1. “A. J. Haagen-Smit,” in World of Chemistry (Thomson Gale Publishers, 2005). Arie Haagen-Smit, et al., “A Physiologically Active Principle from Cannabis Sativa (Marihuana),” Science 91, no. 2373 (1940), pp. 602–3.

2. Los Angeles Times, March19, 1977 (“stinking cloud,” “not be difficult”).

3. Los Angeles Times, November 5, 1954.

4. Tiffany Groode and Levi Tillemann-Dick, “The Race to Build the Electric Car,” Wall Street Journal Special Section, March 9, 2011; Agence France-Presse, October 1, 2009 (“battle”); Reuters, July 30, 2008 (“Industrial Revolution”); Barack Obama, speech, February 19, 2010.

5. Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1954; Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1954 (“dangerous intensity,” Housewives); Los Angeles Times, October 26, 1954; Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1954 (“City Revels”); Los Angeles Times, November 7, 1954 (“clear, bright skies”).

6. Kevin Starr, Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950–1963 (New York: Oxford, 2009), p. 260 (“worst attack ever”); South Coast Air Quality Management District, “Upland, Calif., Had Last Stage III Smog Alert in U. S.,” May 1997, at (“auto travel”); Chip Jacobs and William Kelly, Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles (New York: Overlook Press, 2008), p. 162 (“greatest concentration”).

7. Los Angeles Times, March 22 1977; Los Angeles Times, March 19, 1977.

8. South Coast Air Quality Management District, The Southland’s War on Smog: Fifty Years of Progress Toward Clean Air, May 1997; Mary Nichols, remarks, Wall Street Journal Eco-Nomics Conference, March4, 2011.

9. Daniel Sperling and Deborah Golden, Two Billion Cars: Driving Toward Sustainability (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 24 (“real culprit”); interview with Tom Stricker.

10. Bloomberg, July 18, 2008.

11. Interview with Fred Smith; Fred Smith, testimony, U. S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, June 22, 2010.

12. Seth Fletcher, Bottle Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy (New York: Hill and Wang, 2011), pp. 30–35; National Research Council, Transition to Alternative Transportation Technologies: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010), p. 9.

13. Fortune, July 11, 2008.

14. Fortune, July 1, 2010 (lithium-ion batteries); New Yorker, August 24, 2009 (“hugely underestimated,” “logjam”); Elon Musk, “In the Beginning,” Tesla Blog, June 22, 2009 (“redesigned”); Wired, October 2010; Robert Lutz to author.

15. Scott Doggett, “32 Hours Needed to Charge at Tesla Roadster Using Common Electrical Outlet,” Edmonds.com, July 7, 2008, at .

16. Interview with Carlos Ghosn; Fortune, February 19, 2010 (“mermaid,” “not a bet”).

17. Bloomberg, July 15, 2010.

18. Interview with Lee Schipper (“emissions elsewhere”).

19. IHS CERA, “Automotive Scenarios 2010”; Electrification Coalition, Electrification Roadmap: Revolutionizing Transportation and Achieving Energy Security (Washington, DC: Electrification Coalition, 2009).

20. Interview with Steve Koonin.

21. Calvin Timmerman, “Smart Grid’s Future: Evaluating Policy Opportunities and Challenges after the Recovery Act,” Brookings Institution, July 24, 2010.

22. Interview with Rick Wagoner.

23. Interview with Carlos Ghosn.

24. Zhang Guobao, speech, U. S.-China Strategic Forum on Clean Energy Cooperation, Brookings Institution, January 18, 2011.

25. Fortune, April 13, 2009.

26. Reuters, December 29, 2009.

27. Interview with Tom Stricker.

28. California Fuel Cell Partnership, “Station Map,” at: .

29. Mary Barcella, “Natural Gas for Transportation: Niche Market or More?” IHS CERA, October 13, 2010.

30. Dieter Zetsche, remarks, Wall Street Journal Eco-Nomics Conference, March 13, 2008; Bill Ford, remarks, Wall Street Journal Eco-Nomics Conference, March 3, 2011.

31. Interview with John Heywood.