967)

Dio Cassius, Roman History, ed. and trans.  Cary (1914–1927) Encomium of Queen Emma, ed. and trans. Campbell (1949)

Ennodius, Works, ed. Vogel (1885)

Eugippius, Life of Severinus, ed. Noll and Vetter (1963); trans. Bieler (1965)

Eunapius, Histories, ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)

Eutropius, Breviarium, ed. Santini (1979); trans. Bird (1993)

Fredegar, Chronicle, ed. and trans. Wallace-Hadrill (1960)

Gallic Chronicle of 452, ed. Mommsen (1892)

Gallus Anonymous, Chronicle, ed. Maleczynski (1952); trans. Knoll and Schaer (2003)

Gildas, Ruin of Britain, ed. and trans. Winterbottom (1978)

Gregory of Tours, Histories, ed. Krusch and Levison (1951); trans. Thorpe (1974)

Helmold, Chronicle of the Slavs, ed. Lappenberg and Schmeidler (1909); trans. Tschan (1966)

Herodotus, Histories

Historia Augusta, ed. and trans. Magie (1932)

Hydatius, Chronicle, ed. Mommsen (1894); trans. Burgess (1993)

Ibn Fadlan, ed. and trans. Canard (1973)

Ibn Jaqub, ed. and trans. Miquel (1966)

Ibn Rusteh, ed. and trans. Wiet (1957)

Jerome, Chronicle: an online edition and English translation may be found at http:// www.tertullian.org./fathers/jerome_chronicle_oo_eintro. htm

John of Antioch, ed. Mueller (1851–1870); trans. Gordon (1966) John of Nikiu, Chronicle, trans. Charles (1916) (from the Ethiopian)

Jordanes, Romana and Getica, ed. Mommsen (1882); Getica, trans. Mierow (1915)

Laws of Ine, ed. Liebermann (1903–1916); trans. Whitelock (1955)

Life of Anskar, ed. Trillmich et al. (1978); trans. Robinson (1921)

Malchus, ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)

Menander Protector, ed. and trans. Blockley (1985)

Miracles of St Demetrius, ed. Lemerle (1979–1981)

Notitia Dignitatum, ed. Seeck (1962)

Novels of Valentinian III, ed. Mommsen and Kreuger (1905); trans. Pharr (1952)

Origo Gentis Langobardorum: see Paul the Deacon

Olympiodorus of Thebes, ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)

Orosius, Against the Pagans, ed. Arnaud-Lindet (1990–1991); trans. Defarri (1964)

Panegyrici Latini, ed. and trans. Nixon and Rogers (1994)

Passion of St Saba, ed. Delehaye (1912); trans. Heather and Matthews (1991)

Paul the Deacon, History of the Lombards, ed. Bethmann and Waitz (1878); trans. Foulke (1974)

Paulinus of Pella, Eucharisticon, ed. and trans. Evelyn White (1961), vol. 2

Peter the Patrician, ed. Mueller (1851–1870)

Pliny, Natural History

Priscus, ed. and trans. Blockley (1982)

Procopius, Works, ed. and trans. Dewing (1914–1940)

Prosper Tiro, Chronicle, ed. Mommsen (1892)

Ptolemy, Geography

Royal Frankish Annals, ed. Kurze (1895); trans. Scholz (1972)

Russian Primary Chronicle, trans. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953)

Saxo Grammaticus, History of the Danes, ed. Knabe et al. (1931–1957); trans. Fisher (1996) (Books I—IX); Christiansen (1980–1981) (Books X—XVI)

Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. Hansen (1995); trans. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2

Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. Bidez and Hansen (1995); trans. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2

Strabo, Geography

Strategicon of Maurice, ed. Dennis (1981); trans. Dennis (1984)

Synesius of Cyrene, ed. Garzya (1989)

Tacitus, Annals; Histories; Germania

Themistius, Orations, ed. Schenkl et al. (1965–1974); trans. Heather and Matthews (1991) (Orations 8 and 10); Heather & Moncur (2001) (Orations 14–16 and 34)

Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. Parmentier and Hansen (1998); trans. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vol. 3

Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. Niebuhr (1839–1841); trans. Mango and Scott (1997)

Theophylact Simocatta, History, ed. De Boor and Wirth (1972); trans. Whitby and Whitby (1986)

Thietmar of Merseburg, Chronicle, ed. Holtzmann (1935); trans. Warner (2001)

Victor of Vita, History of the Persecution in Africa, ed. Petschenig (1881); trans. Moorhead (1992)

Widukind of Corvey, ed. Lohmann and Hirsch (1935)

Zonaras, Chronicle, ed. Weber (1897)

Zosimus, History, ed. Paschoud (1971–1989); trans. Ridley (1982)

Библиография

Abels, R. (1998). Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England (London)

Achelis, H. (1900). ‘Der älteste deutsche Kalender’, Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 1, 308–335

Adamson, S. et al., eds. (1990) Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Amsterdam)

Agadshanow, S.G. (1994). Der Staat der Seldschukiden und Mittelasien im 11.—12. Jahrhundert (Berlin)

Ament, H. (1996). ‘Frühe Funde und archäologische Erforschung der Franken in Rheinland’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 22–34

Amory, P. (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 (Cambridge)

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London)

Anokhin, V.A. (1980). The Coinage of Chersonesus (Oxford)

Antony, D.W. (1990). ‘Migration in Archaeology: the Baby and the Bathwater’, American Anthropologist 92, 895–914

– (1992). ‘The Bath Refilled: Migration in Archaeology Again’,

American Anthropologist 94, 174–176

Arnaud-Lindet, M-P., ed. and trans. (1990–1991). Orose: Histoires contre les païens (Paris)

Arnold, C.J. (1997). An Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, 2nd ed. (London)

Arnold, E. (1973). The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century (London)



Bacall, A. (1991). Ethnicity in the Social Sciences: A View and a Review of the Literature on Ethnicity (Coventry)

Bachrach, B.S. (1973). The Alans in the West (Minneapolis)

Bailyn, B. (1994). ‘Europeans on the Move, 1500–1800’, in Canny (1994), 1–5

Bakony, K. (1999). ‘Hungary’, in Reuter (1999), 536–552 Barford, P. (2001). The Early Slavs (London)

– (2005). ‘Silent Centuries: The Society and Economy of the Northwestern Slavs’, in Curta (2005), 60–102

Barnes, T.D. (1998). Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Ithaca; London)

Barnish, S.J.B. (1992). The Variae of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (Liverpool)

Barrett, J.C. et al., eds. (1989). Barbarians and Romans in North-west Europe from the Later Republic to Late Antiquity (Oxford)

Barrow, G.W.S. (1973). The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century (London)

Barth, F., ed. (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Ethnic Difference (Boston)

Bartlett, R. (1993). The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350 (London)

Bassett, S., ed. (1989). The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (London)

Bates, D. (1982). Normandy before 1066 (London)

Batty, R. (2007). Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity (Oxford)

Baxter, S. (2007). The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in late Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford)

Bentley, G.C. (1987). ‘Ethnicity and Practice’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, 25–55

Bethmann, L. and Waitz, G., eds. (1878). Pauli Historia Langobardorum, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum (Hanover)

Bichir, G. (1976). The Archaeology and History of the Carpi (Oxford)

Bidez, J. and Hansen, G.C., eds. (1995). Sozomenus Kirchengeschichte (Berlin)

Bieler, L. (1965). Eugippius: The Life of Saint Severinus (Washington)

Bielowski, A., ed. (1946). Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii, Monumenta Poloniae Historica 1, 10–11

Bierbrauer, V. (1980). ‘Zur chronologischen, soziologischen und regionalen Gliederung des ostgermanischen Fundstoffs des 5. Jahrhunderts in Sudosteuropa’, in Wolfram and Daim (1980), 131–142

– (1989). ‘Ostgermanische Oberschichtsgräber der römischen Kaiserzeit und des frühen Mittelalters’, in Peregrinatio Gothica 2, Archaeologia Baltica 8 (Lodz), 40–106

Bilde, P. et al. (1993). Centre and Periphery in the Hellenistic World (Aarhus)

Bill, J. (1997). ‘The Ships’, in P. Sawyer (1997a), 182–201

Binchy, D.A. (1970a). Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Kingship: the O’Donnell Lectures for 1967–8 delivered in the University of Oxford on 23 and 24 May 1968 (Oxford)

–, ed. (1970b). Crıth gablach (Dublin)

Bird, H.W. (1993). Eutropius Breviarium (Liverpool)

– (1994). Liber de Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor (Liverpool)

Birley, A.R. (1966). Marcus Aurelius (London)

– (2005). The Roman Government of Britain (Oxford)

Birnbaum, H. (1993). ‘On the Ethnogenesis and Protohome of the Slavs: the Linguistic evidence’, Journal of Slavic Linguistics 1.2, 352–374

Blair, J. (1994). Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire (Oxford)

Blench, R. and Spriggs, M., eds. (1998). Archaeology and Language II: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses (New York)

Blockley, R.C. (1981). The Fragmentary Classicizing Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, vol. 1 (Liverpool)

– (1983). The Fragmentary Classicizing Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, vol. 2 (Liverpool)

– (1985). The History of Menander the Guardsman (Liverpool)

Boeles, P.C.J.A. (1951). Friesland tot de elfde eeuw (Gravenhage)

Böhme, H.-W. (1974). Germanische Grabfünde des 4 bis 5 Jahrhunderts zwischen untere Elbe und Loire. Studien zur Chronologie und Bevölkerungsgeschichte (Munich)

– (1975). ‘Archäologische Zeugnisse zur Geschichte der Markomannenkriege (166–80 n. Chr.)’, Jahrbuch des römischgermanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 22, 155–217

Bohner, K. (1958). Die frankischen Altertumer des Trierer Landes, 2 vols. (Berlin)

Bohning, W.R. (1978). ‘International Migration and the Western World: Past, Present and Future’, International Migration 16, 1–15

Boretius, A., ed. (1883). Capitularia regum Francorum (Hanover)

Borodzej, T. et al. (1989). Période romaine tardive et début de la période des migrations des peuples (groupe de Masłomecz) (Warsaw)

Borrie, W.D. (1994). The European Peopling of Australasia: A Demographic History, 1788–1988 (Canberra)

Bosl, K. (1966). Das Grossmährische Reich in der politischen Welt des 9. Jahrhunderts (Munich)

Bowlus, C. (1995). Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: the Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907 (Philadelphia)

Brachmann, H. (1978). Slawische Stämme an Elbe und Saale: zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur im 6.—10. (Berlin)

– (1993). Der frühmittelalterliche Befestigungsbau in Mitteleuropa: Untersuchungen zu einer Entwicklung und Function im germanisch-deutschen Gebiet (Berlin)

–, ed. (1995). Burg—Burgstad—Stadt: zur Genese mittelalterlicher nichtagrarischer Zentren in Ostmitteleuropa (Berlin)

– (1997). ‘Tribal Organizations in Central Europe in the 6th—10th Centuries ad: Reflections on the Ethnic and Political Development in the Second Half of the First Millennium’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 23–38

Brather, S. (1996). Feldberger Keramik und frühe Slawen: Studien zur nordwestslawischen Keramik der Karolingerzeit (Bonn)

– (2001). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh-  und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa (Berlin) Braund, D.C. (1984). Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of Client Kingship (London)

– (2005). Scythians and Greeks: Cultural Interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (Sixth Century BC – First Century AD) (Exeter)

Bretholz, B. and Weinberger, W., eds. (1923). Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, n.s. 2 (Berlin)

Brooks, N. (1979). ‘England in the Ninth Century: The Crucible of Defeat’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 29, 1–20 Broun, D. et al., eds. (1998). Image and Identity: The Making and Remaking of Scotland through the Ages (Edinburgh)

Brown, P. (1971). The World of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London)

– (1996). The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford)

Browning, R. (1975). Byzantium and Bulgaria: A Comparative Study across the Early Medieval Frontier (London)

Buko, A. (2005). Archeologia Polski (Warsaw)

Burgess, R. (1993). The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana (Oxford)

Bury, J.B. (1928). The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians (London)



Cameron, A.D.E. (1970). Claudian: Poetry and Politics at the Court of Honorius (Oxford)

Cameron, A.D.E. and Long, J., with a contribution by Sherry, L. (1993). Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius (Berkeley)

Campbell, A. (1949). Encomium Emmae Reginae (London)

Campbell, J., ed. (1982). The Anglo-Saxons (Oxford)

– (2000). The Anglo-Saxon State (London)

Canard, M. (1973). Miscellanea Orientalia (London)

Canny, M., ed. (1994). Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration 1500–1800 (Oxford)

Carroll, M. (2001). Romans, Celts and Germans: The German Provinces of Rome (Stroud)

Cary, E. (1914–1927). Dio’s Roman History (London)

Castellanos, S. (2000). ‘Propiedad de la tierra y relaciones de dependencia en la Galia del siglo VI. El Testamentum Remigii’, Antiquité Tardif 8, 223–227

Chadwick-Hawkes, S., ed. (1989). Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford)

Champion, T.C. (1995). Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology (London)

Champion, T.C. and Megaw, J.V.S., eds. (1985). Settlements and Society: Aspects of West European Prehistory in the First Millennium BC (Leicester)

Chapman, R. and Dolukhanov, P., eds. (1993). Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe (Aldershot)

Charanis, P. (1950). ‘The Chronicle of Monemvasia and the Question of the Slavic Settlements of Greece’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5, 141–166 Charles, R.H. (1916). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu (London) Charles-Edwards, T.C.E. (1989). ‘Early Medieval Kingships in the British Isles’, in Bassett (1989), 28–39

–, ed. (2003). After Rome (Oxford)

– (2006). The Chronicle of Ireland (Liverpool)

Chastagnol, A. (1973). ‘Le repli sur Arles des services administratifs gaulois en l’an 407 de notre ère’, Revue Historique 97, 23–40

Childe, V.G. (1926). The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins (London)

– (1927). The Dawn of European Civilization (London)

Christiansen, E. (1980). The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier, 1100–1525 (London)

– (1980–1981). Saxo Grammaticus: Danorum Regum heroumque historia: Books X—XVI (text and translation), 3 vols. (Oxford)

– (2002). The Norsemen in the Viking Age (Oxford)

Christie, N. (1995). The Lombards: The Ancient Longobards (Oxford)

Christlein, R. (1978). Die Alamannen (Stuttgart)

Claessen, H.J.M. and Skalnik, P. (1978). The Early State (The Hague)

– (1981). The Study of the State (The Hague)

Claessen, H.J.M. and van de Velde, P. (1987). Early State Dynamics (Leiden)

Claessen, H.J.M. and Oosten, J.G. (1996). Ideology and the Formation of Early States (Leiden)

Clark, G. (1966). ‘The Invasion Hypothesis in British Archaeology’, Antiquity 40, 172–189

Cohen, R., ed. (1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration (Cambridge)

–, ed. (1996). Theories of Migration (Cheltenham)

–, ed. (1997). The Politics of Migration (Cheltenham)

– (2008). Global Diasporas: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Abingdon)

Colgrave, B. and Mynors, R.A.B., eds. (1949). Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford)

Collins, R. (1983). ‘Theodebert I, “Rex Magnus Francorum”, in P. Wormald (ed.), Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford), 7–33

– (1998). Charlemagne (Basingstoke)

Collinson, S. (1994). Europe and International Migration, 2nd ed. (London)

Constantinescu, M. et al., eds. (1975) Relations Between the Autochthonous Population and the Migratory Populations on the Territory of Romania (Bucharest)

Cooper, J., ed. (1993). The Battle of Maldon: Fiction and Fact (London)

Coupland, S. (1995). ‘The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England’, in McKitterick (1995), 190–201

Courtois, C. (1955). Les Vandales et l’Afrique (Paris)

Crawford. B. (1987). Scandinavian Scotland (Leicester) Cribb, R.J. (1991). Nomads in Archaeology (London)

Croke, B. (1977). ‘Evidence for the Hun Invasion of Thrace in ad 422’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 18, 347–367

Cross, S.H. and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O.P., eds. (1953). The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (Cambridge, MA)

Cunliffe, B. (1997). The Ancient Celts (Oxford)

Cunliffe, B. and Rowley, T., eds. (1976). Oppida: The Beginnings of Urbanization in Barbarian Europe: Papers Presented to a Conference at Oxford, October 1975 (Oxford)

Curta, F. (1999). ‘Hiding behind a Piece of Tapestry: Jordanes and the Slavic Venethi’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 47, 1–18

– (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700 (Cambridge)

–, ed. (2005). East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Ann Arbor)

– (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500–1250 (Cambridge)



Daim, F. (2003). ‘Avars and Avar Archaeology: An Introduction’, in Goetz et al. (2003), 463–570

Dark, K.R. (2002). Britain and the End of the Roman Empire (Stroud)

Davies, W. (1978). An Early Welsh Microcosm: Studies in the Llandaff Charters (London)

– (1990). Patterns of Power in Early Wales (Oxford)

De Boor, C. and Wirth, P., eds. (1972). The History of Theophylact Simocatta (Stuttgart)

Defarri, R.J. (1964). Orosius: Seven Books of History Against the Pagans (Washington)

Delehaye, H. (1912). ‘Saints de Thrace et de Mesie’, Analecta Bollandia 31, 161–300

Demandt, A. (1984). Der Fall Roms: die Auflösung des römischen Reiches im Urteil der Nachwelt (Munich)

Demougeot, E. (1979). La Formation de l’Europe et les invasions barbares: II. De`s l’avènement de Dioclétien (284) à l’occupation germanique de l’Empire romain d’Occident (début du VIe siècle) (Paris)

Denison, D. (1993). English Historical Syntax (Harlow)

Dennis, G.T., ed. (1981). Das Strategikon des Maurikios (Vienna)

– (1984). Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy (Pennsylvania)

Dindorf, L., ed. (1832). Chronicon Paschale (Bonn)

Dittrich, Z.R. (1962). Christianity in Great Moravia (Groningen)

Dolukhanov, P.M. (1996). The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus (London)

Donat, P. (1983). ‘Die Entwicklung der Wirtschaftlichen und Gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse bei den slawischen Stämme zwischen Oder und Elbe nach archäologischen Quellen’, in Settimane (1983), 127–145

Donat, P. and Fischer, R.E. (1994). ‘Die Anfänge slawische Siedlung westlich der Oder’, Slavia Antiqua 45, 7–30

Drijvers, J.W. and Hunt, D., eds. (1999). The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus (London)

Drinkwater, J.F. (1989). ‘Patronage in Roman Gaul and the Problem of the Bagaudae’, in Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. A. Wallace-Hadrill (London), 189–203

– (1992). ‘The Bacaudae of Fifth-Century Gaul’, in Drinkwater and Elton (1992), 208–217

– (1998). ‘The usurpers Constantine III (407–411) and Jovinus (411–413)’, Britannia 29, 269–298

– (2007). The Alamanni and Rome 213–496 (Oxford) Drinkwater, J.F. and Elton, H., eds. (1992) Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? (Cambridge)

Duczko, W. (2004). Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe (Leiden)

Dulinicz, M. (1994). ‘The Problem of Dating of the Strongholds of the Tornow Type and Tornow-Klenica Group’, Archeologia Polski 39, 31–49 (English summary)

– (1997). ‘The First Dendrochronological Dating of the Strongholds in Northern Mazovia’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 137–142

Dumville, D.N. (1977). ‘Kingship, Genealogies and Regnal Lists’, in Sawyer and Wood (1977), 72–104

Dunbabin, J. (2000). France in the Making, 843–1180, 2nd ed. (Oxford)

Dvornik, F. (1949). The Making of Central and Eastern Europe (London)

– (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization (Boston)

– (1969). Les légendes de Constantin et de Méthode vues de Byzance, 2nd ed. (Hattiesburg, MS)



Earle, T.K., ed. (1984). On the Evolution of Complex Societies: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer, 1982 (Malibu)

–, ed. (1991). Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology (Cambridge)

Eggers, H.J. (1951). Der römische Import im freien Germanien, Atlas der Urgeschichte 1 (Berlin)

Eggers, M. (1995). Das ‘Grossmährische Reich’: Realität oder Fiktion?: eine Neuinterpretation der Quellen zur Geschichte des mittleren Donauraumes im 9. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart)

Elton, H. (1996). Frontiers of the Roman Empire (London)

Esmonde-Cleary, S. (1989). The Ending of Roman Britain (London)

Evelyn White, H. (1961). The Works of Ausonius (London)



Faith, R. (1997). The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship (Leicester)

Farrell, R.T., ed. (1978). Bede and Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford)

–, ed. (1982). The Vikings (London)

Faulkner, N. (2000). The Decline of Roman Britain (Stroud)

Favrod, J. (1997). Histoire politique du royaume burgonde (443–534) (Lausanne)

Fellows-Jenson, G. (2001). ‘In the Steps of the Vikings’, in Graham-Campbell et al. (2001), 279–288

Fielding, A. (1993a). ‘Mass Migration and Economic Restructuring’, in King (1993), 7–18

– (1993b). ‘Migrations, Institutions and Politics: The Evolution of Emigration Policies’, in King (1993), 40–62

Fisher, P., trans., ed. Davidson, H.E. (1996). Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes: Books I—IX (Woodbridge)

Font, M. (2005). ‘Missions, Conversions, and Power Legitimization in East Central Europe’, in Curta (2005), 283–296

Forte, A. et al. (2005). Viking Empires (Cambridge)

Foulke, W.D. (1974). History of the Lombards (Philadelphia)

Fouracre, P. (2000). The Age of Charles Martel (Harlow)

–, ed. (2005). The New Cambridge Medieval History: vol. 1, c. 500 – c. 700 (Cambridge)

Franklin, S. and Shepard, J. (1996). The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (Harlow)

Freeman, E.A. (1888). Four Oxford Lectures 1887 (London)

Frendo, J.D. (1975). Agathias History (Berlin)

Fried, M.H. (1967). The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York)

Friedrich, G. (1907). Codex Diplomaticus et Epistolaris Regni Bohemiae, vol. 1 (Prague)

Friedrichs, J. (2004). European Approaches to International Relations Theory: A House With Many Mansions (London)

Frolova, N.A. (1983). The Coinage of the Kingdom of Bosporos AD 242–341/2 (Oxford)

Fulford, M. (1985). ‘Roman Material in Barbarian Society c. 200 BC – AD 400’, in Champion and Megaw (1985), 91–108



Garipzanov, I. et al., eds. (2008). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe (Turnhout)

Garzya, A. (1989). Opere di Sinesio di Cirene: epistole, operette, inni (Turin)

Geary, P. (1983). Ethnic Identity as a Situational Construct in the Early Middle Ages (Vienna)

– (1988). Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World (New York)

– (2002). The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton)

Gebuhr, M. (1974). ‘Zur Definition alterkaiserzeitlicher Fürstengräber vom Lubsow-Typ’, Prähistorische Zeitschrift 49, 82–128

Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca)

Geuenich, D., ed. (1998). Die Franken und die Alemannen bis zur ‘Schlacht bei Zulpich’

Gillet, A., ed. (2002). On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages (Turnhout)

Godja, M. (1988). The Development of the Settlement Pattern in the Basin of the Lower Vltava (Central Bohemia) 200–1200 (Oxford)

– (1991). The Ancient Slavs: Settlement and Society (Edinburgh)

Godlowski, K. (1970). The Chronology of the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods in Central Europe (Cracow)

– (1980). ‘Das Aufhören der Germanischen Kulturen an der Mittleren Donau und das Problem des Vordringens der Slawen’, in Wolfram & Daim (1980), 225–232

– (1983). ‘Zur Frage der Slawensitze vor der grossen Slawenwanderung im 6. Jahrhundert’, in Settimane (1983), 257–302

Godman, P. and Collins, R., eds. (1990). Charlemagne’s Heir (Oxford)

Goehrke, C. (1992). Frühzeit des Ostslaventums (Darmstadt)

Goetz, H.-W. et al., eds. (2003). Regna and Gentes: The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World (Leiden)

Goffart, W. (1980). Barbarians and Romans AD 418–584: The Techniques of Accommodation (Princeton)

– (1981). ‘Rome, Constantinople, and the Barbarians in Late Antiquity’, American Historical Review 76, 275–306

– (1988). The Narrators of Barbarian History (AD 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon (Princeton)

– (2006). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire (Philadelphia)

Goodacre S. et al. (2005). ‘Genetic Evidence for a Family-Based Scandinavian Settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking Periods’, Heredity 95, 129–135

Gordon, D.C. (1966). The Age of Attila (Ann Arbor)

Gorecki, P. (1992). Economy, Society and Lordship in Medieval Poland 1100–1250 (New York)

Gottmann, J., ed. (1980). Centre and Periphery: Spatial Variation in Politics (London)

Gould, J.D. (1980). ‘European Inter-Continental Emigration, The Road Home: Return Migration from the USA’, Journal of European Economic History 9.1, 41–112

Graham-Campbell, J. et al., eds. (2001). Vikings and the Danelaw (Oxford)

Graus, F.J. and Dostál, A. (1966). Das Grossmährische Reich: Tagung der wissenschaftlichen Konferenz des Archäologischen Instituts der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Brno-Nitra, 1.– 4.x.1963 (Prague)

Graus, F. and Ludat, H., eds. (1967). Siedlung und Verfassung Böhmens in der Frühzeit (Wiesbaden)

Green, D.H. (1998). Language and History in the Early Germanic World (Cambridge)

Gyuzelev, V. (1979). The Proto-Bulgarians (Sofia)



Haarnagel, W. (1979). Die Grabung Feddersen Wierde: Methode, Hausbau-, Siedlungs-  und Wirtschaftsformen sowie Sozialstruktur (Wiesbaden)

Hachmann, R. (1971). The Germanic Peoples (London)

Haldon, J.F. (1990). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge)

Hall, C. (1983). Periphrastic Do: History and Hypothesis (Ann Arbor)

Halsall, G. (1992). ‘The Origins of the Reihengräberzivilisation: Forty Years On’, in Drinkwater and Elton (1992), 196–207

– (1995a). Settlement and Social Organization: The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge).

– (1995b). Early Medieval Cemeteries: An Introduction to Burial Archaeology in the Post-Roman West (Skelmorlie)

– (1999). ‘Movers and Shakers: The Barbarians and the Fall of Rome’, Early Medieval Europe 8, 131–145

– (2001). ‘Childeric’s grave, Clovis’ Succession and the Origins of the Merovingian Kingdom’, in Mathisen and Shanzer (2001), 116–133

– (2005). ‘The Barbarian Invasions’, in Fouracre (2005), 35–55

– (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376–568 (Cambridge)

Handley, M. (2001). ‘Beyond Hagiography: Epigraphic Commemoration and the Cult of the Saints in Late Antique Trier’, in Mathisen and Shanzer (2001), 187–200

– (2003). Death, Society and Culture: Inscriptions and Epitaphs in Gaul and Spain, AD 300–750 (Oxford)

Hannestad, K. (1960). ‘Les forces militaires d’apre`s la guerre gothique de Procope’, Classica et Mediaevalia 21, 136–183

Hansen, G.C., ed. (1995). Sokrates: Kirchengeschichte (Berlin)

Harhoiu, R. (1977). The Treasure from Pietroasa, Romania (Oxford)

Härke, H. (1989). ‘Early Saxon Weapon Burials: Frequencies, Distributions and Weapon Combinations’, in Chadwick-Hawkes (1989), 49–61

– (1990). ‘ “Warrior Graves?” The Background of the Anglo-Saxon Weapon Burial Rite’, Past and Present 126, 22–43

– (1992). Angelsächsische Waffengräber des 5. bis 7. Jahrhunderts (Cologne)

– (1998). ‘Archaeologists and Migrations: A Problem of Attitude?’, Current Anthropology 39.1, 19–45

Hart, C. (1992). The Danelaw (London)

Haubrichs, W. (1996). ‘Sprache und Sprachzeugnisse der merowingischen Franken’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 559–573

– (2003). ‘Remico aus Goddelau: Ostgermanen, Westgermanen und Romanen im Wormser Raum des 5./6. Jahrhunderts’, in Runica – Germanica – Mediaevalia, ed. W. Heizmann and A. van Nahl (Berlin), 226–242

– (forthcoming). ‘Ein namhaftes Volk: Burgundische Namen und Sprache des 5. und 6. Jahrhunderts’, in Die Burgunder: Ethnogenese und Assimilation eines Volkes, ed. V. Gallée (Worms), 135–184

Heather, P.J. (1986). ‘The Crossing of the Danube and the Gothic Conversion’, Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 27, 289–318

– (1988). ‘The Anti-Scythian Tirade of Synesius’ De Regno’, Phoenix 42, 152–172

– (1989). ‘Cassiodorus and the Rise of the Amals: Genealogy and the Goths under Hun Domination’, Journal of Roman Studies 79, 103–128

– (1991). Goths and Romans 332–489 (Oxford)

– (1993). ‘The Historical Culture of Ostrogothic Italy’, in Teoderico il grande e i Goti d’Italia, Atti del XIII Congresso internazionale di studi sull’Alto Medioevo (Spoleto), 317–353

– (1995a). ‘The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe’, English Historical Review 110, 4–41

– (1995b). ‘Theodoric King of the Goths’, Early Medieval Europe 4.2, 145–173

– (1996). The Goths (Oxford)

– (2001). ‘The Late Roman Art of Client Management and the Grand Strategy Debate’, in Pohl and Wood (2001), 15–68

– (2003). ‘Gens and regnum among the Ostrogoths’, in Goetz et al. (2003), 85–133

– (2005). The Fall of Rome: A New History (London)

– (2007). ‘Goths in the Roman Balkans c. 350–500’, in Poulter (2007), 163–190

– (2008a). Review of John Drinkwater (2007), Nottingham Medieval Studies 52, 243–245

– (2008b). ‘Ethnicity, Group Identity, and Social Status in the Migration Period’, in Garipzanov et al. (2008), 17–50

– (forthcoming). ‘Why Did the Barbarian Cross the Rhine?’, Late Antiquity

Heather, P.J. and Matthews, J.F. (1991). The Goths in the Fourth Century: Translated Texts for Historians (Liverpool)

Heather, P.J. and Moncur, D. (2001). Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century: Select Orations of Themistius, Translated Texts for Historians (Liverpool)

Hedeager, L. (1987). ‘Empire, Frontier and the Barbarian Hinterland: Rome and Northern Europe from ad 1–400’, in Rowlands et al. (1987), 125–140

– (1988). ‘The Evolution of Germanic Society 1–400 ad’, in Jones R.F.J. et al. (1988), 129–144

– (1992), trans. John Hines. Iron-Age Societies: From Tribe to State in Northern Europe, 500 BC to AD 700 (Oxford)

Hedeager, L. and Kristiansen, K. (1981). ‘Bendstrup – A Princely Grave from the Early Roman Iron Age: Its Social and Historical Context’, Kuml (1981), 150–162

Helgason, A. et al. (2000). ‘Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland’, American Journal of Human Genetics 67, 697–717

– (2001). ‘mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry’, American Journal of Human Genetics 68, 723–737

– (2003). ‘A Reassessment of Genetic Diversity in Icelanders: Strong Evidence from Multiple Loci for Relative Homogeneity caused by Genetic Drift’, Annals of Human Genetics 67, 281–297

Henning, J. (1991). ‘Germanen-Slawen-Deutsche: Neue Untersuchungen zum frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungswesen ostlich der Elbe’, Praehistorische Zeitschrift 66, 119– 133

– (2005). ‘Ways of Life in Eastern and Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages: Which Way was Normal?’, in Curta (2005), 41–59

Herrmann, J. (1968), Siedlung, Wirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse der slawischen Stamme zwischen Oder/Neisse und Elbe (Berlin)

– (1983), ‘Wanderungen und Landnähme im Westslawischen Gebiet’, in Settimane (1983), 75–101

– (1984), Germanen und Slawen in Mitteleuropa (Berlin)

Hermann, J. et al., eds. (1985). Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neisse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert, 2nd ed. (Berlin)

Higham, N. (1992). Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons (London)

– (1994). The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century (Manchester)

–, ed. (2007). The Britons in Anglo-Saxon England (London) Hills, C. (2003). The Origins of the English (London)

Hines, J. (1984). The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England in the pre-Viking Period (Oxford)

–, ed. (1997). The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective (Woodbridge)

Hodder, I. (1982). Symbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Material Culture (Cambridge)

– (1991). Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology (Cambridge)

Hodder, I. and Hutson, S., eds. (2003). Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology (Cambridge)

Hodges, R. and Bowden, W., eds. (1998). The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution, and Demand (Leiden)

Hodgkin, T. (1886). The Letters of Cassiodorus: A Condensed Translation (London)

Holmes, C., ed. (1996). Migration in European History (Cheltenham)

Holt, J.C. (1987). ‘1086’ in Holt, ed., Doomsday Studies (Woodbridge), 41–64

Holtzmann, R., ed. (1935). Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi chronicon, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, vol. 9 (Berlin)

Hooke, D. (1997). ‘The Anglo-Saxons in England in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries: Aspects of Location in Space’, in Hines (1997), 65–99

– (1998). The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England (London)

Hummer, H.J. (1998). ‘The Fluidity of Barbarian Identity: The Ethnogenesis of Alemanni and Suebi ad 200–500’, Early Medieval Europe 7, 2–26



Ilkjaer, J. (1995). ‘Illerup Adal (Danemark). Un lieu de sacrifices du IIIe siècle de n.è. en Scandinavie meridionale’, in Vallet and Kazanski (1995), 101–112

Ilkjaer, J. and Lonstrup, J. (1983). ‘Der Moorfund im Tal der Illerup-A bei Skanderborg im Ostjutland’, Germania 61, 95–126

Ionita, I. (1975). ‘The Social-Economic Structure of Society During the Goths’ Migration in the Carpatho-Danubean Area’, in Constantinescu (1975), 77–89



James, E.F. (1988). The Franks (Oxford)

– (1989). ‘The Origins of Barbarian Kingdoms: The Continental Evidence’, in Bassett (1989), 40–52

James, S. (1999). The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? (London)

Jarnut, J. (2003). ‘Gens, Rex, and Regna of the Lombards’, in Goetz et al. (2003), 409–428

Jerome, H. (1926). Migration and Business Cycles (New York) Jirecek, H. (1867). Codex Juris Bohemici, vol. 1 (Prague) Johnston, D.E., ed. (1977). The Saxon Shore (London)

Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey, 3 vols. (Oxford)

Jones, M.E. (1996). The End of Roman Britain (Ithica)

Jones R.F.J. et al., eds. (1988). First Millennium Papers: Western Europe in the First Millennium (Oxford)



Kaiser, D.H. (1980). The Growth of the Law in Medieval Russia (Princeton)

–, ed. (1992). The Laws of Rus’: tenth to fifteenth centuries (Salt Lake City)

Kaiser, D.H. and Marker, G., eds. (1994). Reinterpreting Russian History: Readings 860s—1860s (Oxford)

Kaiser, R. (1997). Die Franken: Roms Erben und Wegbereiter Europas? (Idstein)

Kantor, M. (1983). Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes (Ann Arbor)

– (1990). The Origins of Christianity in Bohemia (Evanston)

Kapelle, W.E. (1979). The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation 1000–1135 (Chapel Hill, NC)

Kazanski, M. (1991). Les Goths (Ier—VIIe sie`cle apre`s J.-C.) (Paris)

– (1999). Les Slaves: les origines, Ier—VIIe siècle après J.-C. (Paris)

Kelly, C. (2008). Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of Rome (London)

Kelly, G. (2008). Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian (Cambridge)

Kennedy, H. (2004). The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty (London)

– (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In (London)

Keydell, R., ed. (1967). Agathias Historiae, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae (Berlin)

Keynes, S. (1986). ‘A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Aethelred the Unready’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 36, 195–217

– (1997). ‘The Vikings in England, c. 790–1016’, in Sawyer (1997a), 48–81

Keynes, S. and Lapidge, M., eds. (1983). Alfred the Great: Asser’s Life of King Alfred, and Other Contemporary Sources (London)

Khazanov, A.M. (trans. Julia Crookenden, with a foreword by Ernest Gellner) (1984). Nomads and the Outside World (Cambridge)

King, R., ed. (1993). Mass Migration in Europe: The Legacy and the Future (London)

King, R. and Oberg, S. (1993). ‘Europe and the Future of Mass Migration’, in King (1993), 1–4

Kivisto, P. (1989). The Ethnic Enigma: The Salience of Ethnicity for European-Origin Groups (Philadelphia)

Klose, J. (1934). Roms Klientel-Randstaaten am Rhein und an der Donau: Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und rechtlichen Stellung im 1. und 2. Jhdt. n. Chr. (Breslau)

Kmiecinski, J. (1968). Odry: cmentarzysko kurhanowe z okresu rzymskiego w powiecie chojnickim (Lódz)

Knabe, C. and Herrmann, P., eds. (1931–1957). Saxonis Gesta danorum (Copenhagen)

Knoll, P.W. and Schaer, F. (2003). Gesta principum Polonorum [‘The deeds of the princes of the Poles’] (Budapest)

Kobylinksi, Z. (1997). ‘Settlement Structures in Central Europe at the Beginning of the Middle Ages’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 97–114

Koch, R. and Koch, U. (1996). ‘Die frankische Expansion ins Main und Neckargebiet’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 270–284

Kokowski, A. (1995). Schätze der Ostgoten (Stuttgart)

Kolendo, J. (1997). ‘Central Europe and the Mediterranean World in the 1st—5th Centuries ad’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 5–22

Kossinna, G. (1928). Ursprung und Verbreitung der Germanen in vor-  und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit (Leipzig)

Kostrzewski, J. (1969). ‘Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Erforschung der Ethnogenese der Slaven in archäologischer Sicht’, in Zagiba (1969), 11–25

Krader, L. (1963). Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads (The Hague)

Kristiansen, K. and Paludan-Muller, C., eds. (1978). New Directions in Scandinavian Archaeology (Copenhagen)

Krüger, B. et al., eds. (1976–1983). Die Germanen: Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa, 2 vols. (Berlin)

Krusch, B. and Levison, W., eds. (1951). Gregory of Tours: Historiae, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum 1.1 (Berlin)

Kuhn, W. (1963). ‘Die Siedlerzählen der deutschen Ostsiedlung’, in Studium Sociale. Karl Valentin Muller dargebracht (Cologne), 131–154

– (1973). Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur mittelalterlichen Ostsiedlung (Cologne)

Kuhrt, D., ed. (1984). The Politics of Return: International Return Migration in Europe (New York)

Kulikowski, M. (2000a). ‘Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain’, Britannia 31, 325–345

– (2000b). ‘The Notitia Dignitatum as a Historical Source’, Historia 49, 358–377

– (2002). ‘Nation versus Army: A Necessary Contrast?’, in Gillet (2002), 69–84

– (2007). Rome’s Gothic Wars (Cambridge)

Kunzl, E., ed. (1993). Die Alamannenbeute aus dem Rhein bei Neupotz, 4 vols. (Mainz)

Kurnatowska, Z. (1995). ‘Frühstadische Entwicklung an den Zentrum der Piasten in Grosspolen’, in Brachmann (1995), 133–148

– (1997a). ‘Territorial Structures in West Poland Prior to the Founding of the State Organization of Miesco I’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 125–136

– (1997b). ‘Die Christianisierung Polens im Lichte der Materiallen Quellen’, in Urbancyzk (1997a), 101–121

Kurze, F., ed. (1895). Annales Regni Francorum 741–829, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, vol. 6 (Hanover)



Lappenberg, J.M. and Schmeidler, B., eds. (1909). Helmoldi presbyteri Bozoviensis Cronica Slavorum, 2nd ed. (Hanover)

Leahy, K. and Paterson, C. (2001). ‘New Light on the Viking presence in Lincolnshire: the Artefactual Evidence’, in Graham-Campbell et al. (2001), 181–202

Leach, E.R. (1954). Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure (London)

Lemerle, P. (1979–1981). Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius (Paris)

Lenski, N. (1995). ‘The Gothic Civil War and the Date of the Gothic Conversion’, Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 36, 51–87

– (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century AD (Berkeley)

Levaskova, V.P. (1994). ‘Agriculture in Rus’, in Kaiser and Marker (1994), 39–44

Lewitt, T. (1991). Agricultural Production in the Roman Economy AD 200–400 (Oxford)

Leyser, K. (1982). Medieval Germany and its Neighbours, 900–1250 (London)

– (1989). Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony (Oxford)

Liapushkin, I.I. (1958). Gorodishche Novotroitskoe (Moscow)

Liebermann, F., ed. (1903–1916). Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (Halle)

Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1990). Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church, and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford)

– (1992). ‘Alaric’s Goths: Nation or Army?’, in Drinkwater and Elton (1992), 75–83

Likhachev, D.S. (1970). ‘The Legend of the Calling-in of the Varangians’, in K. Hannestad et al. (eds.), Varangian Problems, 178–185 Lindner, R. (1981). ‘Nomadism, Huns, and Horses’, Past & Present 92, 1–19

Lohmann, H.-E. and Hirsch, P., eds. (1935). Widukindi monachi Corbeiensis Rerum Gestarum Saxonicarum, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, 5th ed. (Hanover)

Loseby, S.T. (1992). ‘Marseille: a Late Antique Success Story?’, Journal of Roman Studies 82, 165–185

– (1998). ‘Marseille and the Pirenne Thesis I: Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian kings and ‘un grand port’, in Hodges and Bowden (1998), 203–229

– (2000). ‘Urban Failures in late Antique Gaul’, in Slater (2000), 72–95

Lowmianski, H. (1960). ‘Economic Problems of the Early Feudal Polish State’, Acta Poloniae Historica 3, 7–32

Loyn, H. (1995). The Vikings in Britain (Oxford)

Lubke, C. (1984–1988). Regesten zur Geschichte der Slaven an Elbe und Oder (vom Jahr 900 an) (Berlin)

– (1994). ‘Zwischen Triglav und Christus: Die Anfänge der Christianisierung des Havellandes’, Wichmann-Jahrbuch des Diozesangeschichtsverein Berlin, n.f. 3, Jahrgang 34–35, 15–35

– (1997). ‘Forms of Political Organization of the Polabian Slavs (until 10th c.)’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 115–124

Lund, N. (1984). Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: Othere and Wulfstan (York)

– (1986). ‘The Armies of Swein Forkbeard and Cnut: leding or lith?’, Anglo-Saxon England 15, 105–118

– (1993). ‘Danish Military Organization’, in Cooper (1993), 109–126

– (1994). ‘Cnut’s Danish Kingdom’, in Rumble (1994), 27–42

– (1995). ‘Scandinavia’, in McKitterick (1995), 202–227

– (1997). ‘The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age’, in Sawyer (1997a), 156–181

Lund Hansen, U. (1987). Römischer Import im Norden: Warenaustausch zwischen dem Römischen Reich und dem freien Germanien während der Kaiserzeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Nordeuropas (Copenhagen)



McCormick, M. (2001). Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, AD 300–900 (Cambridge)

MacGeorge, P. (2002). Late Roman Warlords (Oxford)

McKitterick, R. (1977). The Frankish Church and the Carolingian Reforms, 789–895 (London)

– (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751– 987 (London)

– (1989). The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge)

–, ed. (1994). Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation (Cambridge)

–, ed. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. II, c. 700 – c. 900 (Cambridge)

Maenchen-Helfen, O.J. (1945). ‘Huns and Hsiung-nu’, Byzantion 17, 222–243

– (1973). The World of the Huns (Berkeley)

Magie, D. (1932). The Scriptores Historiae Augustae (London)

Maleczynski, K., ed. (1952). Anonima tzw. Galla Kronika (Cracow)

Mango, C. and Scott, R. (1997). Chronographia: The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (Oxford)

Manteuffel, T., translated with an introduction by A. Gorski (1982). The Formation of the Polish State: The Period of Ducal Rule, 963–1194 (Detroit)

Manteuffel, T. and Gieysztor, A., eds. (1968). L’Europe aux IX.—XI. siècles aux origines des états nationaux: Actes du Colloque international sur les origines des états européens aux IX.—XI. siècles, tenu à Varsovie et Poznan du 7 au 13 septembre 1965 (Warsaw)

Markus, R.A. (1997). Gregory the Great and his World (Cambridge)

Mathisen, R.W. and Shanzer, D., eds. (2001). Society and Culture in Late Roman Gaul: Revisiting the Sources (Aldershot)

Matthews, J.F. (1970). ‘Olympiodorus of Thebes and the History of the West (ad 407–425)’, Journal of Roman Studies 60, 79–97

– (1975). Western Aristocracies and the Imperial Court AD 364– 425 (Oxford)

– (1989). The Roman Empire of Ammianus (London)

Mayr Harting, H. (1972). The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England (London)

– (1994). Two Conversions to Christianity: The Bulgarians and the Anglo-Saxons (Reading)

Melnikova, E.A. (1996). The Eastern World of the Vikings (Gothenburg)

Mierow, C.C. (1915). Jordanes: Getica (New York)

Minns, E.H. (1913). Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology of the North Coast of the Euxine From the Danube to the Caucasus (Cambridge)

Minor, C. (1996). ‘Bacaudae – A Reconsideration’, Traditio 51, 297–307

Miquel, A. (1966). ‘Ibn Jacub’, Annales 23, 1048–1063

Moderan, Y. (2002). ‘L’établissement des Vandals en Afrique’, Antiquité Tardif 10, 87–122

Moisl, H. (1981). ‘Anglo-Saxon Royal Genealogies and Germanic Oral Tradition’, Journal of Medieval History 7, 215–248

Mommsen, T., ed. (1882). Jordanes Romana et Getica, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Auctores Antiquissimi 5.1 (Berlin)

–, ed. (1892). Chronica Minora 1, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Auctores Antiquissimi 9 (Berlin)

–, ed. (1894a). Chronica Minora 2, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Auctores Antiquissimi 11 (Berlin)

–, ed. (1894b). Cassiodori Senatoris Variae, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Auctores Antiquissimi 12 (Berlin)

Mommsen, T. and Kreuger, P., eds. (1905). Codex Theodosianus (Berlin)

Moorhead, J. (1992). Victor of Vita History of the Persecution in Africa (Liverpool)

Moravcsik, G. and Jenkins, R.J.H., eds. (1967). Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De administrando imperio (Washington)

Mueller, K., ed. (1851–1870). Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, vols. 4–5 (Paris)

Muller-Wille, M. (1999). Opferkulte der Germanen und Slawen (Darmstadt)

Myhre, B. (1978). ‘Agrarian Development, Settlement History and Social Organization in Southwest Norway in the Iron Age’, in Kristiansen and Paludan-Muller (1978), 224–235, 253–265



Nelson, J.L. (1991). The Annals of St-Bertin (Manchester)

– (1997). ‘The Frankish Empire’, in Sawyer (1997a), 19–47

Nichols, J. (1998). ‘The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo-European Dispersal’, in Blench and Spriggs (1998), 220–266

Niebuhr, B.G., ed. (1839–1841). Theophanes Chronographia (Bonn)

Nixon, C.E.V. and Rodgers, B.S. (1994). In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini (Berkeley)

Noble, T.F.X. and Head, T., eds. (1995). Soldiers of Christ: Saints and Saints’ Lives from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Pennsylvania)

Noll, R. and Vetter, E., eds. (1963). Eugippius Vita Sancti Severini, Schriften und Quellen der Alten Welt 11 (Berlin)

Noonan, T.S. (1997). ‘Scandinavians in European Russia’, in Sawyer (1997a), 134–155

– (1998). The Islamic World, Russia and the Vikings, 750–900: The Numismatic Evidence (Aldershot)



O Corrain, D. (1997). ‘Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides’, in Sawyer (1997a), 83–109

– (1998). ‘The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century’, Peritia 12, 296–339

Ørsnes, M. (1963). ‘The Weapon Find in Ejsbøl Mose at Haderlev: Preliminary Report’, Acta Archaeologica 34, 232–248

– (1968). Der Moorfund von Ejsbøl bei Hadersleben. Deutungs-probleme der grossen nordgermanischen Waffenopferfunde: Abhandlung der Akademie der Wissenschaft in Göttingen (Göttingen)



Painter, K. (1994). ‘Booty from a Roman Villa found in the Rhine’, Minerva 5, 22–27

Palade, V. (1966). ‘Atelierele pentru lucrat pieptini din os din secolul at IV-leas e.n. de la Birlad-Valea Seaca’, Arheologia Moldovei 4, 261–277 Parczewski, M. (1993). Die Anfänge der frühslawischen Kultur in Polen (Vienna)

– (1997). ‘Beginnings of the Slavs’ Culture’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 79–90

Parmentier, L. and Hansen, G.C., eds. (1998). Theodoret: Kirchengeschichte, 3rd ed. (Berlin)

Paschoud, F. (1971–1989). Zosimus: Historia Nova, 6 vols. (Paris)

Pearson, M.P. (1989). ‘Beyond the Pale: Barbarian Social Dynamics in Western Europe’, in Barrett (1989), 198–226

Peregrinatio Gothica 1. (1986). Archaeologia Baltica VII (Lodz) Peregrinatio Gothica 2. (1989). Archaeologia Baltica VIII (Lodz) Perin, P. (1980). La datation des tombes mérovingiennes (Geneva)

– (1987). Les Francs à la Conquête de la Gaule (Paris)

– (1996). ‘Die Archäologische Zeugnisse der frankischen Expansion in Gallien’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 227–232

Perin, P. and Feffer, L.C. (1987). Les Francs à l’Origine de la France, 2 vols. (Paris)

Perin, P. and Kazanski, M. (1996). ‘Das Grab Childerichs I’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 173–182

Pertz, G.H. and Kurze, F., eds. (1891). Annales Fuldenses, sive, Annales regni Francorum orientalis ab Einhardo, Ruodolfo, Meginhardo Fuldensibus, Seligenstadi, Fuldae, Mogontiaoi conscripti cum continuationibus Ratisbonensi et Altahensibus (Hanover)

Petrov, N.I. (2005). ‘Ladoga, Ryurik’s Stronghold, and Novgorod: Fortifications and Power in Early Medieval Russia’, in Curta (2005), 121–137

Petschenig, M., ed. (1881). Victoris Episcopi Vitensis Historia persecutionis Africanae provinciae (Vienna)

Pharr, C. (1952). The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions (New York)

Phillips, J.R.S. (1988). The Medieval Expansion of Europe (Oxford)

– (1994). ‘The Medieval Background’, in Canny (1994), 9–25 Pichlmayr, F., ed. (1911). Sexti Aurelii Victoris liber de Caesaribus (Leipzig)

Pinder, M., ed. (1897). Ioannis Zonarae Epitomae historiarum libri XVIII (Bonn)

Pirling, R. (1966). Das römisch-fränkische Gräberfeld von Krefeld-Gellep (Berlin)

Pirling, R. and Siepen, M. (2003). Das römisch-fränkische Gräberfeld von Krefeld-Gellep 1989–2000 (Stuttgart)

Platnauer, M. (1922). The Works of Claudian (London)

PLRE: The Prosopography of the later Roman Empire, ed. A.H.M. Jones et al., 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1971–1992)

Pohl, W. (1980). ‘Die Gepiden und die Gentes an der mittleren Donau nach dem Zerfall des Attilareiches’, in Wolfram and Daim (1980), 239–305

– (1988). Die Awaren: ein Steppenvolk im Mitteleuropa, 567–822 n. Chr. (Munich)

– (2000). Die Germanen (Munich)

– (2003). ‘A Non-Roman Empire in Central Europe: The Avars’, in Goetz et al. (2003), 571–595

Pohl, W. and Erhart, P. (2005). Die Langobarden: Herrschaft und Identität (Vienna)

Pohl, W. and Wood, I.N., eds. (2001) The Transformation of Frontiers from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, Proceedings of the Second Plenary Conference, European Science Foundation Transformation of the Roman World Project (Leiden)

Poulik, J. et al., eds. (1986). Grossmähren und die Anfänge der tschechoslowakischen Staatlichkeit (Prague)

Poulter, A., ed. (2007). The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Danube and Beyond (Oxford)

Powlesland, D. (1997). ‘Early Anglo-Saxon Settlements: Structures, Forms, and Layout’, in Hines (1997), 101–124

Preucel, R. and Hodder, I., eds. (1996). Contemporary Archaeology in Theory (Oxford)

Preussler, W. (1956). ‘Keltischer Einfluss im Englischen’, Revue des Langues Vivantes 22, 322–350

Prinz, F. (1984). Böhmen im mittelalterlichen Europa (Munich) Proussa, P. (1990). ‘A Contact-universals Origin for Periphrastic Do, with Special Consideration of OE-Celtic Contact’, in Adamson (1990), 407–434



Raev, B.A. (1986). Roman Imports in the Lower Don Basin (Oxford)

Rafnsson, S. (1997). ‘The Atlantic Islands’, in Sawyer (1997a), 110–133 Randsborg, K. (1980). The Viking Age in Denmark: The Formation of a State (London)

Rau, G. (1972). ‘Körpergräber mit Glasbeigaben des 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts im Oder-Wechsel-Raum’, Acta praehistorica et archaeologica 3, 109–214

Reichmann, C. (1996). ‘Frühe Franken in Germanien’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 55–65

Renfrew, C. (1987). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London)

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. (1991). Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice (London)

Renfrew, C. and Cherry, J.F., eds. (1986). Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change (Cambridge)

Reuter, T. (1985). ‘Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 75–94

– (1990). ‘The End of Carolingian Military Expansion’, in Godman and Collins (1990), 391–407

– (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800–1056 (London)

– (1992). The Annals of Fulda (Manchester)

–, ed. (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History: vol. 3, 900–1024 (Cambridge)

Ridley R.T. (1982). Zosimus: New History (Canberra) Ritchie, A. (1993). Viking Scotland (Bath)

Robinson, C.H. (1921). Anskar: The Apostle of the North, 801–865 (London)

Roesdahl, E., trans. S. Margeson and K. Williams (1982). Viking Age Denmark (London)

–, trans. S. Margeson and K. Williams (1991). The Vikings (London)

Rolfe, J.C., ed. (1935–1939). Ammianus Marcellinus (London)

Rostovzeff, M.I. (1922). Iranians and Greeks in South Russia (Oxford)

Rowlands, M. et al., eds. (1987). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World (Cambridge)

Rudkin, D. (1986). The Saxon Shore (London)

Rumble, A.R., ed. (1994). The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway (London)

Rystad, G. (1996). ‘Immigration Policy and the Future of International Migration’, International Migration Review 26.4, 555–586



Sabbah, G. (1978). La méthode d’Ammien Marcellin: recherches sur la construction du discours historique dans les Res Gestae (Paris)

Salt, J. and Clout, H., eds. (1976). Migration in Post-War Europe: Geographical Essays (Oxford)

Salway, P. (2001). A History of Roman Britain (Oxford)

Sanchez-Albornoz, N. (1994). ‘The First Transatlantic Transfer: Spanish Migration to the New World’, in Canny (1994), 26–36

Santini, C., ed. (1979). Eutropius Breviarium ab urbe condita (Stuttgart)

Sartre, M. (1982). Trois études sur l’Arabie romaine et byzantine: Revue d’Études Latines (Brussels)

Sasse, B. (1982). Die Sozialgeschichte Böhmens in der Frühzeit: Historisch-archäologische Untersuchungen zum 9.—12. Jahrhundert (Berlin)

Sawyer, B. (1991). ‘Viking-Age Rune-Stones as a Crisis Symptom’, Norwegian Archaeological Review 24, 97–112

Sawyer, B. and Sawyer, P.H. (1993). Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation c. 800 —1500 (Minneapolis)

Sawyer, P.H. (1962). The Age of the Vikings (London)

– (1978). From Roman Britain to Norman England (London)

– (1982), ‘The Causes of the Viking Age’, in Farrell (1982), 1–7

– (1993). ‘The Scandinavian Background’, in Cooper (1993), 33–42

– (1994). ‘Cnut’s Scandinavian Empire’, in Rumble (1994), 10–22

–, ed. (1997a). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (Oxford)

– (1997b). ‘The Age of the Vikings, and Before’, in P. Sawyer (1997a), 1–18

Sawyer, P.H. and Wood, I.N., eds. (1977). Early Medieval Kingship (Leeds)

Schenkl, H. et al., eds. (1965–1974). Themistii Orationes (Leipzig)

Schmeidler, B., ed. (1917). Adam von Bremen: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum (Hanover)

Schmidt, L. (1933). Geschichte der deutschen Stämme bis zum Ausgang der Völkerwanderung: Die Ostgermanen, 2nd ed. (Munich)

Scholz, B.W. (1972). Carolingian Chronicles (Ann Arbor)

Schröder, F.J. (1977). Völker und Herrscher des östlichen Europa im Weltbild Widukinds von Korvei und Thietmars von Merseburg (Munster)

Scragg, D. (1991). The Battle of Maldon, AD 991 (Oxford)

Searle, E. (1988). Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power 840–1066 (Berkeley).

Seeck, O., ed. (1962). Notitia dignitatum (Frankfurt am Main)

Service, E.R. (1975). Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution (New York)

Settimane [Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo: Settimane di studio] (1983). Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nell’alto medioevo, Atti del xxx Congresso internazionale di studi sull’alto Medioevo (Spoleto)

Shanzer, D. and Wood, I.N., eds. and trans. (2002). Avitus of Vienne: Letters and Selected Prose (Liverpool)

Shchukin, M. (1975). ‘Das Problem der Cernjachow-Kultur in der sowjetischen archäologischen Literatur’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie 9, 25–41

– (1977). ‘Current aspects of the Gothic Problem and the Cherniakhovo Culture’, Arkheologichesky sbornik 18, 79–92 (English summary)

– (1990). Rome and the Barbarians in Central and Eastern Europe: 1st Century BC – 1st Century AD (Oxford)

– (2005). The Gothic Way: Goths, Rome, and the Culture of the Chernjakhov / Sintana de Mures (St Petersburg)

Shennan, S. (1989). Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity (London)

Shepard, J. (2005). ‘Conversions and Regimes Compared: The Rus’ and the Poles, ca. 1000’, in Curta (2005), 252–282

Sherwin-White, A.N. (1973). The Roman Citizenship, 2nd ed. (Oxford)

Siegmund, F. (1998). ‘Social Structure and Relations’, in Wood (1998), 177–198

Sinor, D. (1977). Inner Asia and its Contacts with Medieval Europe (London)

– (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Cambridge)

Skalnik, P., ed. (1989). Outwitting the State (New Jersey)

Slater, T., ed. (2000). Towns in Decline AD 100–1600 (Aldershot)

Smith, A.D. (1986). The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford)

Smith, J.M. (1992). Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians (Cambridge)

Smyth, A.P. (1977). Scandinavian Kings in the British Isles, 850–880 (Oxford)

– (1979). Scandinavian York and Dublin: The History and Archaeology of Two Related Viking Kingdoms (New Jersey)

– (1995). King Alfred the Great (Oxford)

Speidel, M.P. (1977). ‘The Roman Army in Arabia’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Antiken Welt II. 8

Stallknecht, B. (1969). Untersuchungen zur römischen Aussenpolitik in der Spätantike (Bonn)

Stenton, F. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford)

Steuer, H. (1982). Frühgeschichtliche Sozialstrukturen Mitteleuropa (Göttingen)

– (1998). ‘Theorien zur Herkunft und Entstehung der Alemannen: Archaeologische Forschungsansatze’, in Geuenich (1998), 270–334

Stockwell, S., ed. (2008). The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives (Oxford)

Syme, R. (1968). Ammianus and the Historia Augusta (Oxford)

– (1971a). Emperors and Biography: Studies in the Historia Augusta (Oxford)

– (1971b). The Historia Augusta: A Call for Clarity (Bonn)

Szydlowski, J. (1980). ‘Zur Anwesenheit der Westslawen an der mittleren Donau im ausgehenden 5. und 6. Jahrhundert’, in Wolfram and Daim (1980), 233 —237



Tejral, J. et al., eds. (1999). L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale au début de l’époque des Grandes Migrations (Brno)

Theuws, F. and Hiddinck, H. (1996). ‘Der Kontakt zu Rom’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 64–80

Thomas, M.G. et al. (2006). ‘Evidence for an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England’, Proceedings of the Royal Society 273, 2651–2657

Thompson, E.A. (1965). The Early Germans (Oxford)

– (1966). The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila (Oxford)

– (1995). The Huns (Oxford)

Thorpe, L. (1974). Gregory of Tours: The History of the Franks (London)

Todd, M. (1975). The Northern Barbarians 100 BC – AD 300 (London)

– (1992). The Early Germans (Oxford)

Trillmich, W. et al., eds. (1978). Quellen des 9. und 11. Jahrhunderts zur Geschichte der hambürgischen Kirche und des Reiches, 5th ed. (Darmstadt)

Tschan, F.J. (1959). Adam of Bremen: History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen (New York)

– (1966). Helmold, Priest of Bosau: The Chronicle of the Slavs (New York)

Turek, R. (1974). Böhmen im Morgengrauen der Geschichte von den Anfängen der slawischen Besiedlung bis zum Eintritt in die europäische Kulturgemeinschaft (6. bis Ende des 10 Jahrhunderts) (Wiesbaden)



Ucko, P. (1995). Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective (London)

Urbanczyk, P., ed. (1997a). Origins of Central Europe (Warsaw)

– (1997b). ‘Changes of Power Structure During the 1st Millennium ad in the Northern Part of Central Poland’, in Urbanczyk (1997a), 39–44

–, ed. (1997c). Early Christianity in Central and East Europe (Warsaw)

–, ed. (2001). Europe around the Year 1000 (Warsaw)

–, ed. (2004). Polish Lands at the Turn of the First and the Second Millennia (Warsaw)

– (2005). ‘Early State Formation in East Central Europe’, in Curta (2005), 139–151



Vallet, F. and Kazanski, M., eds. (1995). La noblesse romaine et les chefs barbares du IIIe au VIIe siècle (Paris)

Van Dam, R. (1985). Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul (Berkeley)

Van Es, W.A. (1967). Wijster: A Native Village Beyond the Imperial Frontier 150–425 AD (Groningen)

Van Ossel, P. (1992). Etablissements ruraux de l’antiquité tardive dans le nord de la Gaule (Paris)

Van Ossel, P. and Ouzoulias, P. (2000). ‘Rural Settlement Economy in Northern Gaul in the Late Empire: An Overview and Assessment’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13, 133–160

Verlinden, C. (1955). L’Esclavage dans l’Europe Médiévale (Bruges)

Vertovec, S. and Cohen, R. (1999). Migration, Diasporas, and Transnationalism (Cheltenham)

Vince, A. (2001). ‘Lincoln in the Viking Age’, in Graham-Campbell et al. (2001), 157–180

Voets, S. et al., eds. (1995). The Demographic Consequences of Migration (The Hague)

Vogel, F., ed. (1885). Ennodius Opera, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Auctores Antiquissimi 7 (Berlin)

von Schnurbein, S. (1995). Vom Einfluss Roms auf die Germanen (Opladen)



Waitz, G., ed. (1883). Annales Bertiniani (Hanover)

Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. (1960). The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar (London)

Ward Perkins, B. (2000). ‘Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?’, English Historical Review 115, 513–533

– (2005). The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford)

Warner, D.A. (2001). Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (Manchester)

Weale, M.E. et al. (2002). ‘Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration’ Molecular Biology & Evolution 19.7, 1008–1021

Wegener, W. (1959). Böhmen/Mähren und das Reich im Hochmittelälter (Cologne)

Welch, M. (1992). English Heritage Book of Anglo-Saxon England (London)

Wells, P.S. (1999). The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe (Princeton)

Wenskus, R. (1961). Stammesbildung und Verfassung: Das Werden der frühmittelalterlichen gentes (Cologne)

Werner, J. (1935). Münzdatierte austrasische Grabfunde (Berlin)

– (1950). ‘Zur Entstehung der Reihengräberzivilisation’, Archaeologica Geographica I, 23–32

Weski, T. (1982). Waffen in germanischen Gräbern der älteren römischen Kaiserzeit südlich der Ostsee (Oxford)

Whitby, L.M. (1988). The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare (Oxford)

Whitby, L.M. and Whitby, J.M. (1986). The History of Theophylact Simocatta (Oxford)

– (1989). The Chronicon Paschale (Liverpool)

Whitelock, D., ed. (1955). English Historical Documents, vol. 1, c. 500–1042 (London)

Whitelock, D. et al. (1961). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation (London)

Whittaker, C.R. (1994). Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore)

Whittow, M. (1996). The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025 (London)

Wickham, C. (1992). ‘Problems of Comparing Rural Societies in Early Medieval

Western Europe’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series 2, 221–246

– (2005). Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800 (Oxford)

Wieczorek, A. (1996). ‘Die Ausbreitung der frankischen Herrschaft in den Rheinland vor und seit Chlodwig I’, in Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas: vor 1500 Jahren, König Chlodwig und seine Erben (Mainz), 241–261

Wiet, G. (1957). Les Atours Précieux (Cairo)

Williams, A. (1991). The English and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge)

Wilson, J. (2008). ‘Agency, Narrative, and Resistance’, in Stockwell (2008), 245–268

Winterbottom, M., ed. and trans. (1978). Gildas: The Ruin of Britain, and other works (London)

Wolfram, H. (1979). Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: das Weissbuch der Salzburger Kirche über die erfolgreiche Mission in Karantanien und Pannonien (Vienna)

– (1985). Treasures on the Danube: Barbarian Invaders and their Roman Inheritance (Vienna)

–, trans. T.J. Dunlap (1988). History of the Goths (Berkeley)

– (1994). ‘Origo et Religio: Ethnic Traditions and Literature in Early Medieval Texts’, Early Medieval Europe 3, 19–38

– (1995). Salzburg, Bayern, Österreich: die Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum und die Quellen ihrer Zeit (Vienna)

–, trans. T.J. Dunlap (1997). The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples (Berkeley)

Wolfram, H. and Daim, F., eds. (1980). Die Völker an der mittleren und unteren Donau im fünften und sechsten Jahrhundert, Denkschriften der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Kl. 145 (Vienna)

Wolfram, H. and Pohl, W., eds. (1990). Typen der Ethnogenese unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bayern, Denkschriften der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Kl. 193 (Vienna)

Wood, I.N. (1985). ‘Gregory of Tours and Clovis’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire 63, 249–272

– (1990). ‘Ethnicity and the Ethnogenesis of the Burgundians’ in Wolfram and Pohl (1990), 53–69

– (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms (London)

–, ed. (1998). Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective (Woodbridge)

– (2001). The Missionary Life: Saints and the Evangelization of Europe, 400–1050 (Harlow)

Woolf, A. (2003). ‘The Britons: from Romans to Barbarians’, in Goetz et al. (2003), 345–380

– (2007). ‘Apartheid and Economics in Anglo-Saxon England’, in Higham (2007), 115–129

Wormald, C.P. (1978). ‘Bede, Beowulf and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxon Aristocracy’, in Farrell (1978), 32–95

– (1982). ‘Viking Studies: Whence and Whither’, in Farrell (1982), 128–153

– (1986). ‘Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Kingship’, Studies in Medieval Culture 20, 151–183



Zagiba, F., ed. (1969). Das heidnische und christliche Slaventum (Wiesbaden)

Zollner, E. (1970). Geschichte der Franken bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts (Munich)

Назад: Третий закон Ньютона для империй?
Дальше: Примечания