1. PetroChina Company Limited, Global Offering, March27, 2000.

2. Cheng Li, ed., China’s Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010).

3. George W. Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown, 2010), p. 427.

4. Interview with Zhou Qingzu; interview with Wang Tao; Eliot Blackwelder, “Petroleum Resources of China and Siberia,” Mining and Metallurgy 187, July 1922 (“never produce”).

5. H. C. Ling, The Petroleum Industry of the People’s Republic of China (Palo Alto: Hoover Institution Press, 1975), p. 237; Yu Qiuli, minister of petroleum from 1958 to 1964, from Yu Qiuli, YuQiuli: Huiyilu (Memoirs) (Beijing: Liberation Army Press, 1996), p. 1003, cited in Erica Downs, “China’s Quest for Oil Self-Sufficiency in the 1960s,” unpublished manuscript, 2001, p. 5 (“cut off”).

6. Erica Downs, “China’s Quest for Oil Self-sufficiency in the 1960s.”.

7. Ling, The Petroleum Industry of the People’s Republic of China, pp. 152–59, 188–89, 209, 230–39; interview with Zhou Qingzu.

8. Interview with Zhou Qingzu.

9. Henry A. Kissinger to the President, May 7, 1971; Kissinger to Ambassador Farland, June 22, 1971; Kissinger to Farland, late June 1971, the National Security Archive; Henry A. Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little Brown, 1979), pp. 738–41.

10. Erica Downs, “China’s Energy Rise,” in Brantly Womack, China’s Rise in Historical Perspective (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), p. 181 (“petroleum export – led”); Downs III, p. 24 (“must export”); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), ch. 7.

11. Joseph Fewsmith, Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Confl ict and Economic Debate (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 17.

12. Interview.

13. Interview with Zhou Qingzu; PetroChina Company Limited, Global Off ering, p. 73.

14. Interview with Zhou Jiping.

15. Julie Jiang and Jonathan Sinton, Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2011), p. 22; Erica Downs, Inside China Inc.: China Development Bank’s Cross-Border Energy Deals, John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series, no. 3, March 2011 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2011).

16. Moscow Times, September 28, 2010 (“new start”).

17. Interview (“throwing a match”); Frank J. Gaffney Jr., Statement of Frank J. Gaffney Jr., hearing, “National Security Implications of the Possible Merger of the China National Off-shore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) with Unocal Corporation,” before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, July 13, 2005, pp. 6, 8; interview with Fu Chengyu; Xinhua, October 12, 2006 (“talking about the win-win”); Chevron, “Chevron Acquires Interest in Three Deepwater Exploration Blocks in China,” September 7, 2010 (“welcome the opportunity”); interview.

18. Erica S. Downs, “Business Interest Groups in Chinese Politics: The Case of the Oil Companies” in China’s Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy, ed. Cheng Li (Washington, DC, Brookings Institution, 2008); interview with Zhou Jiping; Jiang and Sinton, Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies, pp. 7, 25; Erica Downs, “Who’s Afraid of China’s Oil Companies?” Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategy, and Implications (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), ch. 4; Fu Chengyu, speech, CERAWeek, February 2006; interviews.