1. Rondo Cameron and Larry Neal, A Concise Economic History of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 118.

2. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 1901–1904 (London: Heinemann, 1968), p. 529; Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1928), pp. 130–36 (“navel supremcy”); Winston S. Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, 1926–27 (“less size”).

3. John DeNovo, “Petroleum and the United States Navy Before World War I,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41, no. 4, March1955, pp. 641–56; Aurthur A. Hardinge, A Diplomatist in the East (London: Jonathan Cape, 1928), p. 280 (“knocked down”); Parliamentary Debates, Commons, July 17, 1913, pp. 1474–77 (“variety”).

4. Interview with Richard Fairbanks.

5. James Woolsey.

6. Robert J. Lieber, The Oil Decade: Conflict and Cooperation in the West (New York: Praeger, 1983), p. 19.

7. 106th Cong. Rec., 2nd Session, vol. 146, part 13, p. 19330 (“SPR was created”).

8. Bruce A. Beaubouef, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U. S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975–2005 (College Station: Texas A& M University Press, 2007), ch. 5, epilogue.

9. The Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2003; Bassam Fattouhand Coby van der Linde, The International Energy Forum: Twenty Years of Consumer-Produce Country Dialogue in a Changing World (Riyadh: IEF, 2011), pp. 51, 61, 99–100; interviews.

10. Saudi Gazette, December 10, 2012; Financial Times, December 10, 2012; Reuters, December 9, 2012; The New York Times, October 23, 2012.

11. Leon Panetta, “Remarks on Cybersecurity,” Speech, October 11, 2012; Time Magazine, October 12, 2012.

12. North American Electric Reliability Corporation and the U. S. Department of Energy, High-Impact, Low-Frequency Event Risk to the North American Bulk Power System, June 2010, pp. 29–30. Dennis C. Blair, “Annual Threat Assessment of the U. S. Intelligence Community for the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,” February 2, 2010 (“severely threatened”); The Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2011 (“bad new world”).

13. Joseph McClelland, Testimony Before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U. S. Senate, May 5, 2011 (smart grid).

14. Cybersecurity Two Years Later: A Report of the CSIS Commission on Cybersecurity for the 44th Presidency (Washington, DC: CSIS, 2011), p. 1 (“steamboats”); Charles Ebinger and Kevin Massey, “Enhancing Smart Grid Cybersecurity in the Age of Information Warfare,” Brookings Energy Security Initiative, February 2011; Bruce Averill and Eric A. M. Luijf, “Canvassing the Cyber Security Landscape: Why Energy Companies Need to Pay Attention,” Journal of Energy Security, May 2010.

15. U. S. Energy Information Administration, “World Oil Transit Chokepoints,” EIA website.

16. Donna J. Nincic, “The ‘Radicalization’ of Maritime Piracy: Implications for Maritime Energy Security,” Journal of Energy Security, December 2010; Jane’s Navy International, September 28, 2010.