889
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 59.
890
Steinberg, Bismarck, 57–60; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 110–13.
891
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 120–21.
892
Там же, 127.
893
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 134.
894
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 130–31.
895
Там же, 124, 129–31.
896
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 277.
897
Echevarria, «Heroic History», 585; Mombauer, «German War Plans», 52n10.
898
Snyder, «Civil-Military Relations», 35.
899
Förster, «Dreams and Nightmares», 359–60.
900
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 277.
901
Herwig, The Marne, 33.
902
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 100–105; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 117.
903
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 301–2.
904
Foley, German Strategy, 6–7.
905
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 55.
906
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 317.
907
Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 206.
908
Там же.
909
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 46.
910
Там же, 42–6.
911
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 300.
912
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 201–2.
913
Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War, 37.
914
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 59.
915
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 59.
916
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 223–5.
917
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 311.
918
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 240.
919
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 658; Foley, «Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan», 222.
920
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 203.
921
Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 84.
922
Fischer, War of Illusions, 55.
923
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 258–9; Afflerbach, Falkenhayn. Politisches, 79.
924
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 165.
925
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 263–4.
926
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 57.
927
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 280.
928
Showalter, «From Deterrence to Doomsday Machine», 696.
929
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 152.
930
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 88–9.
931
Fischer, War of Illusions, 390.
932
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 84–5.
933
Fischer, War of Illusions, 225–9; Beyens, Germany before the War, 36–8.
934
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 48–79.
935
Fischer, War of Illusions, 390.
936
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 118.
937
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 96–7.
938
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 210.
939
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 131–3; Hewitson, «Images of the Enemy», везде.
940
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 132–3.
941
Там же, 84.
942
Там же, 91–5.
943
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 57.
944
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 71.
945
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 273.
946
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 101.
947
Gooch, «Italy before 1915», 211–22; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 167–9.
948
Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War, 33; Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 271–2; Ritter, «Zusammenarbeit», 535.
949
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 271n9.
950
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 87–8.
951
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 282.
952
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 201–2 и везде.
953
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 85.
954
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 181–2.
955
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 204n7.
956
Kronenbitter, ««Nur los lassen»», 39.
957
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 234, 237.
958
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 213–14.
959
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 278.
960
Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 226.
961
Armour, «Colonel Redl: Fact and Fantasy», 175–6.
962
Там же, 179–80; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 124–7.
963
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 177–8; Heywood, «The Most Catastrophic Question», 46, 54.
964
Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 224.
965
Menning, «Pieces of the Puzzle», 782.
966
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 109, 122–4.
967
Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 199.
968
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 110.
969
Stevenson, Armaments, 151–6.
970
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 427–33.
971
Brusilov, A Soldier's Notebook, 11.
972
Fuller, The Foe Within, 46–8.
973
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 317; Paléologue, Ambassador's Memoirs, т. I, 83.
974
Rich, The Tsar's Colonels, 221.
975
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 100–101.
976
Spring, «Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance», 568–9, 578–9 и везде.
977
Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 219.
978
Айрапетов, Последняя война императорской России, 174–5; Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 65–7.
979
Menning, «Pieces of the Puzzle», 788.
980
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 111–12, 118–21.
981
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 178.
982
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 111–13; Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 225.
983
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 440–41.
984
Menning, «Pieces of the Puzzle», 796.
985
Menning, «War Planning», 121.
986
Айрапетов, «К вопросу о причинах поражения русской армии»; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 189–94.
987
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 110–11.
988
Айрапетов, «К вопросу о причинах поражения русской армии»; Menning, «War Planning», 122–5.
989
Andrew, «France and the German Menace», 147.
990
Ignat'ev, 50 лет в строю, 390–91.
991
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 182–3.
992
Ignat'ev, 50 лет в строю, 392.
993
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 118n1; Porch, The March to the Marne, 184–5.
994
Porch, The March to the Marne, 216–23.
995
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 163.
996
Doughty, «France», 160.
997
Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 26.
998
Doughty, «France», 159.
999
Becker, 1914, Comment les Français, 43n174.
1000
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 164.
1001
Porch, The March to the Marne, 129–32.
1002
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 137.
1003
Doughty, «France», 154.
1004
Там же, 154; Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 156.
1005
Doughty, «France», 153.
1006
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 70.
1007
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 165–7.
1008
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 163.
1009
Там же, 159.
1010
Там же, 166.
1011
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 102–3.
1012
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 170–71.
1013
Doughty, «France», 163.
1014
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 226.
1015
Doughty, «France», 165–8; Doughty, «French Strategy in 1914», 434.
1016
Doughty, «France», 165.
1017
Porch, The March to the Marne, 232–3.
1018
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 179.
1019
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 20; Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 694.
1020
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 22–3.
1021
BD, т. III, 71, 62.
1022
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 255.
1023
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 695.
1024
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 579.
1025
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 691–3.
1026
Там же, 702n1.
1027
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 585–6.
1028
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 680–81.
1029
Там же, 683, 684.
1030
Morris, Theodore Rex, 334–5.
1031
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 269–70.
1032
Там же, 272.
1033
Kaiser, «Germany and the Origins», 453.
1034
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 162.
1035
Kaiser, «Germany and the Origins», 453.
1036
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 285.
1037
Lee, Edward VII, т. II, 340.
1038
The Times, 31 марта 1905.
1039
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 116.
1040
Monger, The End of Isolation, 192.
1041
Там же, 187.
1042
Там же, 190.
1043
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 287–8.
1044
Там же, 281, 283, 285.
1045
Там же, 286.
1046
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 265.
1047
Monger, The End of Isolation, 224 and n2.
1048
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 119.
1049
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 291–2.
1050
Там же, 299.
1051
Там же, 292–3.
1052
Там же, 296–7.
1053
Там же, 289.
1054
Там же, 276–8, 278–9.
1055
Там же, 296–301.
1056
Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 31.
1057
Monger, The End of Isolation, 202.
1058
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 135, 138.
1059
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 707.
1060
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 122.
1061
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 303.
1062
Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 32.
1063
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 40–41.
1064
Там же, 42.
1065
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 117.
1066
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 731.
1067
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I; см., например, его письмо от 31 января 1906, 176–9.
1068
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 82–3.
1069
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 13.
1070
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I, 128.
1071
Lloyd George, War Memoirs, т. I, 91.
1072
Gilmour, Curzon, 26n.
1073
Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 23–4, 29.
1074
Massie, Dreadnought, 585.
1075
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 41–2.
1076
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 35.
1077
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 42–3.
1078
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 79.
1079
BD, т. III, 200, 162.
1080
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. I, 98.
1081
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 733.
1082
Oppel, «The Waning of a Traditional Alliance», 324.
1083
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 281–2.
1084
Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 363.
1085
BD, т. III, 401, 337–8.
1086
Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 147–8.
1087
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 262; Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 144.
1088
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 264.
1089
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 83.
1090
Foley, «Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan», 44–5.
1091
Craig, The Politics of thePrussian Army, 284–5.
1092
Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 197.
1093
Oppel, «The Waning of a Traditional Alliance», 325–6.
1094
Dumas, The Franco-British Exhibition, 4.
1095
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 38–40.
1096
BD, т. III, 299, 266–8.
1097
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 76.
1098
Lloyd George, War Memoirs, т. I, 49–50.
1099
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 85–7.
1100
Там же, 93–6.
1101
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 90–92.
1102
Kennedy, «Great Britain before 1914», 173.
1103
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 125.
1104
Offer, The First World War, 303.
1105
Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 39.
1106
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 384–8.
1107
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 126; Fisher and Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, т. II, 232.
1108
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 246–7.
1109
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 106–7.
1110
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 213.
1111
Neilson, «Great Britain», 183–5; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 187–93.
1112
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 96–7.
1113
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 196.
1114
Porch, The March to the Marne, 228.
1115
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 114, 123, 155 и везде.
1116
Doughty, «French Strategy in 1914», 435.
1117
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 138–41.
1118
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 37.
1119
Williamson, «General Henry Wilson», 91.
1120
Там же, 94–6.
1121
Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, т. I, 89.
1122
Там же, 78–9.
1123
Andrew, «France and the German Menace», 137.
1124
Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, т. I, 105.
1125
Keiger, «Jules Cambon», 642.
1126
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 196.
1127
Diöszegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz, 197–200.
1128
Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 63, 237.
1129
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 372.
1130
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 248–51.
1131
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 290.
1132
Wank, «Aehrenthal's Programme», 520–22.
1133
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass; see, for example, 385–8.
1134
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 371.
1135
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 217.
1136
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 57.
1137
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 95.
1138
Czernin, In the World War, 50.
1139
Williamson, «Influence, Power, and the Policy Process», 431.
1140
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 97.
1141
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 279; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 189– 90.
1142
Diöszegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz, 200.
1143
Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 597–8; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 149–50.
1144
Stevenson, Armaments, 82.
1145
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 240; Jelavich and Jelavich, The Establishment, 255–6.
1146
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 239n53.
1147
Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 774.
1148
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 65.
1149
Baernreither and Redlich, Fragments, 21–2.
1150
Там же, 35, 44.
1151
Там же, 43–4.
1152
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 449–52.
1153
Там же, 599.
1154
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 326.
1155
Bridge, «The Entente Cordiale», 341.
1156
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 433.
1157
Baernreither and Redlich, Fragments, 37.
1158
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 326.
1159
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 298–9.
1160
Lee, Europe's Crucial Years, 326.
1161
McDonald, United Government, 127.
1162
Cooper, «British Policy in the Balkans», 262.
1163
Taube, La Politique russe d'avant-guerre, 185–7; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 200; Lee, Europe's Crucial Years, 184–5.
1164
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 225.
1165
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 147–8.
1166
Reynolds, Shattering Empires, 22.
1167
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 77; Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 332–3.
1168
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 419.
1169
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 373.
1170
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 334; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 121–2.
1171
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 335.
1172
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 419.
1173
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 334.
1174
Там же, 339.
1175
McMeekin, The Russian Origins, 225.
1176
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 437.
1177
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 144.
1178
McDonald, United Government, 136–51.
1179
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 435–6.
1180
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 373, 379–80; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 287.
1181
Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 296.
1182
Steed, Through Thirty Years, 308–14. IX, ч. 1, 695, 671–3.
1183
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 624.
1184
Sweet, «The Bosnian Crisis», 178–9.
1185
Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 151.
1186
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 92.
1187
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 149–50.
1188
Menning, «Dress Rehearsal for 1914?», 8.
1189
Там же, 11–15.
1190
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 374.
1191
Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 78.
1192
Stevenson, Armaments, 115–16.
1193
Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 93; Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 241–2.
1194
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 137.
1195
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 123–5; Stevenson, Armaments, 116.
1196
Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 124–5, 221–2.
1197
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 628.
1198
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 168.
1199
Stevenson, Armaments, 117 –18, 125–6.
1200
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 306; Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 629.
1201
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 439.
1202
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 91.
1203
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 118–19.
1204
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 142.
1205
McDonald, United Government, 141–4; Lee, Europe's Crucial Years, 193–4.
1206
Sweet, «The Bosnian Crisis», 183–4; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 215.
1207
Sweet, «The Bosnian Crisis», 182–3; Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 169.
1208
Menning, «Dress Rehearsal for 1914?», 7.
1209
BD, т. V, 576, 603.
1210
Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 81.
1211
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 263.
1212
Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 655.
1213
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 224.
1214
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 99.
1215
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 438.
1216
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 174.
1217
Carter, The Three Emperors, 371.
1218
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 305.
1219
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 755–64.
1220
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 96.
1221
Stevenson, Armaments, 122; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 295.
1222
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 726.
1223
Fellner, «Die «Mission Hoyos»», 115.
1224
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 131.
1225
Lieven, Nicholas II, 193–4.
1226
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 131.
1227
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I, 182.
1228
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 37.
1229
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 470.
1230
Stevenson, Armaments, 136.
1231
Cooper, «British Policy in the Balkans», 261.
1232
Stevenson, Armaments, 131–3; Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 77.
1233
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 244; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 33; Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 46–50; Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 253.
