1. Adam Smith, Paper Money (New York: Summit Books, 1981), p. 229.

2. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, November 11, 2002.

3. Cristina Marcano and Alberto Barrera Tyszka, Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela’s Controversial President (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 145 (“a great human network”); Brian A. Nelson, The Silence and the Scorpion: The Coup Against Chávez and the Making of Modern Venezuela (Nation Books: New York, 2009), pp. 14, 74.

4. Marcano and Tyszka, Hugo Chávez, pp. 173, 175, 180.

5. Nelson, The Silence and the Scorpion, pp. 246–47.

6. Interview with Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.

7. Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, Oil and Politics in the Gulf of Guinea (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), pp. 73–79; Nicholas Shaxson, Poisoned Wells: The Dirty Politics of African Oil (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 16–19; Xavier Sali-i-Martin and Arvind Subramanian, “Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria,” International Monetary Fund Working Paper, July 2003; Peter M. Lewis, Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), ch. 5.

8. Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2004.

9. WAC Global Services, “Peace and Security in the Niger Delta: Conflict Expert Group Baseline Report,” Working Paper for SPDC, December 2003 (“criminalization”); Stephen Davis, The Potential for Peace and Reconciliation in the Niger Delta, Coventry Cathedral, February 2009, pp. 67–68, 101–33 (“new dimension”); Stephen Davis, “Prospects for Peace in the Niger Delta,” presentation, CSIS Africa Program, June 15, 2009; IRIN Africa, “Nigeria: Piracy Report Says Nigerian Waters the Most Deadly,” July 27, 2004 (“international waters”); Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, October 4, 2004 (“pushed”).

10. Jane’s World Insurgency and Terrorism, “Nigeria Delta Groups,” March 6, 2006.

11. Financial Times, June 7, 2006 (Greenspan).

12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Hurricane Katrina: A Climatological Perspective, Preliminary Report,” October 2005; Ivor van Heerden and Mike Bryan, The Storm: What Went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina– the Inside Story from One Louisiana Scientist (New York: Viking, 2006), ch. 4.

13. U. S. Department of Energy, Impact of the 2005 Hurricanes on the Natural Gas Industry in the Gulf of Mexico Region: Final Report 2006, p. 2; U. S. Department of Energy, “Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Chronology”; U. S. Department of Energy, “Department of Energy’s Hurricane Response Chronology, as Referred to by Secretary Bodman at Today’s Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Hearing,” October 27, 2005.