См., например: MacDonald, K. 1986. “Civilization and Its Discontents Revisited: Freud as an evolutionary biologist.” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9:307–18; Rodgers, Joann Ellison. 2001. Sex: A Natural History. New York: W. H. Freeman; более философская критика в Grunbaum, Adolf. 1984. The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press.