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1. A. Hitler Mein Kampf’(ed. D. C. Watt, London, 1969), pp. 353–4.

2. F. Hirsch ‘Race without the Practice of Racial Polities’, Slavic Review, 61 (2002), pp. 30–31.

3. J. O. Pohl Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 (Westport, Conn., 2002), p. 33; M. Parrish The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security 1939–1953 (Westport, Conn., 1996), pp. 100–03.

4. I. Fleischhauer ‘“Operation Barbarossa” and the Deportation’, in I. Fleischhauer and B. Pinkus The Soviet Germans: Past and Present (London, 1986), pp. 78–80.

5. Fleischhauer, ‘Deportation’, p. 80.

6. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 42–4; V. Tolz ‘New Information about the Deportations of Ethnic Groups in the USSR during World War 2’, in J. Garrard and C. Garrard (eds) World War 2 and the Soviet People (London, 1993), pp. 161–5.

7. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 29–30; T. Martin ‘The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, Journal of Modern History, 70 (1998), pp. 853–5.

8. Fleischhauer, ‘Deportation’, pp. 78–9; Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, p. 853.

9. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, p. 56.

10. M. Burleigh Germany Turns Eastwards: a Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 16–17; Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, p. 836.

11. I. Heinemann ‘Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut’: Das Rasse- & Siedlungshauptamt der SS und die rassenpolitische Neuordnung Europas (Göttingen, 2003), pp. 1909–91, 449.

12. Fleischhauer, ‘Deportation’, p. 83.

13. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, p. 44; Fleischhauer, ‘Deportation’, pp. 86–7.

14. Heinemann, ‘Rasse, Siedlung’, pp. 260–61; I. Fleischauer ‘The Ethnic Germans under Nazi Rule’, in Fleischhauer and Pinkus, The Soviet Germans, pp. 95–6; J. Connelly ‘Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to Racist Practice’, Central European History, 32 (1999), pp. 15–19.

15. Heinemann, ‘Rasse, Siedlung, pp. 449–50.

16. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, p. 60.

17. T. R. Weeks ‘National Minorities in the Russian Empire, 1897–1917’, in A. Geifman (ed.) Russia under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion 1894–1917 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 112–14, 117–21; A. Renner ‘Defi ning a Russian Nation: Mikhail Katkov and the “Invention” of National Polities’, Slavonic and East European Review, 81 (2003), pp. 661–5; G. Hosking and R. Service (eds) Russian Nationalism Past and Present (London, 1998), pp. 2–3; A. N. Sakharov ‘The Main Phases and Distinctive Features of Russian Nationalism’, in Hosking and Service, Russian Nationalism, pp. 14–15; D. G. Rowley ‘Imperial versus national discourse: the case of Russia’, Nations and Nationalism, 6 (2000), pp. 23–35.

18. S. Avineri ‘Marxism and Nationalism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 26 (1991), pp. 630–39.

19. J. Smith The Bolsheviks and the National Question 1917–1923 (London, 1999), p. 240.

20. G. Simon ‘Nationsbildung und “Revolution von oben”: Zur neuen sowjetischen Nationalitätenpolitik der dreissiger Jahre’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 8 (1992), p. 46; B. Chiclo ‘Histoire de la formation des territoires autonomes chez les peoples turco-mongols de siberie’, Cahiers du monde russe, 28 (1987), pp. 390–92.

21. M. M. Feinstein ‘Deutschland über alles? The National Anthem Debate in the Federal Republic of Germany’, Central European History, 33 (2000), pp. 506–9.

22. G. H. Herb Under the Map of Germany: Nationalism and Propaganda 1918–1945 (London, 1997), pp. 136–9.

23. A. Kolnai The War Against the West (London, 1938), p. 394.

24. S. Vopel ‘Radikaler, völkischer Nationalismus in Deutschland 1917–1933’, in H. Timmermann (ed.) Nationalismus und Nationalbewegung in Europa 1914–1945 (Berlin, 1999), pp. 162–75.

25. J. Stalin Works (13 volumes, Moscow, 1952–55), vol. ii, pp. 303–7, ‘Marxism and the National Question’, January 1913.

26. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, p. 321.

27. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, p. 296, ‘On the Road to Nationalism: a Letter from the Caucasus’, 12 January 1913.

28. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, pp. 322, 359, 375–7.

29. E. Koutaissoff ‘Literacy and the Place of Russian in the Non-Slav Republics of the USSR’, Soviet Studies, 3 (1951), p. 115. Stalin formulated the phrase in a speech given on 18 May 1925.

30. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, p. 153, ‘Foundations of Leninism’, April 1924.

31. Stalin, Works, vol. vi, p. 109.

32. G. Simon Nationalism and Policy Toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union (Boulder, Colo., 1991), p. 248; Y. Slezkine ‘The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism’, Slavic Review, 53 (1994), p. 437; see too P. Skalnik ‘Soviet etnografi ia and the nation(alities) question’, Cahiers du monde russe, 31 (1990), pp. 183–4.

33. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 348; A. Hitler, The Secret Book (ed. T. Taylor, New York, 1961), pp. 6, 29, 44; Stalin’s remark in Slezkine, The USSR as Communal Apartment’, p. 445.

34. Hitler, Mein Kampf, pp. 299, 339–40.

35. Hitler, Secret Book, p. 29.

36. Hitler, Mein Kampf, pp. 271–7; Hitler, Secret Book, pp. 212–13.

37. W. Maser (ed.) Hitler’s Letters and Notes (New York, 1974), p. 221; Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 273.

38. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 355.

39. H. C. D’Encausse The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State 1917–1930 (New York, 1992), pp. 135–7, 217; Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 23–4.

40. F. Hirsch The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress: Ethnographers and the Category Nationality in the 1926, 1937 and 1939 Censuses’, Slavic Review, 56 (1997), pp. 251–64.

41. S. Crisp ‘Soviet Language Planning 1917–1953’, in M. Kirkwood Language Planning in the Soviet Union (London, 1989), pp. 26–7.

42. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, p. 50.

43. Koutaissoff, ‘Literacy and the Place of Russian’, pp. 120–21.

44. S. L. Guthier The Belorussians: National Identifi cation and Assimilation 1897–1970: Part T, Soviet Studies, 29 (1977), p. 55.

45. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, p. 376.

46. J. Smith The Education of National Minorities: the Early Soviet Experience’, Slavonic and East European Review, 75 (1997), p. 302; Y. Bilinsky ‘Education and the Non-Russian Peoples in the USSR, 1917–1967: an Essay’, Slavic Review, 27 (1968), pp. 419–20.

47. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, p. 240; Crisp, ‘Soviet Language Planning’, p. 38; I. Baldauf ‘Some Thoughts on the Making of the Uzbek Nation’, Cahiers du monde russe, 32 (1991), pp. 86–9.

48. G. O. Liber Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923–1935 (Cambridge, 1992), p. 187.

49. Liber, Soviet Nationality Policy, appendix 14.

50. Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, pp. 842–4.

51. Simon, ‘Nationsbildung und “Revolution von oben”’, pp. 233–4, 247–9.

52. Hirsch, The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress’, pp. 271–4.

53. Royal Institute of International Affairs Nationalism (London, 1939), p. 78.

54. Crisp, ‘Soviet Language Planning’, pp. 28–9; Bilinsky, ‘Education and the Non-Russian Peoples’, p. 428; Koutaissoff, ‘Literacy and the Place of Russian’, p. 114; Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 150–51.

55. Details in Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 142–5.

56. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 144–5, 148.

57. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 74; S. G. Simonsen ‘Raising “The Russian Question”: Ethnicity and Statehood – Russkie and Rossiya’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2 (1996), pp. 96–110. See too N. Lynn and V. Bogorov ‘Reimaging the Russian Idea’, in G. Herb and D. Kaplan (eds) Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale (Lanham, Md, 1999)-> pp. 101–7; R. Szporluk ‘Nationalism and Communism: refl ections: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Poland’, Nations and Nationalism, 4 (1998), pp. 308–11.

58. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 79.

59. A. Powell ‘The Nationalist Trend in Soviet Historiography’, Soviet Studies, 2 (1950/1), pp. 373–5; D. Brandenberger National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the formation of Modern Russian National Identity 1931–1956 (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), pp. 71–6, 86–94.

60. M. Perrie ‘Nationalism and History: the Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia’, in Hosking and Service (eds), Russian Nationalism, pp. 107–13; K. E. Platt and D. Brandenberger Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic: Rehabilitating Ivan IV under I. V. Stalin’, Russian Review, 58 (1999), pp. 637–8.

61. R. Bergan Sergei Eisenstein: a Life in Confl ict (New York, 1997), pp. 296–306; see too D. Brandenberger ‘Soviet social mentalite and Russo-centrism on the eve of war’, Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Osteruropas, 44 (1996), pp. 388, 392–4.

62. R. Stites Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900 (Cambridge, 1992) p. 57.

63. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 79; see too Lynn and Bogorov, ‘Reimaging the Russian Idea’, pp. 107–8.

64. Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, pp. 830–31, 837, 845–9.

65. N. Bugai The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union (New York, 1996), pp. 28–31; Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 199–200; Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 9–19.

66. Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, pp. 853–7.

67. P. J. Duncan ‘Ukrainians’, in G. Smith (ed.) The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (London, 1990), pp. 96–7.

68. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 162–3.

69. W. Taubman Khrushchev: the Man and his Era (New York, 2002), p. 99.

70. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 1–3.

71. On Esperanto speakers see K. Sword (ed.) The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–1941 (London, 1991), appendix 3c ‘NKVD Instructions Relating to “Anti-Soviet Elements”’.

72. K. Sword Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939–48 (London, 1994), pp. 25–7; J. Gross Revolution from

Abroad: the Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 193–4.

73. Tolz, ‘Deportations of Ethnic Groups’, p. 162.

74. Sword, Deportation and Exile, p. 22.

75. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, p. 5; Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, pp. 161–7; Bougai, Deportation of Peoples, passim.

76. Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, p. 164.

77. Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, p. 166.

78. N. Levin Paradox of Survival: the Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 (2 vols, London, 1990), vol. i, pp. 477–9, 484.

79. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, pp. 307–8, 345, 359; J. Miller ‘Soviet Theory on the Jews’, in L. Kochan (ed.) The Jews in Soviet Russia since 1917 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 49–52.

80. J. B. Schechtman ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, in Kochan, Jews in Soviet Russia, pp. 106–8.

81. Z. Gitelman ‘Soviet Jewry before the Holocaust’, in Z. Gitelman (ed.) Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), p. 5; B. Pinkus ‘La participation des minorities nationals extraterritoriales à la vie politique et publique de l’Union Soviétique, 1917–1939’, Cahiers du monde russe, 36 (1995) pp. 299–300.

82. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, p. 118.

83. Gitelman, ‘Soviet Jewry’, p. 6; Smith, ‘Education of National Minorities’, p. 30; see too S. W. Baron The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (2nd edn, New York, 1987), pp. 226–34.

84. M. Altshuler Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust (Jerusalem, 1998), pp. 30, 146; Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 134–

43, 233; E. Lohr ‘The Russian Army and the Jews: Mass Deportations, Hostages, and Violence during World War P, Russian

Review, 60 (2001), p. 408 on the Pale.

85. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry, p. 146.

86. Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 275–6.

87. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry, p. 26.

88. C. Abramsky ‘The Biro-Bidzhan Project, 1927–1959’, in Kochan, Jews in Soviet Russia, pp. 70–71, 73–7.

89. B.-C. Pinchuk Shtetl Jews under Soviet Rule: Eastern Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust (London, 1990), pp. 55, 129–31.

90. Pinchuk, Shtetl Jews, p. 39.

91. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, p. 124.

92. S. Sebag Montefi ore Stalin: the Court of the Red Tsar (London, 2003), pp. 509–10; A. Vaksberg Stalin against the Jews (New York, 1994), pp. 159–81; Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 393–4.

93. For details see B. Pinkus The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a National Minority (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 142–50, 174–7; Y. Rapaport The Doctors’ Plot: Stalin’s Last Crime (London, 1991); J. Brent and V. Naumov Stalin’s Last Crime: the Plot against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953 (London, 2002).

94. A. Blakely Russia and the Negro (Washington DC, 1986), p. 101.

95. Hirsch, ‘Race without Racial Polities’, pp. 32–5; A. Weiner ‘Nothing but Certainty’, Slavic Review, 61 (2002), pp. 44–51. See for a different view E. D. Weitz ‘Racial Politics without the Concept of Race: Reevaluating Soviet Ethnic and National Purges’, Slavic Review, 61 (2002), pp. 1–29.

96. Hirsch, ‘Race without Racial Polities’, p. 36.

97. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, Ser. D, vol. I (Baden-Baden, 1950), p. 25, ‘Niederschrift über die Besprechung in der Reichskanzlei’, 5 November 1937.

98. S. Lauryssens The Man who Invented the Third Reich (Stroud, 1999), pp. 140, 146, 151.

99. J. W. Young Totalitarian Language: Orwell’s Newspeak and its Nazi and Communist Antecedents (Charlottesville, Va., 1991), p. 108.

100. M. Quinn The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol (London, 1994), pp. 21, 116, 130–33.

101. Feinstein, ‘Deutschland über alles?’, pp. 506–9; J. W. Baird To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington, Ind., 1990), pp. 79–80, 264–5.

102. A. Kruck Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes 1890–1939 (Wiesbaden, 1954), p. 216.

103. R.J. O’Neill The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933–1939 (London, 1966), p. 87.

104. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 78.

105. J. A. Leopold Alfred Hugenberg: The Radical Nationalist Campaign against the Weimar Republic (New Haven, Conn., 1977), pp. 149–63.

106. Kruck, Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes, pp. 216–17.

107. Herb, Under the Map of Germany’, pp. 132–40.

108. F. L. Kroll Utopie als Ideologie: Geschichtsdenken und politisches Handeln im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1998), pp. 217–2.0; see too A. A. Kallis ‘To Expand or not to Expand? Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an “Ideal Fatherland’”, Journal of Contemporary History, 38 (2003), pp. 237–60; J. Hermand Der alte Traum vom neuen Reich: Völkische Utopien und Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), pp. 321–33.

109. F. El-Tayeb ‘“Blood is a very special Juice”: Racialized Bodies and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Germany’, International Review of Social History, 44 (1999), Supplement, pp. 149–53, 162.

110. E. Syring Hitler: seine politische Utopie (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), p. 210.

111. Vopel, ‘Radikaler, völkischer Nationalismus’, p. 164.

112. M. Dean The Development and Implementation of Nazi Denaturalization and Confi scation Policy up to the Eleventh Decree of the Reich Citizenship Law’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 16 (2002), pp. 218–20.

113. H. Kaden and L. Nestler (eds) Dokumente des Verbrechens: aus Akten des Dritten Reiches 1933–1945 (3 vols., Berlin, 1993), vol. i, pp. 60–62, Reichsbürgergesetz, 15 September 1935; Gesetz zum Schütze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre, 15 September 1935.

114. P. Weindling Health, Race and German Politics between National Unifi cation and Nazism 1870–1945 (Cambridge, 1989), p. 530; C. Lusane Hitler’s Black Victims (New York, 2002).

115. Dokumente des Verbrechens, vol. i, pp. 66–7, Erste Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz, 14 November 1935.

116. B. Miller-Lane (ed.) Nazi Ideology before 1933: A Documentation (Manchester, 1978), p. 115 from ‘Marriage Laws and the Principles of Breeding’; Heinemann, “Rasse, Siedlung, pp. 62–6; D. Bergen The Nazi Concept of “Volksdeutsche” and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe 1939–1945’, Journal of Contemporary History, 29 (1994), pp. 569–72 for details of the ‘Volksliste’.

117. Heinemann, ‘Rasse, Siedlung’, pp. 190–95.

118. Heinemann, ‘Rasse, Siedlung’, pp. 64–5; on the fi gures for those recorded, pp. 600–602.

119. Connelly, ‘Nazis and Slavs’, pp. 18–19; see too G. Bock ‘Gleichheit und Differenz in der nationalsozialistischen Rassenpolitik’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 19 (1993), pp. 277–310.

120. R. Lukes The Forgotten Holocaust: the Poles under German Occupation 1939–1944 (Lexington, Kty, 1986), p. 8; see too J. T. Gross Polish Society under German Occupation: the Generalgouvernement, 1939–1944 (Princeton, NJ., 1979), pp. 195–8 on German nationality policy.

121. Connelly, ‘Nazis and Slavs’, p. 10.

122. Lukes, Forgotten Holocaust, p. 8; G. Aly ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews (London, 1999), pp. 108–13; Kroll, Utopie, p. 220. See too W. Pyta ‘“Menschenökonomie”: Das Ineinandergreifen von ländlicher Sozialraumgestaltung und rassenbiologischer Bevölkerungspolitik im nationalsozialistischen Staat’, Historisches Zeitschrift, 273 (2001), pp. 31–94.

123. G. Lewy The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies (Oxford, 2000), pp. 43–5, 47.

124. Lewy, Persecution of the Gypsies, pp. 52–3; E. Thurner National Socialism and Gypsies in Austria (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1998), pp. 11–12.

125. Thurner, Gypsies in Austria, pp. 38–9.

126. Lewy, Persecution of the Gypsies, pp. 66–9.

127. G. Lewy ‘Gypsies and Jews under the Nazis’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13 (1999), pp. 385–7.

128. Lewy, ‘Gypsies and Jews’, pp. 388–93.

129. B. D. Lutz and J. M. Lutz ‘Gypsies as victims of the Holocaust’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 9 (1995), p. 356.

130. Lewy, Persecution of the Gypsies, p. 43.

131. A. Elon The Pity of it All: a Portrait of Jews in Germany 1743–1933 (London, 2002), pp. 210, 378; O. Heilbronner ‘From Antisemitic Peripheries to Antisemitic Centres: The Place of Antisemitism in Modern German History’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35 (2000), pp. 560–75.

132. Elon, Pity of it All, p. 379; F. Nicosia The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (London, 1985), p. 212 for fi gures from 1932 onwards.

133. S. Haffner Defying Hitler: a memoir (London, 2002), pp. 121–2.

134. Bundesarchiv, Berlin R2501/6601, Reichsbank research department, ‘Bedenkliche wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen des Judenboykotts’, appendix, pp. 1–5.

135. V. Klemperer I Shall Bear Witness: the Diaries of Viktor Klemperer 1933–41 (London, 1998), p. 13.

136. S. Friedländer Nazi Germany and the Jews: the Years of Persecution 1933–1939 (London, 1997), pp. 27–9.

137. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, p. 28; see too C. Koonz The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp. 166–7.

138. H. Michaelis and E. Schraepler (eds) Ursachen und Folgen vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 bis 1945 (Berlin, 1968), vol. xi, p. 605, Himler decree, 3 December 1938.

139. W. Benz (ed.) Die Juden in Deutschland 1933–1945: Leben unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft (Munich, 1988), p. 783.

140. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, pp. 62–3; Nicosia, Third Reich and Palestine, pp. 41–9, 212; Benz, Juden in Deutschland, pp. 733, 738. Benz gives a fi gure of 168, 972 for May 1941 and 163, 696 for October that year.

141. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, p. 177.

142. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, pp. 242–6; B. F. Pauley Prom-Prejudice to Persecution: a History of Austrian Anti-Semitism (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992), pp. 284–97.

143. H. Mommsen Von Weimar nach Auschwitz. Zur Geschichte Deutschlands in der Weltkriegsepoche (Stuttgart, 1999), pp. 268–82.

144. Connelly, ‘Nazis and Slavs’, p. 33.

145. Maser, Hitler’s Letters and Notes, pp. 279–83; see too K.-U. Merz Das Schreckbild: Deutschland und der Bolschewismus 1917 bis 1921 (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), pp. 457–71 for Hitler’s view of the Jews in the early 1920s.

146. W. Treue ‘Hitlers Denkschrift zum Vier jahresplan 1936’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 3 (1955) pp. 204–5.

147. National Archives II (College Park, MD) RG 238, Jackson papers, Box 3, translation of letter from Robert Ley to Dr Pfl ücker, 24 October 1945.

148. Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, pp. 3, 12.

149. National Archives, RG 238, Jackson papers, Box 3, Robert Ley to Dr Pfl ücker.

150. Hitler’s speech in M. Domarus Hitler’s Speeches and Proclamations 1939–1940 (Würzburg, 1997), pp. 1448–9, Hitler’s speech to the Reichstag, 30 January 1939; Himmler in Kroll, Utopie, pp. 213–16.

151. P. Longerich The Unwritten Order: Hitler’s Role in the Final Solution (Stroud, 2001), pp. 51–3.

152. Longerich, Unwritten Order, pp. 63–5; see the discussion of recent debates in M. Roseman ‘Recent Writing on the Holocaust’, Journal of Contemporary History, 36 (2001), pp. 361–72.

153. R. Breitman ‘Himmler and the “Terrible Secret” among the executioners’, Journal of Contemporary History, 26 (1991), pp. 436–7.

154. See for example W. Benz, K. Kwiet and J. Matthäus Einsatz im ‘Reichskommissariat Ostland’: Dokumente zum Völkermord im Baltikum und in Weissrussland 1941–1944 (Berlin, 1998) for a detailed documentation of the process of ghettoization and mass shootings. See too Aly, ‘Final Solution’, chs 3, 7 and 8 on ghettos and deportation.

155. T. Jersak ‘Die Interaktion von Kriegsverlauf und Judenvernichtung: ein Blick auf Hitlers Strategie im Spätsommer 1941’, Historisches Zeitschrift, 268 (1999), pp. 345–60.

156. P. Witt ‘Two Decisions Concerning the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question”: Deportation to Lodz and Mass Murder in Chelmno’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 9 (1995), p. 319; C. Gerlach ‘The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of the German Jews, and Hitler’s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews’, Journal of Modern History, 70 (1998), pp. 762–8.

157. Gerlach ‘Wannsee Conference’, pp. 784–5.

158. Gerlach, ‘Wannsee Conference’, pp. 807–8; for other views on the signifi cance of the meeting on 12 December see M. Moll ‘Steuerungsinstrument im “Ämterchaos”? Die Tagungen der Reichs-und Gauleiter der NSDAP’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 49 (2001), pp. 240–43; see too U. Herbert (ed.) National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies (Oxford, 2000), pp. 38–41.

159. J. von Lang (ed.) Das Eichtnann-Protokoll: Tonbandaufzeichnungen der israelischen Verhörer (Berlin, 1982), pp. 69, 86.

160. M. Roseman The Villa, the Lake, the Meeting: Wannsee and the Final Solution (London, 2002), chs 3–4.

161. F. Genoud (ed.) The Testament of Adolf Hitler: the Hitler-Bormann Documents (London, 1961), pp. 51–2, entry for

13 February 1945.

162. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 403.

163. Weitz ‘Racial Polities’, p. 23.

164. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 2–3.

165. Breitman ‘Himmler and the “Terrible Secret”’, p. 234.

166. M. I. Koval The Nazi Genocide of the Jews and the Ukrainian Population 1941–1944’, in Gitelman, Bitter Legacy, pp. 52–3.

167. K. Slepyan The Soviet Partisan Movement and the Holocaust’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 14 (2000), pp. 2–6.

168. Z. Gitelman ‘Soviet Reactions to the Holocaust 1945–1991’, in L. Dobroszycki and J. Gurock (eds) The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR 1941–1945 (New York, 1993), pp. 3, 13–18.